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Anwar A, Sapra L, Gupta N, Ojha RP, Verma B, Srivastava RK. Fine-tuning osteoclastogenesis: An insight into the cellular and molecular regulation of osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37183350 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, are essential for the bone remodeling process and are involved in the pathophysiology of several bone-related diseases. The extensive corpus of in vitro research and crucial mouse model studies in the 1990s demonstrated the key roles of monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and integrin αvβ3 in osteoclast biology. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which these variables control osteoclast differentiation and function has significantly advanced in the first decade of this century. Recent developments have revealed a number of novel insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing the differentiation and functional activity of osteoclasts; however, these mechanisms have not yet been adequately documented. Thus, in the present review, we discuss various regulatory factors including local and hormonal factors, innate as well as adaptive immune cells, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), etc., in the molecular regulation of the intricate and tightly regulated process of osteoclastogenesis. ncRNAs have a critical role as epigenetic controllers of osteoclast physiologic activities, including differentiation and bone resorption. The primary ncRNAs, which include micro-RNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, form a complex network that affects gene transcription activities associated with osteoclast biological activity. Greater knowledge of the involvement of ncRNAs in osteoclast biological activities will contribute to the treatment and management of several skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Moreover, we further outline potential therapies targeting these regulatory pathways of osteoclastogenesis in distinct bone pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Anwar
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Leena Sapra
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Navita Gupta
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Rudra P Ojha
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Gram Bharati University, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra Verma
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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2
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Attogbain KP, Daniel A, Patrice G, Vazoumana K, Sylvie NAK. Treatment approaches of the retention of the 2nd molar by the germ of the mandibular wisdom tooth. ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY CASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omsc.2022.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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3
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Elson A, Anuj A, Barnea-Zohar M, Reuven N. The origins and formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Bone 2022; 164:116538. [PMID: 36028118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCLs) are hematopoietic cells whose physiological function is to degrade bone. OCLs are key players in the processes that determine and maintain the mass, shape, and physical properties of bone. OCLs adhere to bone tightly and degrade its matrix by secreting protons and proteases onto the underlying surface. The combination of low pH and proteases degrades the mineral and protein components of the matrix and forms a resorption pit; the degraded material is internalized by the cell and then secreted into the circulation. Insufficient or excessive activity of OCLs can lead to significant changes in bone and either cause or exacerbate symptoms of diseases, as in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and cancer-induced bone lysis. OCLs are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells whose origins are in two distinct embryonic cell lineages - erythromyeloid progenitor cells of the yolk sac, and hematopoietic stem cells. OCLs are formed in a multi-stage process that is induced by the cytokines M-CSF and RANKL, during which the cells differentiate, fuse to form multi-nucleated cells, and then differentiate further to become mature, bone-resorbing OCLs. Recent studies indicate that OCLs can undergo fission in vivo to generate smaller cells, called "osteomorphs", that can be "re-cycled" by fusing with other cells to form new OCLs. In this review we describe OCLs and discuss their cellular origins and the cellular and molecular events that drive osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Anuj Anuj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maayan Barnea-Zohar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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4
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The influence of M-CSF on fracture healing in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22326. [PMID: 34785696 PMCID: PMC8595369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF) is known to play a critical role during fracture repair e.g. by recruiting stem cells to the fracture site and impacting hard callus formation by stimulating osteoclastogenesis. The aim of this experiment was to study the impact of systemic M-CSF application and its effect on bony healing in a mouse model of femoral osteotomy. Doing so, we studied 61 wild type (wt) mice (18-week-old female C57BL/6) which were divided into three groups: (1) femoral osteotomy, (2) femoral osteotomy + stabilization with external fixator and (3) femoral osteotomy + stabilization with external fixator + systemic M-CSF application. Further, 12 op/op mice underwent femoral osteotomy and served as proof of concept. After being sacrificed at 28 days bony bridging was evaluated ex vivo with µCT, histological and biomechanical testing. Systemic M-CSF application impacted osteoclasts numbers, which were almost as low as found in op/op mice. Regarding callus size, the application of M-CSF in wt mice resulted in significantly larger calluses compared to wt mice without systemic M-CSF treatment. We further observed an anabolic effect of M-CSF application resulting in increased trabecular thickness compared to wt animals without additional M-CSF application. Systemic M-CSF application did not alter biomechanical properties in WT mice. The impact of M-CSF application in a mouse model of femoral osteotomy was oppositional to what we were expecting. While M-CSF application had a distinct anabolic effect on callus size as well as trabecular thickness, this on bottom line did not improve biomechanical properties. We hypothesize that in addition to the well-recognized negative effects of M-CSF on osteoclast numbers this seems to further downstream cause a lack of feedback on osteoblasts. Ultimately, continuous M-CSF application in the absence of co-stimulatory signals (e.g. RANKL) might overstimulate the hematopoietic linage in favor of tissue macrophages instead of osteoclasts.
