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Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179739. [PMID: 36077138 PMCID: PMC9456372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles bearing a complex cargo of active biomolecules and playing crucial roles in intercellular communication under pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes constitute a reliable route for misfolded protein transmission, contributing to PD pathogenesis and diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection shares numerous clinical manifestations and inflammatory and molecular pathways with PD. We carry on hypothesizing that these similarities may be reflected in exosomal cargo modulated by the virus in correlation with disease severity. Travelling from the periphery to the brain, SARS-CoV-2-related exosomal cargo contains SARS-CoV-2 RNA, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and modified host proteins that could operate as promoters of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascades, potentially leading to a future parkinsonism and PD development.
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Ivan I, Irincu L, Diaconu Ş, Falup-Pecurariu C. Parkinsonism associated with viral infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 165:1-16. [PMID: 36208896 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are several known causes of secondary parkinsonism, the most common being head trauma, stroke, medications, or infections. A growing body of evidence suggests that viral agents may trigger parkinsonian symptoms, but the exact pathological mechanisms are still unknown. In some cases, lesions or inflammatory processes in the basal ganglia or substantia nigra have been found to cause reversible or permanent impairment of the dopaminergic pathway, leading to the occurrence of extrapyramidal symptoms. This chapter reviews current data regarding the viral agents commonly associated with parkinsonism, such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes viruses, influenza virus, coxsackie virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We present possible risk factors, proposed pathophysiology mechanisms, published case reports, common associations, and prognosis in order to offer a concise overview of the viral spectrum involved in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ştefania Diaconu
- County Clinic Hospital, Brașov, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brașov, Romania.
| | - Cristian Falup-Pecurariu
- County Clinic Hospital, Brașov, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brașov, Romania
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SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Interact with Alpha Synuclein and Induce Lewy Body-like Pathology In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063394. [PMID: 35328814 PMCID: PMC8949667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing cases of patients reported have shown a potential relationship between (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is unclear whether there is a molecular link between these two diseases. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), an aggregation-prone protein, is considered a crucial factor in PD pathology. In this study, bioinformatics analysis confirmed favorable binding affinity between α-Syn and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and direct interactions were further verified in HEK293 cells. The expression of α-Syn was upregulated and its aggregation was accelerated by S protein and N protein. It was noticed that SARS-CoV-2 proteins caused Lewy-like pathology in the presence of α-Syn overexpression. By confirming that SARS-CoV-2 proteins directly interact with α-Syn, our study offered new insights into the mechanism underlying the development of PD on the background of COVID-19.
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Linard M, Ravier A, Mougué L, Grgurina I, Boutillier AL, Foubert-Samier A, Blanc F, Helmer C. Infectious Agents as Potential Drivers of α-Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2022; 37:464-477. [PMID: 35040520 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synucleinopathies, encompassing Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, are devastating neurodegenerative diseases for which available therapeutic options are scarce, mostly because of our limited understanding of their pathophysiology. Although these pathologies are attributed to an intracellular accumulation of the α-synuclein protein in the nervous system with subsequent neuronal loss, the trigger(s) of this accumulation is/are not clearly identified. Among the existing hypotheses, interest in the hypothesis advocating the involvement of infectious agents in the onset of these diseases is renewed. In this article, we aimed to review the ongoing relevant factors favoring and opposing this hypothesis, focusing on (1) the potential antimicrobial role of α-synuclein, (2) potential entry points of pathogens in regard to early symptoms of diverse α-synucleinopathies, (3) pre-existing literature reviews assessing potential associations between infectious agents and Parkinson's disease, (4) original studies assessing these associations for dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy (identified through a systematic literature review), and finally (5) potential susceptibility factors modulating the effects of infectious agents on the nervous system. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Linard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alix Ravier
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Louisa Mougué
- Cognitive-Behavioral Unit and Memory Consultations, Hospital of Sens, Sens, France
| | - Iris Grgurina
- University of Strasbourg, UMR7364 CNRS, LNCA, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France.,French Reference Centre for MSA, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
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5
