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Löfgren L, Forsberg GB, Davidsson P, Eketjäll S, Whatling C. Development of a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantify plasma leukotriene E 4 and demonstrate pharmacological suppression of endogenous 5-LO pathway activity in man. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 150:106463. [PMID: 32450304 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low basal endogenous concentrations (<20 pg/mL) of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway biomarker leukotriene E4 (LTE4) in human plasma present a significant analytical challenge. Analytical methods including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays have been used to quantify plasma LTE4 in the past but have not provided consistent data in the lower pg/mL-range. With our new method, a detection limit (<1 pg/mL plasma) significantly below basal levels of LTE4 was achieved by combining large volume sample purification and enrichment by anion-exchange mixed mode solid phase extraction (SPE) with large volume injection followed by chromatographic separation by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and quantification by highly sensitive negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The method was reproducible, accurate and linear between 1 and 120 pg/mL plasma LTE4. The method was used to perform an analysis of plasma samples collected from healthy volunteers in a Phase 1 study with the FLAP (5-lipoxygenase activating protein) inhibitor AZD5718. Basal endogenous LTE4 levels of 5.1 ± 2.7 pg/mL were observed in healthy volunteers (n = 34). In subjects that had been administered a single oral dose of AZD5718, significant suppression (>80%) of plasma LTE4 level was observed, providing pharmacological evidence that endogenous 5-LO pathway activity could be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Löfgren
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Gun-Britt Forsberg
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Eketjäll
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Whatling
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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An Advanced LC–MS/MS Platform for the Analysis of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Levison BS, Zhang R, Wang Z, Fu X, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL. Quantification of fatty acid oxidation products using online high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:2-13. [PMID: 23499838 PMCID: PMC3772641 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized fatty acids formed via lipid peroxidation are implicated in pathological processes such as inflammation and atherosclerosis. A number of methods may be used to detect specific oxidized fatty acids containing a single or multiple combinations of epoxide, hydroxyl, ketone, and hydroperoxide moieties on varying carbon chain lengths from C8 up to C30. Some of these methods are nonspecific and their use in biological systems is fraught with difficulty. Measures of specific oxidized fatty acid derivatives help in identifying oxidation pathways in pathological processes. We used liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry as an efficient, selective, and sensitive method for identifying and analyzing multiple specific fatty acid peroxidation products in human plasma and other biological matrices. We then distilled the essential components of a number of these analyses to provide an efficient protocol by which fatty acid oxidation products and their parent compounds can be determined. In this protocol, addition of a synthetic internal standard to the sample, followed by base hydrolysis at elevated temperature and liquid-liquid phase sample extraction with lighter-than-water solvents, facilitates isolation of the oxidized fatty acid species. These species can be identified and accurately quantified using stable-isotope dilution and multiple-reaction monitoring. Use of a coupled multiplexed gradient HPLC system on the front end enables high-throughput chromatography and more efficient use of mass spectrometer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S. Levison
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- MassSpectrometry II Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Joseph A. DiDonato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- MassSpectrometry II Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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4
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Devakumar A, O'Dell DK, Walker JM, Reilly JP. Structural analysis of leukotriene C4 isomers using collisional activation and 157 nm photodissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:14-26. [PMID: 18024058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation of 5-hydroxy-6-glutathionyl-7,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid [leukotriene C4 or LTC4 (5, 6)] and its isomeric counterpart LTC4 (14, 15) were studied by low and high-energy collisional induced dissociation (CID) and 157 nm photofragmentation. For singly charged protonated LTC4 precursors, photodissociation significantly enhances the signal intensities of informative fragment ions that are very important to distinguish the two LTC4 isomers and generates a few additional fragment ions that are not usually observed in CID experiments. The ion trap enables MSn experiments on the fragment ions generated by photodissociation. Photofragmentation is found to be suitable for the structural identification and isomeric differentiation of cysteinyl leukotrienes and is more informative than low or high-energy CID. We describe for the first time the structural characterization of the LTC4 (14, 15) isomer by mass spectrometry using CID and 157 nm light activation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arugadoss Devakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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5
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Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Zemski Berry K, Hankin J, Harrison K, Johnson C, Krank J, McAnoy A, Uhlson C, Zarini S. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of eicosanoids. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:1-42. [PMID: 15961057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop 8303, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA.