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5
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Almonte VM, Uriyanghai U, Egaña-Gorroño L, Parikh D, Oliveira-Paula GH, Zhang J, Jayakumar S, Riascos-Bernal DF, Sibinga NES. PLX3397, a CSF1 receptor inhibitor, limits allotransplantation-induced vascular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2718-2731. [PMID: 34478521 PMCID: PMC9890458 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Graft vascular disease (GVD), a clinically important and highly complex vascular occlusive disease, arises from the interplay of multiple cellular and molecular pathways. While occlusive intimal lesions are composed predominantly of smooth-muscle-like cells (SMLCs), the origin of these cells and the stimuli leading to their accumulation in GVD are uncertain. Macrophages have recently been identified as both potential drivers of intimal hyperplasia and precursors that undergo transdifferentiation to become SMLCs in non-transplant settings. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) is a well-known regulator of macrophage development and differentiation, and prior preclinical studies have shown that lack of CSF1 limits GVD. We sought to identify the origins of SMLCs and of cells expressing the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) in GVD, and to test the hypothesis that pharmacologic inhibition of CSF1 signalling would curtail both macrophage and SMLC activities and decrease vascular occlusion. METHODS AND RESULTS We used genetically modified mice and a vascular transplant model with minor antigen mismatch to assess cell origins. We found that neointimal SMLCs derive from both donor and recipient, and that transdifferentiation of macrophages to SMLC phenotype is minimal in this model. Cells expressing CSF1R in grafts were identified as recipient-derived myeloid cells of Cx3cr1 lineage, and these cells rarely expressed smooth muscle marker proteins. Blockade of CSF1R activity using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PLX3397 limited the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and decreased levels of circulating monocytes and intimal macrophages. Importantly, PLX3397 attenuated the development of GVD in arterial allografts. CONCLUSION These studies provide proof of concept for pharmacologic inhibition of the CSF1/CSF1R signalling pathway as a therapeutic strategy in GVD. Further preclinical testing of this pathway in GVD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Almonte
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Unimunkh Uriyanghai
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lander Egaña-Gorroño
- Present address: Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dippal Parikh
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gustavo H Oliveira-Paula
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Smitha Jayakumar
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dario F Riascos-Bernal
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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6
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Keshvari S, Patkar OL, Sehgal A, Bush SJ, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. The Mononuclear Phagocyte System of the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2251-2263. [PMID: 33965905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat continues to be the model of choice for many studies of physiology, behavior, and complex human diseases. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS; monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) are abundant residents in every tissue in the body and regulate postnatal development, homeostasis, and innate and acquired immunity. Recruitment and proliferation of MPS cells is an essential component of both initiation and resolution of inflammation. The large majority of current knowledge of MPS biology is derived from studies of inbred mice, but advances in technology and resources have eliminated many of the advantages of the mouse as a model. In this article, we review the tools available and the current state of knowledge of development, homeostasis, regulation, and diversity within the MPS of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Huang H, Jiang W, Hong K, Cai J, He Y, Ma X, Wu P, Lang J, Ma Y, Huang C, Yuan J. Protocatechualdehyde inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis and attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory osteolysis. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3821-3835. [PMID: 33778997 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory osteolysis as a consequence of chronic bacterial infection underlies several lytic bone conditions, such as otitis media, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, periodontitis, periprosthetic infection, and aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants. In consideration of the lack of effective preventive or treatments options against infectious osteolysis, the exploitation of novel pharmacological compounds/agents is critically required. The present study assessed the effect of protocatechualdehyde (PCA), a natural occurring polyphenolic compound with diverse biological activities including but not limited to antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties, on nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone loss in vivo. In the present study, it was found that PCA potently inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, fusion, and activation toward bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner via the suppression of the ERK/c-Fos/nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 signaling axis. It was further demonstrated that the in vivo administration of PCA could effectively protect mice against the deleterious effects of LPS-induced calvarial bone destruction by attenuating osteoclast formation and activity in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings provided evidence for the potential therapeutic application of PCA in the prevention and treatment of infectious osteolytic conditions, and potentially other osteoclast-mediated bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kehua Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongchao He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuming Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junzhe Lang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuegang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Caiguo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiandong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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8
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Imhof T, Balic A, Heilig J, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Chiquet M, Niehoff A, Brachvogel B, Thesleff I, Koch M. Pivotal Role of Tenascin-W (-N) in Postnatal Incisor Growth and Periodontal Ligament Remodeling. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608223. [PMID: 33552067 PMCID: PMC7862723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a fascinating model for studying stem cell regulation and organ renewal. In the incisor, epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells assure lifelong tooth growth. The epithelial stem cells reside in a niche known as the cervical loop. Mesenchymal stem cells are located in the nearby apical neurovascular bundle and in the neural plexus. So far, little is known about extracellular cues that are controlling incisor stem cell renewal and guidance. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-W, also known as tenascin-N (TNN), is expressed in the mesenchyme of the pulp and of the periodontal ligament of the incisor, and is closely associated with collagen 3 fibers. Here, we report for the first time the phenotype of tenascin-W/TNN deficient mice, which in a C57BL/6N background exhibit a reduced body weight and lifespan. We found major defects in the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament of the growing rodent incisors, whereas molars were not affected. The alveolar bone around the incisor was replaced by a dense scar-like connective tissue, enriched with newly formed nerve fibers likely leading to periodontal pain, less food intake and reduced body weight. Using soft food to reduce mechanical load on the incisor partially rescued the phenotype. In situ hybridization and Gli1 reporter mouse experiments revealed decreased hedgehog signaling in the incisor mesenchymal stem cell compartment, which coordinates the development of mesenchymal stem cell niche. These results indicate that TNN deficiency in mice affects periodontal remodeling and increases nerve fiber branching. Through periodontal pain the food intake is reduced and the incisor renewal and the neurovascular sonic hedgehog secretion rate are reduced. In conclusion, tenascin-W/TNN seems to have a primary function in rapid periodontal tissue remodeling and a secondary function in mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Imhof
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anamaria Balic
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Res. Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Chiquet
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Koch
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Pativada T, Kim MH, Lee JH, Hong SS, Choi CW, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Song DW, Park SI, Lee EJ, Seo BY, Kim H, Kim HK, Lee KH, Ahn SK, Ku JM, Park GH. Benzylideneacetone Derivatives Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis and Activate Osteoblastogenesis Independently Based on Specific Structure–Activity Relationship. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6063-6082. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Triveni Pativada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Seong Su Hong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Chun Whan Choi