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In silico analysis of the aggregation propensity of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome: Insight into possible cellular pathologies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140693. [PMID: 34237472 PMCID: PMC8256665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes the coronavirus disease 19 emerged in 2020. The pandemic triggered a turmoil in public health and is having a tremendous social and economic impact around the globe. Upon entry into host cells, the SARS-CoV-2 virus hijacks cellular machineries to produce and maintain its own proteins, spreading the infection. Although the disease is known for prominent respiratory symptoms, accumulating evidence is also demonstrating the involvement of the central nervous system, with possible mid- and long-term neurological consequences. In this study, we conducted a detailed bioinformatic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome aggregation propensity by using several complementary computational tools. Our study identified 10 aggregation prone proteins in the reference SARS-CoV-2 strain: the non-structural proteins Nsp4, Nsp6 and Nsp7 as well as ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF10, CovE and CovM. By searching for the available mutants of each protein, we have found that most proteins are conserved, while ORF3a and ORF7b are variable and characterized by the occurrence of a large number of mutants with increased aggregation propensity. The geographical distribution of the mutants revealed interesting differences in the localization of aggregation-prone mutants of each protein. Aggregation-prone mutants of ORF7b were found in 7 European countries, whereas those of ORF3a in only 2. Aggregation-prone sequences of ORF7b, but not of ORF3a, were identified in Australia, India, Nepal, China, and Thailand. Our results are important for future analysis of a possible correlation between higher transmissibility and infection, as well as the presence of neurological symptoms with aggregation propensity of SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Pacheco-Herrero M, Soto-Rojas LO, Harrington CR, Flores-Martinez YM, Villegas-Rojas MM, León-Aguilar AM, Martínez-Gómez PA, Campa-Córdoba BB, Apátiga-Pérez R, Corniel-Taveras CN, Dominguez-García JDJ, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Luna-Muñoz J. Elucidating the Neuropathologic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Neurol 2021; 12:660087. [PMID: 33912129 PMCID: PMC8072392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.660087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency. To date, March 1, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused about 114 million accumulated cases and 2.53 million deaths worldwide. Previous pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is also known that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, is expressed in different brain areas and cell types. Thus, it is hypothesized that infection by this virus could generate or exacerbate neuropathological alterations. However, the molecular mechanisms that link COVID-19 disease and nerve damage are unclear. In this review, we describe the routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system. We also analyze the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying this viral infection, and their potential relationship with the neurological manifestations described in patients with COVID-19, and the appearance or exacerbation of some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charles R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI- IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. León-Aguilar
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI- IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola A. Martínez-Gómez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B. Berenice Campa-Córdoba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Apátiga-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, Mexico
| | - Carolin N. Corniel-Taveras
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - Jesabelle de J. Dominguez-García
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | | | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, Mexico
- Banco Estado de Cerebros-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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Mahalakshmi AM, Ray B, Tuladhar S, Bhat A, Paneyala S, Patteswari D, Sakharkar MK, Hamdan H, Ojcius DM, Bolla SR, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Qoronfleh MW. Does COVID-19 contribute to development of neurological disease? Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:48-58. [PMID: 33332737 PMCID: PMC7860611 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated primarily with pneumonia, recent data show that the causative agent of COVID-19, the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect a large number of vital organs beyond the lungs, such as the heart, kidneys, and the brain. Thus, there is evidence showing possible retrograde transmission of the virus from the olfactory epithelium to regions of the brain stem. METHODS This is a literature review article. The research design method is an evidence-based rapid review. The present discourse aim is first to scrutinize and assess the available literature on COVID-19 repercussion on the central nervous system (CNS). Standard literature and database searches were implemented, gathered relevant material, and extracted information was then assessed. RESULTS The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors being the receptor for the virus, the threat to the central nervous system is expected. Neurons and glial cells express ACE2 receptors in the CNS, and recent studies suggest that activated glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and the devastating effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the CNS. The SARS-CoV-2-induced immune-mediated demyelinating disease, cerebrovascular damage, neurodegeneration, and depression are some of the neurological complications discussed here. CONCLUSION This review correlates present clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients with possible neurological consequences in the future, thus preparing healthcare providers for possible future consequences of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal FacilityJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal FacilityJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal FacilityJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Duraisamy Patteswari