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6
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Griffiths WJ. Tandem mass spectrometry in the study of fatty acids, bile acids, and steroids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:81-152. [PMID: 12820273 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the mass spectrometry of lipids has evolved to become one of the most mature techniques in biomolecule analysis. Many volatile and non-polar lipids are directly amenable to analysis by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a technique that combines the unsurpassed separation properties of gas-chromatography with the sensitivity and selectivity of electron ionization mass spectrometry. Less volatile and/or thermally labile lipids can be analyzed by GC-MS, following appropriate sample derivatization. However, many complex lipids are not readily analyzed by GC-MS, and it is these molecules that are the subject of the current review. Since the early 1970s, there have been three outstanding developments in mass spectrometry that are particularly appropriate in lipid analysis; i.e., the introduction of (i) fast atom bombardment (FAB); (ii) electrospray (ES); and (iii) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The FAB and ES ionization techniques will be discussed in relation to MS/MS, and examples of their application in biochemical studies will be presented. The review will concentrate on the analysis of fatty acids, bile acids, steroid conjugates, and neutral steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Hevko JM, Murphy RC. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of cysteinyl eicosanoids: leukotriene C4 and FOG7. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:763-771. [PMID: 11444597 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, and the recently described cysteinyl eicosanoid, 5-oxo-7-glutathionyl-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (FOG7) have been analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Both [M-H]- and [M+H]+ ions were produced by electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation of these molecular ion species were studied using both an ion trap and a triple quadrupole instrument. Product ion spectra obtained were characteristic of the structure of the cysteinyl leukotrienes and mechanisms of ion formation were investigated by using deuterium-labeled analogs. The product ion spectrum obtained following collision-induced dissociation of the [M-H]- anion from FOG7 was devoid of significant structural information and further studies of collision activation of the [M+H]+ spectrum were therefore examined. Positive ion MS3 spectra obtained in the ion trap from the gamma-glutamate cleavage products of FOG7 and its derivative (d7-FOG7) afforded an abundant ion not observed in spectra generated from the cysteinyl leukotrienes. Formation of this fragment ion likely occurred via a McLafferty-type rearrangement to afford cleavage of the C6-C7 bond adjacent to the sulfur atom and was valuable for the identification of the structure of FOG7 and defining the biosynthetic pathway as a 1,4-Michael addition of glutathione to 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hevko
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Murphy
- Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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10
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Kuksis A, Myher JJ. Application of tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of long-chain carboxylic acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:35-70. [PMID: 8520701 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of MS-MS for the analysis of long-chain carboxylic acids and their esters has proved enormously successful but expensive. It is discussed mainly on basis of results obtained with different instruments with lesser attention to principles of the method, which have been adequately reviewed elsewhere. The use of electrospray ionization (ESI) has greatly increased the sensitivity of the method and has permitted assay of total lipid extracts. The combination of HPLC with electrospray and single quadrupole mass spectrometry, LC-ESI-CID-MS, rivals the triple quadrupole MS-MS application in many instances at considerably lower cost. However, LC-ESI-MS-MS remains the most desirable system at the present time for lipid ester analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuksis
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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11
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Mamer OA, Just G, Li CS, Préville P, Watson S, Young R, Yergey JA. Enhancement of mass spectrometric detection of LTC4, LTD 4, and LTE 4 by derivatization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 5:292-298. [PMID: 24222566 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(94)85019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1993] [Revised: 10/29/1993] [Accepted: 11/01/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several acylating reagents are synthesized and used to introduce quatemary phosphonium or ammonium or ternary sulfonium functions into a simple model of a peptido leukotriene (PLT). One of these reagents was selected for further study with LTE4, LTD4, and LTC4. We demonstrate that acylation of the free amine function of PLTs to produce the 5-triphenylphosphoniumvaleryl-amide (TPPV) derivatives enhances chemical stabilities and significantly increases responses in fast-atom bombardment and continuous-flow liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (CF-LSIMS) relative to the native PLTs. With high-performance liquid chromatography inlet to CF-LSIMS, we demonstrate the facile detection in selected ion monitoring of the TPPV derivative of 3 pg of LTD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Mamer
- McGill University Mass Spectrometry Unit, 1130 Pine Avenue West, H3A 1A3, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Wheelan P, Zirrolli JA, Morelli JG, Murphy RC. Metabolism of leukotriene B4 by cultured human keratinocytes. Formation of glutathione conjugates and dihydro metabolites. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Wheelan P, Zirrolli JA, Murphy RC. Low-energy fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry of monohydroxy substituted unsaturated fatty acids. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 22:465-73. [PMID: 8357860 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the carboxylate anions generated by fast atom bombardment ionization of monohydroxy unsaturated fatty acids derived from oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids were studied in a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. The collisional activation spectra revealed structurally informative ions as to the position of the hydroxyl substituent in relationship to the sites of unsaturation. Five mechanisms are proposed for the fragmentation of hydroxyl substituted unsaturated fatty acids and are dependent upon the presence of alpha- or beta-unsaturation sites. These mechanisms include charge-remote allylic fragmentation, charge-remote vinylic fragmentation, charge-driven allylic fragmentation, charge-driven vinylic fragmentation, and homolytic fragmentation by an oxy-Cope rearrangement process. The assignment of specific fragmentation pathways was supported in many instances with deuterium-labeled analogs. Although no single fragmentation mechanism appears to predominate, a rational approach to the interpretation of these CID spectra is proposed. The CID spectra of unknown compounds could be used to establish the hydroxyl substituent position in relationship to certain sites of unsaturation but would not be indicative of all double bond locations. The oxy-Cope rearrangement is specific for a structural unit, namely the 3-hydroxy-1,5-diene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wheelan
- National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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14
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Tandem mass spectrometric identification of eicosanoids: Leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200211112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Raftery MJ, Justesen U, Jaeschke H, Gaskell SJ. Mass spectrometric quantification of cysteine-containing leukotrienes in rat bile using 13C-labeled internal standards. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 21:509-16. [PMID: 1420373 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200211008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene C4 and N-acetyl leukotriene E4 were determined in rat bile using a procedure based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation, hydrogenation to 5-hydroxyeicosanoic acid, and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric selected ion monitoring analysis of the pentafluorobenzyl ester, trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. 13C4-Labeled analogs of the leukotrienes were synthesized and used as internal standards. The concentrations of both leukotrienes in rat bile were markedly elevated after administration of endotoxin to anesthetized animals; N-acetyl leukotriene E4 was the more abundant product. The presence of leukotriene C4 in rat bile after endotoxin challenge was confirmed by fast atom bombardment/tandem mass spectrometry with precursor ion scanning. Quantitative determination of leukotriene C4 using the tandem mass spectrometric procedure was consistent with the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data but the latter procedure gave a substantially lower detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Raftery
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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