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Yun-Hyeok Choi
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Kim
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Da-Woon Song
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Seo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hankyeom Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kee Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Sung K. Ahn
- Statistics, Department of Finance and Management Science, College of Business, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4746, United States
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Gil Hong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea Molecular Medicine and Nutrition Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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10
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Plotkin LI, Bruzzaniti A. Molecular signaling in bone cells: Regulation of cell differentiation and survival. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:237-281. [PMID: 31036293 PMCID: PMC7416488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of proper bone mass and architecture, and their maintenance throughout life requires the concerted actions of osteoblasts, the bone forming cells, and osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. The differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are regulated by molecules produced by matrix-embedded osteocytes, as well as by cross talk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts through secreted factors. In addition, it is likely that direct contact between osteoblast and osteoclast precursors, and the contact of these cells with osteocytes and cells in the bone marrow, also modulates bone cell differentiation and function. With the advancement of molecular and genetic tools, our comprehension of the intracellular signals activated in bone cells has evolved significantly, from early suggestions that osteoblasts and osteoclasts have common precursors and that osteocytes are inert cells in the bone matrix, to the very sophisticated understanding of a network of receptors, ligands, intracellular kinases/phosphatases, transcription factors, and cell-specific genes that are known today. These advances have allowed the design and FDA-approval of new therapies to preserve and increase bone mass and strength in a wide variety of pathological conditions, improving bone health from early childhood to the elderly. We have summarized here the current knowledge on selected intracellular signal pathways activated in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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11
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Pridans C, Raper A, Davis GM, Alves J, Sauter KA, Lefevre L, Regan T, Meek S, Sutherland L, Thomson AJ, Clohisey S, Bush SJ, Rojo R, Lisowski ZM, Wallace R, Grabert K, Upton KR, Tsai YT, Brown D, Smith LB, Summers KM, Mabbott NA, Piccardo P, Cheeseman MT, Burdon T, Hume DA. Pleiotropic Impacts of Macrophage and Microglial Deficiency on Development in Rats with Targeted Mutation of the Csf1r Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2683-2699. [PMID: 30249809 PMCID: PMC6196293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have produced Csf1r-deficient rats by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Consistent with the role of Csf1r in macrophage differentiation, there was a loss of peripheral blood monocytes, microglia in the brain, epidermal Langerhans cells, splenic marginal zone macrophages, bone-associated macrophages and osteoclasts, and peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages of splenic red pulp, liver, lung, and gut were less affected. The pleiotropic impacts of the loss of macrophages on development of multiple organ systems in rats were distinct from those reported in mice. Csf1r-/- rats survived well into adulthood with postnatal growth retardation, distinct skeletal and bone marrow abnormalities, infertility, and loss of visceral adipose tissue. Gene expression analysis in spleen revealed selective loss of transcripts associated with the marginal zone and, in brain regions, the loss of known and candidate novel microglia-associated transcripts. Despite the complete absence of microglia, there was little overt phenotype in brain, aside from reduced myelination and increased expression of dopamine receptor-associated transcripts in striatum. The results highlight the redundant and nonredundant functions of CSF1R signaling and of macrophages in development, organogenesis, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; .,The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Alves
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Thomson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,New World Laboratories, Laval, Quebec H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Sara Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rocío Rojo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle R Upton
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Brown
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2309, Australia; and
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; .,Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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12
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Pereira M, Petretto E, Gordon S, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Behmoaras J. Common signalling pathways in macrophage and osteoclast multinucleation. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/11/jcs216267. [PMID: 29871956 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage cell fusion and multinucleation are fundamental processes in the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in chronic inflammatory disease and osteoclasts in the regulation of bone mass. However, this basic cell phenomenon is poorly understood despite its pathophysiological relevance. Granulomas containing multinucleated giant cells are seen in a wide variety of complex inflammatory disorders, as well as in infectious diseases. Dysregulation of osteoclastic bone resorption underlies the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and malignant osteolytic bone disease. Recent reports have shown that the formation of multinucleated giant cells and osteoclast fusion display a common molecular signature, suggesting shared genetic determinants. In this Review, we describe the background of cell-cell fusion and the similar origin of macrophages and osteoclasts. We specifically focus on the common pathways involved in osteoclast and MGC fusion. We also highlight potential approaches that could help to unravel the core mechanisms underlying bone and granulomatous disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pereira
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Republic of Singapore
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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13
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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14
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Yeo CE, Kang WY, Seong SJ, Cho S, Lee HW, Yoon YR, Kim HJ. Neuromedin B and its receptor silencing suppresses osteoclast generation by modulating precursor proliferation via M-CSF/c-Fms/D-type cyclins. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:112-119. [PMID: 28780306 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuromedin B (NMB), a mammalian bombesin-like peptide, regulates diverse physiological processes, such as energy metabolism, memory and fear behavior, and cellular growth, through its cognate receptor, NMBR. In this study, we report that NMB expression was upregulated during osteoclast development and that silencing NMB or NMBR attenuated osteoclast generation mediated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). We found that knockdown of NMB or NMBR using a small hairpin RNA suppressed M-CSF-induced proliferation of osteoclast precursor cells without altering osteoclast differentiation. Interestingly, NMB or NMBR knockdown reduced the expression of the M-CSF receptor, c-Fms, which is an important modulator of osteoclast development. Consequently, NMB or NMBR silencing inhibited M-CSF/c-Fms-mediated downstream signaling pathways like activation of ERK and Akt and induction of D-type cyclins, cyclin D1 and D2. Moreover, knockdown of NMB or NMBR accelerated apoptosis in osteoclast lineage cells by inducing caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bim expression. In summary, our study demonstrates that the NMB/NMBR axis plays a pivotal role in osteoclast generation by modulating the proliferation and survival of osteoclast lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Eun Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Youl Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungil Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Ushach I, Zlotnik A. Biological role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on cells of the myeloid lineage. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:481-9. [PMID: 27354413 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0316-144r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