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Faculty of Life SciencesJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- The Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and NutritionUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of PhysiologyAl Faisal UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur Dugoni School of DentistryUniversity of the PacificSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Srinivasa Rao Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineNazarbayev UniversityNur‐Sultan020000Kazakhstan
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMSSultan Qaboos UniversityMuscatOman
- Principal Investigator, Ageing and Dementia Research GroupSultan Qaboos UniversityMuscatOman
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of PharmacyJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal FacilityJSS Academy of Higher Education & ResearchMysuruKarnatakaIndia
| | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy DepartmentWorld Innovation Summit for Health (WISH)Qatar FoundationDohaQatar
- Research & Policy DivisionQ3CG Research InstituteYpsilantiMichiganUSA
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8
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Chaná-Cuevas P, Salles-Gándara P, Rojas-Fernandez A, Salinas-Rebolledo C, Milán-Solé A. The Potential Role of SARS-COV-2 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1044. [PMID: 33041985 PMCID: PMC7527541 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering their current burden and epidemiological projections, nowadays Parkinson's disease and the COVID-19 pandemic are two key health problems. There is evidence of the pathogenic role of neurotropic viruses in neurodegenerative diseases and coronaviruses are neurotropic, with some of them selectively targeting the basal ganglia. Moreover, some authors demonstrated the longevity of these viruses in the affected cells of the nervous system for long periods. Coronavirus was detected in brain autopsies and SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from the CSF of affected patients. The marked inflammatory response in some particular patients with COVID-19 with a consequent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines is considered a prognostic factor. Immunologic changes are observed in patients with Parkinson's disease, possibly having a role in its pathogenesis. A dynamic pro-inflammatory state accompanies α-synuclein accumulation and the development and progression of neurodegeneration. Also, some viral infectious diseases might have a role as triggers, generating a cross autoimmune reaction against α-synuclein. In the past Coronaviruses have been related to Parkinson's disease, however, until now the causal role of these viruses is unknown. In this paper, our focus is to assess the potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Chaná-Cuevas
- Movement Disorders Center, CETRAM, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Rojas-Fernandez
- Institute of Medicine & Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Salinas-Rebolledo
- Institute of Medicine & Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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9
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Lippi A, Domingues R, Setz C, Outeiro TF, Krisko A. SARS-CoV-2: At the Crossroad Between Aging and Neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2020; 35:716-720. [PMID: 32291797 PMCID: PMC7262312 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lippi
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Renato Domingues
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cristian Setz
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Krisko
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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10
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Polar Bear Encephalitis: Establishment of a Comprehensive Next-generation Pathogen Analysis Pipeline for Captive and Free-living Wildlife. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:474-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, de la Rosa-Prieto C, Martinez-Marcos A. α-Synuclein in the olfactory system in Parkinson's disease: role of neural connections on spreading pathology. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1513-26. [PMID: 24135772 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Neuropathologically, intracellular aggregates of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites appear in particular brain areas according to a sequence of stages. Clinical diagnosis is usually established when motor symptoms are evident (corresponding to Braak stage III or later), years or even decades after onset of the disease. Research at early stages is therefore essential to understand the etiology of PD and improve treatment. Although classically considered as a motor disease, non-motor symptoms have recently gained interest. Olfactory deficits are among the earliest non-motor features of PD. Interestingly, α-synuclein deposits are present in the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus at Braak stage I. Several lines of evidence have led to proposals that PD pathology spreads by a prion-like mechanism via the olfactory and vagal systems to the substantia nigra. In this context, current data on the temporal appearance of α-synuclein aggregates in the olfactory system of both humans and transgenic mice are of particular relevance. In addition to the proposed retrograde nigral involvement via brainstem nuclei, olfactory pathways could potentially reach the substantia nigra, and the possibility of centrifugal progression warrants investigation. This review analyzes the involvement of α-synuclein in different elements of the olfactory system, in both humans and transgenic models, from the hodological perspective of possible anterograde and/or retrograde progression of this proteinopathy within the olfactory system and beyond-to the substantia nigra and the remainder of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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12