M-CSF and GM-CSF are 2 important cytokines that regulate macrophage numbers and function. Here, we review their known effects on cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage. Important clues to their function come from their expression patterns. M-CSF exhibits a mostly homeostatic expression pattern, whereas GM-CSF is a product of cells activated during inflammatory or pathologic conditions. Accordingly, M-CSF regulates the numbers of various tissue macrophage and monocyte populations without altering their "activation" status. Conversely, GM-CSF induces activation of monocytes/macrophages and also mediates differentiation to other states that participate in immune responses [i.e., dendritic cells (DCs)]. Further insights into their function have come from analyses of mice deficient in either cytokine. M-CSF signals through its receptor (CSF-1R). Interestingly, mice deficient in CSF-1R expression exhibit a more significant phenotype than mice deficient in M-CSF. This observation was explained by the discovery of a novel cytokine (IL-34) that represents a second ligand of CSF-1R. Information about the function of these ligands/receptor system is still developing, but its complexity is intriguing and strongly suggests that more interesting biology remains to be elucidated. Based on our current knowledge, several therapeutic molecules targeting either the M-CSF or the GM-CSF pathways have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials targeting either autoimmune diseases or cancer. It is intriguing to consider how evolution has directed these pathways to develop; their complexity likely mirrors the multiple functions in which cells of the monocyte/macrophage system are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ushach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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16
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Kim JH, Kim N. Signaling Pathways in Osteoclast Differentiation. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:12-7. [PMID: 26865996 PMCID: PMC4742606 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of hematopoietic origin that are responsible for the degradation of old bone matrix. Osteoclast differentiation and activity are controlled by two essential cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). M-CSF and RANKL bind to their respective receptors c-Fms and RANK to stimulate osteoclast differentiation through regulation of delicate signaling systems. Here, we summarize the critical or essential signaling pathways for osteoclast differentiation including M-CSF-c-Fms signaling, RANKL-RANK signaling, and costimulatory signaling for RANK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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17
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Baek JM, Park SH, Cheon YH, Ahn SJ, Lee MS, Oh J, Kim JY. Esculetin attenuates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-mediated osteoclast differentiation through c-Fos/nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Park SJ, Park DR, Bhattarai D, Lee K, Kim J, Bae YS, Lee SY. 2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl (R)-3-methoxy-3-oxo-2-stearamidopropyl phosphate suppresses osteoclast maturation and bone resorption by targeting macrophage-colony stimulating factor signaling. Mol Cells 2014; 37:628-35. [PMID: 25139265 PMCID: PMC4145375 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
2-(Trimethylammonium) ethyl (R)-3-methoxy-3-oxo-2-stearamidopropyl phosphate [(R)-TEMOSPho], a derivative of an organic chemical identified from a natural product library, promotes highly efficient megakaryopoiesis. Here, we show that (R)-TEMOSPho blocks osteoclast maturation from progenitor cells of hematopoietic origin, as well as blocking the resorptive function of mature osteoclasts. The inhibitory effect of (R)-TEMOSPho on osteoclasts was due to a disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, resulting from impaired downstream signaling of c-Fms, a receptor for macrophage-colony stimulating factor linked to c-Cbl, phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), Vav3, and Rac1. In addition, (R)-TEMOSPho blocked inflammation-induced bone destruction by reducing the numbers of osteoclasts produced in mice. Thus, (R)-TEMOSPho may represent a promising new class of antiresorptive drugs for the treatment of bone loss associated with increased osteoclast maturation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Park
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Doo Ri Park
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | | | | | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
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19
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Feng X, Teitelbaum SL. Osteoclasts: New Insights. Bone Res 2013; 1:11-26. [PMID: 26273491 DOI: 10.4248/br201301003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult bone remodeling. They also participate in the pathogenesis of various bone disorders. Osteoclasts differentiate from cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage upon stimulation of two essential factors, the monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activation of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). M-CSF binds to its receptor c-Fms to activate distinct signaling pathways to stimulate the proliferation and survival of osteoclast precursors and the mature cell. RANKL, however, is the primary osteoclast differentiation factor, and promotes osteoclast differentiation mainly through controlling gene expression by activating its receptor, RANK. Osteoclast function depends on polarization of the cell, induced by integrin αvβ3, to form the resorptive machinery characterized by the attachment to the bone matrix and the formation of the bone-apposed ruffled border. Recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanism of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. In particular, c-Fms and RANK signaling have been shown to regulate bone resorption by cross-talking with those activated by integrin αvβ3. This review discusses new advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of osteoclast differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Feng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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20
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Gow DJ, Sester DP, Hume DA. CSF-1, IGF-1, and the control of postnatal growth and development. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:475-81. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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21
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Garceau V, Smith J, Paton IR, Davey M, Fares MA, Sester DP, Burt DW, Hume DA. Pivotal Advance: Avian colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and CSF-1 receptor genes and gene products. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:753-64. [PMID: 20051473 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in many aspects of development, host defense, pathology, and homeostasis. Their normal differentiation, proliferation, and survival are controlled by CSF-1 via the activation of the CSF1R. A recently discovered cytokine, IL-34, was shown to bind the same receptor in humans. Chicken is a widely used model organism in developmental biology, but the factors that control avian myelopoiesis have not been identified previously. The CSF-1, IL-34, and CSF1R genes in chicken and zebra finch were identified from respective genomic/cDNA sequence resources. Comparative analysis of the avian CSF1R loci revealed likely orthologs of mammalian macrophage-specific promoters and enhancers, and the CSF1R gene is expressed in the developing chick embryo in a pattern consistent with macrophage-specific expression. Chicken CSF-1 and IL-34 were expressed in HEK293 cells and shown to elicit macrophage growth from chicken BM cells in culture. Comparative sequence and co-evolution analysis across all vertebrates suggests that the two ligands interact with distinct regions of the CSF1R. These studies demonstrate that there are two separate ligands for a functional CSF1R across all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Garceau
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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22
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Radi ZA, Guzman RE, Bell RR. Increased connective tissue extracellular matrix in the op/op model of osteopetrosis. Pathobiology 2009; 76:199-203. [PMID: 19571609 DOI: 10.1159/000218336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that are homozygous for the recessive osteopetrosis spontaneous mutation (op/op) develop severe osteopetrosis due to a defect in the production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and a deficiency in monocyte-derived osteoclasts. Our study describes a novel soft tissue finding in an osteopetrosis (B6C3Fe a/a-Csf1(op)/J) mouse model. Tissues were obtained from B6C3Fe a/a-Csf1(op)/J mice and age-matched wild-type mice, processed for hematoxylin and eosin sections, and comprehensive light microscopic tissue evaluation was performed. Mutant mice had characteristic traits of op/op deficiency including missing incisors and domed skulls. Histologically, the bone marrow cavity was effaced by interweaving thick bony trabeculae consistent with osteopetrosis. An increase in a finely granular, basophilic interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) was observed in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the op/op mice when compared with controls. Histochemically, the ECM was negative with periodic acid Schiff and stained dark blue with alcian blue at a pH of 2.5, indicating that it is composed primarily of nonsulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This work suggests an increased ECM that is composed mainly of GAGs located in the subcutaneous tissue in op/op mice. This increase in ECM may be related to altered matrix production or turnover because of changes in M-CSF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Specialized phagocytes are found in the most primitive multicellular organisms. Their roles in homeostasis and in distinguishing self from non-self have evolved with the complexity of organisms and their immune systems. Equally important, but often overlooked, are the roles of macrophages in tissue development. As discussed in this Review, these include functions in branching morphogenesis, neuronal patterning, angiogenesis, bone morphogenesis and the generation of adipose tissue. In each case, macrophage depletion impairs the formation of the tissue and compromises its function. I argue that in several diseases, the unrestrained acquisition of these developmental macrophage functions exacerbates pathology. For example, macrophages enhance tumour progression and metastasis by affecting tumour-cell migration and invasion, as well as angiogenesis.
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24
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Abstract
Prevention of conditions, such as osteoporosis, requires an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bone resorption. The understanding that cells of the myeloid lineage are osteoclast precursors suggests that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) plays an important role in osteoclast biology. Signals generated by the binding of M-CSF to the cell-surface receptor c-Fms appear to trigger events leading to osteoclast differentiation. We have created a chimeric variant of the c-Fms receptor, which has allowed study of downstream events activated by M-CSF in a model more relevant to normal physiology than prior studies, which have relied on myeloid tissues. Our studies suggest novel regulatory signaling pathways initiated via the c-Fms receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Patrick Ross
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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25
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Ross FP, Teitelbaum SL. alphavbeta3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor: partners in osteoclast biology. Immunol Rev 2005; 208:88-105. [PMID: 16313343 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the sole bone-resorbing cells, arise by fusion and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage precursors. Matrix degradation requires adhesion of the osteoclast to bone, an integrin alphavbeta3-mediated event that also stimulates signals which polarize the cell and secrete resorptive molecules such as hydrochloric acid and acidic proteases. Two cytokines are necessary and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), both produced by mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow environment. M-CSF promotes survival and proliferation of osteoclast precursors. It also contributes to their differentiation and regulates the cytoskeletal changes that accompany bone resorption. Binding of M-CSF to c-Fms, its receptor, recruits adapter proteins and cytosolic kinases, thereby activating a variety of intracellular signals. We herein review how alphavbeta3 and M-CSF, alone and in concert, impact production, survival, and function of the osteoclast, thereby controlling skeletal mass. Signals from alphavbeta3 and/or c-Fms activate Syk and Vav3, originally defined by their function in lymphoid cells. Genetic depletion of either protein generates a strong bone phenotype, underscoring the promise of osteoimmunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Patrick Ross
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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Yang M, Mailhot G, MacKay CA, Mason-Savas A, Aubin J, Odgren PR. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression during colony stimulating factor-1-induced osteoclast differentiation in the toothless osteopetrotic rat: a key role for CCL9 (MIP-1gamma) in osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Blood 2005; 107:2262-70. [PMID: 16304045 PMCID: PMC1895722 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts differentiate from hematopoietic precursors under systemic and local controls. Chemokines and receptors direct leukocyte traffic throughout the body and may help regulate site-specific bone resorption. We investigated bone gene expression in vivo during rapid osteoclast differentiation induced by colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in Csf1-null toothless (tl/tl) rats. Long-bone RNA from CSF-1-treated tl/tl rats was analyzed by high-density microarray over a time course. TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)-positive osteoclasts appeared on day 2, peaked on day 4, and decreased slightly on day 6, as marrow space was expanding. TRAP and cathepsin K mRNA paralleled the cell counts. We examined all chemokine and receptor mRNAs on the arrays. CCL9 was strongly induced and peaked on day 2, as did its receptor, CCR1, and regulatory receptors c-Fms (CSF-1 receptor) and RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB). Other chemokines and receptors showed little or no significant changes. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed CCL9 in small, immature osteoclasts on day 2 and in mature cells at later times. Anti-CCL9 antibody inhibited osteoclast differentiation in culture and significantly suppressed the osteoclast response in CSF-1-treated tl/tl rats. While various chemokines have been implicated in osteoclastogenesis in vitro, this first systematic analysis of chemokines and receptors during osteoclast differentiation in vivo highlights the key role of CCL9 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiheng Yang
- Dept of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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27
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Symons AL. Reduced growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity in osteoclasts adjacent to the erupting molar in the incisor-absent (osteopetrotic) rat. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111:503-9. [PMID: 14632687 DOI: 10.1111/j.0909-8836.2003.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
First molars fail to erupt in the incisor-absent (ia/ia) rat because of a defect in osteoclast function. Growth factors that regulate local bone metabolism include growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha). Since osteoclast function may be affected by these factors, the aim of this study was to determine the distribution of GH receptor (GHr), IGF-I, EGF and IL-1alpha, in osteoclasts located occlusal to the erupting first molar, in the 'eruption pathway', in normal and ia/ia rats. Sagittal sections of the first molar and adjacent bone from 3- and 9-d-old animals were examined. Osteoclasts were identified using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The TRAP-positive osteoclast cell numbers were higher in ia/ia animals at 3 and 9 days-of-age. In the ia/ia group, fewer osteoclasts were GHr- and IGF-I-positive at 3 d of age, and at 9 d of age fewer osteoclasts were GHr-positive. In the ia/ia rat, defective osteoclast function failed to resorb bone to provide an eruption pathway for the lower first molar. The expression of GHr, and to some degree IGF-I, by these osteoclasts was reduced, which may be related to their ability to differentiate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Symons
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Yoshino M, Yamazaki H, Yoshida H, Niida S, Nishikawa SI, Ryoke K, Kunisada T, Hayashi SI. Reduction of osteoclasts in a critical embryonic period is essential for inhibition of mouse tooth eruption. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:108-16. [PMID: 12510811 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar bone resorption by osteoclasts is essential for tooth eruption. Osteoclast-deficient Csfm(op) homozygous (op/op) mice, which lack functional macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), suffer from osteopetrosis and completely lack tooth eruption. Although osteoclasts appear, and osteopetrosis is cured with age in op/op mice, tooth eruption is never seen. This fact suggests that there is a critical period when osteoclasts are required for tooth eruption. In this study, to detect the critical period, we administered an antagonistic antibody directed against c-Fms, a receptor for M-CSF, to inbred C57BL/6 mice for various periods. Administration of this antibody decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP) osteoclasts, and incisor eruption was completely inhibited by continual administration of this antibody from embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) until postnatal day 12.5 (D12.5). A 1-day delay of this administration abolished the inhibition of incisor eruption. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was significantly reduced between E16.5 and E18.5 in the mice treated with antibody from E15.5 compared with those treated from E16.5. These results indicate that this period, during which the number of osteoclasts decreases significantly, is critical for inhibiting incisor eruption in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Yoshino