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Kim M, Yu JE, Lee JH, Chang BJ, Song CS, Lee B, Paik DJ, Nahm SS. Comparative analyses of influenza virus receptor distribution in the human and mouse brains. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 52:49-57. [PMID: 23726946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between influenza A virus infection and the occurrence of influenza-associated neurological disorders. As influenza infection is mediated by specific receptors on the host cell surface, it is important to understand the distribution patterns of influenza receptors in target organs. We carried out comprehensive experiments to localize influenza receptors in the brains of two different mouse strains and the human brain for comparison using lectin histochemistry. We further compared the brain regions in which influenza receptors were expressed and the regions in which experimental influenza infection was observed. Our results show that the expression patterns for influenza receptors in mouse and human brains are different. In the mouse brain, human influenza virus receptors (HuIV-R) were expressed in part of brainstem and cerebellar white matter while avian influenza virus receptors (AIV-R) were expressed in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In contrast, in the human brain, many neurons and glia in widespread regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum, express both AIV-R and HuIV-R. Importantly, vascular endothelial cells, choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells in both mouse and human brains express high levels of HuIV-R and AIV-R. The regional reciprocity was not observed when comparing regions with influenza receptor expression and the regions of influenza infection within the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate a differential influenza receptor expression pattern in mouse and human brains, and a disparity between influenza receptor distribution and regions with actual influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lema Tomé CM, Tyson T, Rey NL, Grathwohl S, Britschgi M, Brundin P. Inflammation and α-synuclein's prion-like behavior in Parkinson's disease--is there a link? Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:561-74. [PMID: 22544647 PMCID: PMC3589652 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease patients exhibit progressive spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in the nervous system. This slow process follows a specific pattern in an inflamed tissue environment. Recent research suggests that prion-like mechanisms contribute to the propagation of α-synuclein pathology. Little is known about factors that might affect the prion-like behavior of misfolded α-synuclein. In this review, we suggest that neuroinflammation plays an important role. We discuss causes of inflammation in the olfactory bulb and gastrointestinal tract and how this may promote the initial misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein, which might set in motion events that lead to Parkinson's disease neuropathology. We propose that neuroinflammation promotes the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein and that novel anti-inflammatory therapies targeting this mechanism could slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Lema Tomé
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Trevor Tyson
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nolwen L. Rey
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Grathwohl
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA CNS, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, 4070 Switzerland
| | - Markus Britschgi
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA CNS, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, 4070 Switzerland
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
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14
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Landreau F, Galeano P, Caltana LR, Masciotra L, Chertcoff A, Pontoriero A, Baumeister E, Amoroso M, Brusco HA, Tous MI, Savy VL, Lores Arnaiz MDR, de Erausquin GA. Effects of two commonly found strains of influenza A virus on developing dopaminergic neurons, in relation to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51068. [PMID: 23251423 PMCID: PMC3519479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (InfV) infection during pregnancy is a known risk factor for neurodevelopment abnormalities in the offspring, including the risk of schizophrenia, and has been shown to result in an abnormal behavioral phenotype in mice. However, previous reports have concentrated on neuroadapted influenza strains, whereas increased schizophrenia risk is associated with common respiratory InfV. In addition, no specific mechanism has been proposed for the actions of maternal infection on the developing brain that could account for schizophrenia risk. We identified two common isolates from the community with antigenic configurations H3N2 and H1N1 and compared their effects on developing brain with a mouse modified-strain A/WSN/33 specifically on the developing of dopaminergic neurons. We found that H1N1 InfV have high affinity for dopaminergic neurons in vitro, leading to nuclear factor kappa B activation and apoptosis. Furthermore, prenatal infection of mothers with the same strains results in loss of dopaminergic neurons in the offspring, and in an abnormal behavioral phenotype. We propose that the well-known contribution of InfV to risk of schizophrenia during development may involve a similar specific mechanism and discuss evidence from the literature in relation to this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Landreau
- Cultivo de Tejidos, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Galeano
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Instituto de Investigaciones “Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini” (ININCA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura R. Caltana
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Profesor E. De Robertis”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Masciotra
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Profesor E. De Robertis”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Chertcoff
- Bioterio Central, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Pontoriero
- Virus Respiratorios, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Baumeister
- Virus Respiratorios, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Amoroso
- Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Herminia A. Brusco
- Bioterio Central, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica I. Tous
- Cultivo de Tejidos, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vilma L. Savy
- Virus Respiratorios, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Rosario Lores Arnaiz
- Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Dr Carlos G. Malbran”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. de Erausquin
- Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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15
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Kawaguchi N, Yamada T, Hattori T. Rare tendency of catching cold in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 4:207-9. [PMID: 18591112 PMCID: PMC7128559 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(98)00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1998] [Revised: 10/08/1998] [Accepted: 10/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a study, using a questionnaire, that indicated that persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) catch relatively fewer colds that are unusually mild. This tendency seems to have no clear relationship to the severity of the PD, the time after the onset of PD, or whether or not the patient is taking antiparkinsonian drugs either as mono therapy or in combination. The study found no similar phenomena among spouses of the PD patients or among patients with cerebrovascular disease. These results suggest that a low frequency of colds is a unique feature in persons with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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16
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Neuropathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in experimentally infected chickens. Vet Res 2011; 42:106. [PMID: 21982125 PMCID: PMC3199250 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism of neuroinvasion of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of chickens, specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with a H7N1 HPAIV. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nasal cavity and brain tissue samples were obtained from 1 to 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) of infected and control chickens. Viral antigen topographical distribution, presence of influenza A virus receptors in the brain, as well as, the role of the olfactory route in virus CNS invasion were studied using different immunohistochemistry techniques. Besides, viral RNA load in CSF and blood was quantified by means of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Viral antigen was observed widely distributed in the CNS, showing bilateral and symmetrical distribution in the nuclei of the diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. Viral RNA was detected in blood and CSF at one dpi, indicating that the virus crosses the blood-CSF-barrier early during infection. This early dissemination is possibly favoured by the presence of Siaα2,3 Gal and Siaα2,6 Gal receptors in brain vascular endothelial cells, and Siaα2,3 Gal receptors in ependymal and choroid plexus cells. No viral antigen was observed in olfactory sensory neurons, while the olfactory bulb showed only weak staining, suggesting that the virus did not use this pathway to enter into the brain. The sequence of virus appearance and the topographical distribution of this H7N1 HPAIV indicate that the viral entry occurs via the haematogenous route, with early and generalized spreading through the CSF.
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17
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Rohn TT, Catlin LW. Immunolocalization of influenza A virus and markers of inflammation in the human Parkinson's disease brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20495. [PMID: 21655265 PMCID: PMC3105060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much is known regarding the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal cell loss in Parkinson's disease (PD), the initiating event has not been identified. Prevailing theories including a chemical insult or infectious agent have been postulated as possible triggers, leading to neuroinflammation. We present immunohistochemical data indicating the presence of influenza A virus within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) from postmortem PD brain sections. Influenza A virus labeling was identified within neuromelanin granules as well as on tissue macrophages in the SNpc. Further supporting a role for neuroinflammation in PD was the identification of T-lymphocytes that colocalized with an antibody to caspase-cleaved Beclin-1 within the SNpc. The presence of influenza A virus together with macrophages and T-lymphocytes may contribute to the neuroinflammation associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America.
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18
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Hattingen E, Blasel S, Nichtweiss M, Zanella FE, Weidauer S. MR imaging of midbrain pathologies. Clin Neuroradiol 2010; 20:81-97. [PMID: 20532857 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-010-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of pathologic processes affecting the midbrain features some differences to other brain areas. The midbrain is exposed to traumatic alterations due to its position between the tentorial edges, and some neurodegenerative and metabolic-toxic diseases may typically involve the midbrain. Isolated midbrain ischemia is rare, whereas the midbrain is typically part of the "top of the basilar" syndrome. Primary midbrain tumors are also infrequent and often show a benign clinical course. Apart from multiple sclerosis other inflammatory autoimmune processes and some infectious agents predominantly affect the brainstem including the midbrain. This review discusses the different pathologic processes of the midbrain, i.e., infarction, hemorrhage and trauma, inflammation, toxic and metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration, neoplastic diseases, as well as pathologies typically involving the perimesencephalic cisterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- DB Calne
- Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, UBC Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Purdy Pavilion, Room M36, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, BC, V6T 2B5, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Kawaguchi N, Yamada T, Takahashi M, Hattori T. Expression of MxA mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 1999; 5:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(98)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1998] [Revised: 11/17/1998] [Accepted: 11/17/1998] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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