- Division of Immunology. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Van Wesenbeeck L, Odgren PR, MacKay CA, D'Angelo M, Safadi FF, Popoff SN, Van Hul W, Marks SC. The osteopetrotic mutation toothless (tl) is a loss-of-function frameshift mutation in the rat Csf1 gene: Evidence of a crucial role for CSF-1 in osteoclastogenesis and endochondral ossification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14303-8. [PMID: 12379742 PMCID: PMC137879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202332999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The toothless (tl) mutation in the rat is a naturally occurring, autosomal recessive mutation resulting in a profound deficiency of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and peritoneal macrophages. The failure to resorb bone produces severe, unrelenting osteopetrosis, with a highly sclerotic skeleton, lack of marrow spaces, failure of tooth eruption, and other pathologies. Injections of CSF-1 improve some, but not all, of these. In this report we have used polymorphism mapping, sequencing, and expression studies to identify the genetic lesion in the tl rat. We found a 10-base insertion near the beginning of the open reading of the Csf1 gene that yields a truncated, nonfunctional protein and an early stop codon, thus rendering the tl rat CSF-1(null). All mutants were homozygous for the mutation and all carriers were heterozygous. No CSF-1 transcripts were identified in rat mRNA that would avoid the mutation via alternative splicing. The biology and actions of CSF-1 have been elucidated by many studies that use another naturally occurring mutation, the op mouse, in which a single base insertion also disrupts the reading frame. The op mouse has milder osteoclastopenia and osteopetrosis than the tl rat and recovers spontaneously over the first few months of life. Thus, the tl rat provides a second model in which the functions of CSF-1 can be studied. Understanding the similarities and differences in the phenotypes of these two models will be important to advancing our knowledge of the many actions of CSF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Van Wesenbeeck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
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Abstract
In mammalian osteopetrosis the different mutations exemplify reduced bone resorption leading to net accumulation of bone. Recently, high blood levels of creatine kinase-BB have been reported in some human forms, suggesting it as a marker of osteopetrosis. In the current study serum creatine kinase-BB was evaluated in relation to known osteoclastic pathophysiology in two human types of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis at baseline and after stimulation with triiodothyronine and in four different rodent mutations. Creatine kinase-BB was increased markedly in Type 2 autosomal dominant osteopetrosis and in the incisors absent rat, both characterized by large numbers of giant osteoclasts, and did not change significantly after stimulation. Although creatine kinase-BB was unchanged in Type 1 autosomal dominant osteopetrosis at baseline and after stimulation, the rodent counterparts characterized by small osteoclasts, microphthalmic and osteopetrotic mice and toothless rats, had significantly decreased levels. Similar differences were observed in both types of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis compared with controls concerning tartrate resistant acid phosphatase. Creatine kinase-BB in mammalian osteopetrosis is related to osteoclastic number and size, where it probably reflects the differentiation and maturation of inactive bone resorbing cells. The isoenzyme does not seem to be a valuable screening marker for osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bollerslev
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, National University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Odgren PR, Popoff SN, Safadi FF, MacKay CA, Mason-Savas A, Seifert MF, Marks SC. The toothless osteopetrotic rat has a normal vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF) cascade and chondrodysplasia resistant to treatments with colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and/or DBP-MAF. Bone 1999; 25:175-81. [PMID: 10456382 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The osteopetrotic rat mutation toothless (tl) is characterized by little or no bone resorption, few osteoclasts and macrophages, and chondrodysplasia at the growth plates. Short-term treatment of tl rats with colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) has been shown to increase the number of osteoclasts and macrophages, producing dramatic resolution of skeletal sclerosis at some, but not all, sites. Defects in production of vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF) have been identified in two other independent osteopetrotic mutations of the rat (op and ia), and two in the mouse (op and mi), in which macrophages and osteoclasts can be activated by the administration of exogenous DBP-MAF. The present studies were undertaken to examine the histology and residual growth defects in tl rats following longer CSF-1 treatments, to investigate the possibility that exogenous DBP-MAF might act synergistically with CSF-1 to improve the tl phenotype, and to assess the integrity of the endogenous DBP-MAF pathway in this mutation. CSF-1 treatment-with or without DBP-MAF-induced resorption of metaphyseal bone to the growth plate on the marrow side, improved slightly but did not normalize long bone growth, and caused no improvement in the abnormal histology of the growth plate. Injections of lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-Pc) to prime macrophage activation via the DBP-MAF pathway raised superoxide production to similar levels in peritoneal macrophages from both normal and mutant animals, indicating no defect in the DBP-MAF pathway in tl rats. Interestingly, pretreatments with CSF-1 alone also increased superoxide production, although the mechanism for this remains unknown. In summary, we find that, unlike other osteopetrotic mutations investigated to date, the DBP-MAF pathway does not appear to be defective in the tl rat; that additional DBP-MAF does not augment the beneficial skeletal effects seen with CSF-1 alone; and that the growth plate chondrodystrophy seen in this mutation is unaffected by either molecule. Thus, the tl mutation intercepts the function of a gene required for both normal endochondral ossification and bone resorption, thereby uncoupling the coordination of skeletal metabolism required for normal long bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Odgren
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01665, USA
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Marks SC, Lundmark C, Wurtz T, Odgren PR, MacKay CA, Mason-Savas A, Popoff SN. Facial development and type III collagen RNA expression: concurrent repression in the osteopetrotic (Toothless,tl) rat and rescue after treatment with colony-stimulating factor-1. Dev Dyn 1999; 215:117-25. [PMID: 10373016 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199906)215:2<117::aid-dvdy4>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The toothless (osteopetrotic) mutation in the rat is characterized by retarded development of the anterior facial skeleton. Growth of the anterior face in rats occurs at the premaxillary-maxillary suture (PMMS). To identify potential mechanisms for stunted facial growth in this mutation we compared the temporospatial expression of collagen I (Col I) and collagen III (Col III) RNA around this suture in toothless (tl) rats and normal littermates by in situ hybridization of specific riboprobes in sagittal sections of the head. In normal rats, the suture is S shaped at birth and becomes highly convoluted by 10 days with cells in the center (fibroblasts and osteoblast progenitors) expressing Col III RNA and those at the periphery (osteoblasts) expressing no Col III RNA but high amounts of Col I RNA throughout the growth phase (the first 2 postnatal weeks). In the mutant PMMS, cells were reduced in number, less differentiated, and fewer osteoblasts were encountered. Expression of Col I RNA was at normal levels, but centrosutural cells expressed Col III RNA only after day 6 and then only weakly. A highly convoluted sutural shape was never achieved in mutants during the first 2 postnatal weeks. Treatment of tl rats with the cytokine CSF-1 improved facial growth and restored cellular diversity and Col III RNA expression in the PMMS to normal levels. Taken together, these data suggest that normal facial growth in rats is related to expression of Col III RNAby osteoblast precursors in the PMMS, that these cells are deficient in the tl mutation and are rescued following treatment with CSF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Marks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, North Worcester 01655, USA.
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Aharinejad S, Grossschmidt K, Franz P, Streicher J, Nourani F, MacKay CA, Firbas W, Plenk H, Marks SC. Auditory ossicle abnormalities and hearing loss in the toothless (osteopetrotic) mutation in the rat and their improvement after treatment with colony-stimulating factor-1. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:415-23. [PMID: 10027906 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis describes a group of skeletal metabolic diseases of heterogeneous etiology and varied severity that produces a generalized accumulation of skeletal mass, the result of reduced bone resorption. Inherited in a variety of species including humans, the most severe forms are lethal. Among common features are progressive blindness and deafness of controversial etiologies for which there are no universally effective treatments. We have studied the auditory responsiveness and auditory ossicle quantitative histomorphology and temporal bone vasculature in the toothless (tl) rat, a lethal osteopetrotic mutation with few osteoclasts, very low bone turnover, and limited angiogenesis in the axial skeleton. Compared with normal littermates, 3-week-old mutants showed significantly reduced auditory responsiveness, a hearing loss due to abnormalities in both form and tissue composition of the stapes, and little capillary sprouting in the vascular bed of the temporal bone. Treatment of mutants with colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), known to greatly reduce sclerosis in the axial skeleton, significantly improved hearing, stapedial form and tissue composition, and angiogenesis in the temporal bone. In normal rats, the stapes consisted of 89.3% bone, 9.1% mineralized cartilage, and 0.8% porosity. In osteopetrotic rats, the stapes consisted of 48.3% bone, 35.9% mineralized cartilage, and 15.9% porosity, while after CSF-1 treatment, the bone content increased to 55.2%, cartilage was decreased to 21.7%, and porosity increased to 23.0%, respectively. This is the first demonstration of an auditory abnormality in an osteopetrotic animal mutation and shows that the hearing loss in tl rats can be significantly improved following treatment with CSF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aharinejad
- Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Joseph BK, Marks SC, Hume DA, Waters MJ, Symons AL. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) immunoreactivity in normal and osteopetrotic (toothless, tl/tl) rat tibia. Growth Factors 1999; 16:279-91. [PMID: 10427502 DOI: 10.3109/08977199909069146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays a major role in regulating cell growth. This study examined the immunohistochemical distribution of IGF-I and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in tibias from normal and osteopetrotic (toothless, tl/tl) rats, following treatment with colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). In normal rats, immunoreactivity for IGF-I and IGF-IR was detected in cells of the articular and epiphyseal cartilage, secondary ossification centres, zones of resting and proliferating chondrocytes and bone marrow. Bone marrow cells immunoreactive for IGF-I and IGF-IR were significantly reduced in the tl/tl rat (p < 0.001) compared with normal animals. Treatment of tl/tl rats with CSF-1 increased immunoreactivity for IGF-I and IGF-IR in bone marrow cells as well as the number of TRAP positive osteoclasts. This increase was the result of recruitment of a range of hematopoietic cell types, including eosinophils, polymorphs and a substantial number of monocyte-like cells demonstrating strong immunoreactivity to IGF-I/IGF-IR. The differences in relative immunoreactivity for IGF-I/IGF-IR by bone marrow cells in untreated and CSF-1-treated tl/tl rats indicate a CSF-1-dependent recruitment of cells bearing surface IGF-IRs which may be mediated by an increase in local or systemic IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Joseph
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Wojtowicz A, Yamauchi M, Sotowski R, Ostrowski K. Normalization of periodontal tissues in osteopetrotic mib mutant rats, treated with CSF-1. J Periodontal Res 1998; 33:486-90. [PMID: 9879522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The osteopetrotic mib mutation in rats causes defects in the skeletal bone tissue in young animals. These defects, i.e. slow bone remodelling, changes in both crystallinity and mineral content, are transient and undergo normalization, even without any treatment in 6-wk-old animals. Treatment with CSF-1 (colony stimulating factor-1) accelerates the normalization process in skeletal bones. The periodontal tissues around the apices of incisors show abnormalities caused by the slow remodelling process of the mandible bone tissue, the deficiency of osteoclasts and their abnormal morphology, as well as the disorganization of periodontal ligament fibres. In contrast to the skeletal tissues, these abnormalities would not undergo spontaneous normalization. Under treatment with colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), the primitive bone trabeculae of mandible are resorbed and the normalization of the number of osteoclasts and their cytology occurs. The organization of the periodontal ligament fibres is partially restored, resembling the histological structure of the normal one.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wojtowicz
- Department of Transplantology, Medical University in Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Watanabe H, Kislauskis EH, Mackay CA, Mason-Savas A, Marks SC. Actin mRNA isoforms are differentially sorted in normal osteoblasts and sorting is altered in osteoblasts from a skeletal mutation in the rat. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 9):1287-92. [PMID: 9547308 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.9.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin isoform sorting has been shown to occur in a variety of cell types in culture. To this list we add osteoblasts, in which we show by in situ hybridization that beta-actin is distributed primarily in cell processes and on one side of the nucleus and gamma-actin has a perinuclear distribution. Osteoblasts from the skeletal mutation toothless (tl), evaluated under identical conditions, fail to sort these actin isoforms differentially and exhibit diffuse labeling as their major manifestation. Northern analyses of actin mRNAs showed no differences between normal and mutant cultures. Shortened osteoblast life span and an inability to direct osteoclast-mediated bone resorption have recently been demonstrated in tl mutants. The present results suggest that a failure of osteoblasts to sort actin mRNAs may be related to one or both of these pathological manifestations in this mutation and represent, to our knowledge, the first correlation of an actin mRNA-sorting abnormality with a mammalian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
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Marks SC, Iizuka T, MacKay CA, Mason-Savas A, Cielinski MJ. The effects of colony-stimulating factor-1 on the number and ultrastructure of osteoclasts in toothless (tl) rats and osteopetrotic (op) mice. Tissue Cell 1997; 29:589-95. [PMID: 9364807 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1 or M-CSF) in osteoclast development is illustrated by observations that administration of exogenous CSF-1 increases osteoclast number and improves the skeletal sclerosis of two osteopetrotic mutations, toothless (tl) in the rat and osteopetrotic (op) in the mouse. We examined the effects of CSF-1 treatment on the number and ultrastructure of osteoclasts in the tibial metaphysis of normal and mutant animals of both stocks to understand the similarities and differences between these two mutations. Osteoclasts from normal animals of both stocks were abundant and possessed the ultrastructural features of active cells. These included apical areas in contact with mineralized surfaces with tightly apposed clear zones, extensive ruffled borders, and a vacuolated cytoplasm with numerous mitochondria. In toothless rats osteoclasts were difficult to locate and those present had poorly defined ruffled borders, fewer cytoplasmic vacuoles, and a basal membrane with both smooth and ruffled areas. Large lipid accumulations were often found near tl osteoclasts. Osteoclasts in op mice were difficult to find, but more numerous than in tl rats. Unlike tl osteoclasts, those of op mice possessed very well developed ruffled borders, small clear zones, and large electron-dense cytoplasmic inclusions. These cells also had unusual basal membranes with both smooth and ruffled regions. CSF-1 treatment increased the number of osteoclasts in both mutant stocks, normalizing the numbers in op mice, but not tl rats. CSF-1 injections caused dramatic changes in the morphology of tl osteoclasts, including increased incidence and size of ruffled borders and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The growth factor had little effect on ruffled borders or clear zones in op mice. Interestingly, mutant osteoclasts of both stocks exhibited a ruffled basal membrane in response to CSF-1 treatment. This increase in membrane ruffling may reflect the ability of CSF-1 to promote rapid formation of osteoclasts from mononuclear precursors in a more permissive microenvironment. Our data indicate that CSF-1 is not required for the development of at least some osteoclasts. The differences in response to CSF-1 treatment which we report lead us to speculate that additional factors may be involved in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Marks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655-0106, USA
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Wilson AK, Bhattacharyya MH. Effects of cadmium on bone: an in vivo model for the early response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:68-73. [PMID: 9221825 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure induces bone resorption in vitro and in vivo that can lead to low bone mass and increased incidence of fracture. We have developed an animal model for following the early skeletal response to Cd. A low-calcium (but not calcium-deficient) diet is used to increase gastrointestinal absorption of calcium so that the endogenous fecal calcium excretion is essentially the total fecal calcium excretion. The bone response is followed by quantitation of stable fecal calcium and does not require a radioactive label. After mice were adjusted to a low-calcium diet, Cd was administered by a single gavage and fecal calcium was monitored to determine the magnitude of the calcium release from bone. Fecal calcium excretion (microg Ca/hr; mean +/- SE) remained at the background level for 8 hr (13.6 +/- 1.8, n = 18) but increased during the 8- to 24-hr and 24- to 56-hr collection periods (43.8 +/- 6.8, n = 12; 50.75 +/- 3.7, n = 6, respectively). The bone response was transient and dropped to nearly background levels during the 56- to 104-hr collection period. Blood calcium levels were normal throughout the time course. Bone resorption occurred at Cd levels of 7.9 +/- 0.7 microg/liter blood (mean +/- SE, n = 6), which is in the range of occupational exposure levels. The transient nature of the bone response contrasted to the slow but continuing rise observed in blood Cd levels. These results suggest that a threshold level of Cd is required for a bone response but that chronic levels of Cd in blood do not necessarily indicate the occurrence of continuous active bone resorption. This model can be used to probe early gene changes (prior to the bone response) that may be occurring in response to Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Wilson
- Center for Mechanistic Biology and Biotechnology, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439-4833, USA
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Wojtowicz A, Dziedzic-Goclawska A, Kaminski A, Stachowicz W, Wojtowicz K, Marks SC, Yamauchi M. Alteration of mineral crystallinity and collagen cross-linking of bones in osteopetrotic toothless (tl/tl) rats and their improvement after treatment with colony stimulating factor-1. Bone 1997; 20:127-32. [PMID: 9028536 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of various types of mammalian osteopetroses is a marked increase in bone mass accompanied by spontaneous bone fractures. The toothless (tl/tl) rat osteopetrotic mutation is characterized by drastically reduced bone resorption due to a profound deficiency of osteoclasts and their precursors. An altered bone morphology has also been observed. The mutants cannot be cured by bone marrow transplantation, but skeletal defects are greatly reduced after treatment with colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). The objectives of this study were to characterize mineral and collagen matrices in cancellous and compact bone isolated from long bones of 6-week-old normal littermates, tl/tl osteopetrotic mutants and mutants (tl/tl) treated with CSF-1. There were no differences in bone mineral content, but a significant decrease in the crystallinity of mineral evaluated by the method based on electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry was observed in all bones of tl/tl mutants as compared to that of controls. Within the collagen matrix, slight decreases in the labile cross-links, but significant increases in the content of the stable cross-links, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline, were observed in both cancellous and compact bone of osteopetrotic mutants. In tl/tl mutants treated with human recombinant CSF-1, the normalization of the crystallinity of bone mineral as well as collagen cross-links was found. Our results indicate that remodeling of bone matrix in tl/tl mutants is highly suppressed, but that after treatment with CSF-1, this activity recovers significantly. Taken together, these data provide further support for the hypothesis that CSF-1 is an essential factor for normal osteoclast differentiation and bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wojtowicz
- Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455, USA
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40
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Abstract
The toothless (tl) rat is an osteopetrotic mutation whose excess skeletal mass is produced by a defect in its skeletal microenvironment. Its skeletal sclerosis fails to be cured by bone marrow transplantation but is largely reversed by exogenous administration of colony stimulating factor 1 which increases osteoclast neogenesis and resorptive activity. Recent studies have also indicated abnormalities in growth plate cartilage morphology and in osteoblast number and function in the tl rat. The present histomorphometric study examined static and kinetic parameters of bone cell and cartilage function in young (3-5-week-old) animals of tl stock for evidence of tissue level dysfunction. Mineralization of growth plate cartilage in mutants occurred only in the lateral regions of the growth plate, not in the central region, and longitudinal bone growth was significantly reduced (36%-61%) in mutants at the ages examined. Bone volume and trabecular thickness were greater in mutants despite significant reductions in their osteoblast populations and bone formation rates (two to threefold lower). Mutants also showed progressive age- and metaphyseal site-related decreases in osteoblast numbers which, compared to normal littermates, may relate to differences in osteoprogenitor cell pools, osteoblast lifespan, or resorption-derived skeletal growth factors locally available to support and maintain normal osteoblast phenotype. Osteoclast number per millimeter bone perimeter was reduced 96-fold in mutants and showed no age- or metaphyseal site-related changes. This study presents evidence in support of defects in chondrocyte and bone cell function in the tl rat and reveals the specific tissue locations where they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Seifert
- Department of Anatomy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The mechanisms of tooth eruption (i.e., the answer to the question of how and why teeth erupt) has been a matter of long historical debate. This review focuses on human and other mammalian teeth with a time- and spacewise limited period of eruption and analyzes recent observations and experimental data on dogs, rats, primates, and humans in a framework of basic biological parameters to formulate a guiding theory of tooth eruption. Acknowledging basic parameters (i.e., that teeth move in three-dimensional space, erupt with varying speed, and arrive at a functional position that in inheritable) eliminates a number of previously held theories and favors those that accommodate basic parameters, such as alveolar bone remodeling in association with root elongation, with possible correction factors in the form of cementum apposition and periodontal ligament formation. We have critically analyzed, summarized, and integrated recent findings associated with preeruptive movements of developing teeth, the intraosseous stage of premolar eruption in dogs, molar eruption in rodents, and premolar and molar eruption in primates. The variable speeds of eruption are particularly important. We conclude with basic principles of tooth eruption--that is, the type of signals generated by the dental follicle proper, the conditions under which teeth are moved and the clinical understanding to be derived from this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Marks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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42
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Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor has been previously reported to be present in osteoclasts both at mRNA and protein levels. However, the biochemical interactions between M-CSF and its receptor on osteoclasts are less well characterized than in mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, we show that (1) 125I-labeled M-CSF ligand specifically binds to the M-CSF receptor on osteoclasts by autoradiography; (2) binding of M-CSF to the receptor stimulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation in osteoclasts by immunostaining; (3) oxygen-derived free radicals produced by calvarial osteoclasts are increased by M-CSF stimulation (1.37 +/- 0.08, n = 10, P < 0.01); and (4) bone resorption in calvarial explants is enhanced by M-CSF (1.153 +/- 0.09, n = 10, p < 0.001). Thus, our data provide multiple lines of evidences that mouse calvarial osteoclasts are activated by M-CSF. These data suggest that under the conditions present in the calvarial model, M-CSF activates osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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43
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Shalhoub V, Jackson ME, Paradise C, Stein GS, Lian JB, Marks SC. Heterogeneity of colony stimulating factor-1 gene expression in the skeleton of four osteopetrotic mutations in rats and mice. J Cell Physiol 1996; 166:340-50. [PMID: 8591994 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199602)166:2<340::aid-jcp12>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Congenital osteopetrosis in mammals is an inherited bone disease caused by aberrations in osteoclast development and/or function. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) promotes formation of osteoclasts and is produced by osteoblasts. Recently, two osteopetrotic mutations (op mouse and tl rat) have been shown to have reductions in CSF-1 activity, and CSF-1 injections improve the skeletal manifestations in each. Several different CSF-1 transcripts have been described in mouse and human soft tissues, and differential expression of CSF-1 transcripts has been documented. Thus, we compared gene expression for CSF-1 as reflected by mRNA levels in the bones of tl rats and op mice, and also two other osteopetrotic rat mutations (ia and op). In op mouse calvaria the 4.6 kb transcript was reduced while the 2.3 kb transcript was absent. However, no differences were detected in the levels of these transcripts in mutant and normal calvaria of tl stock. In contrast, CSF-1 transcript levels were elevated in op rat mutants and variable in ia mutants compared to normal littermates. Osteoblast cultures derived from neonatal animals of tl and op rat stock showed the same differences seen in calvarial bone in vivo. The mRNA expression of another growth factor, TGF-beta 1, paralleled that of CSF-1 in vivo and in vitro in the rat mutations. These data demonstrate the emerging molecular heterogeneity among osteopetrotic mutations and underscore the need to evaluate the contributions of these and other cytokines to osteoclast differentiation and function in each mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shalhoub
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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44
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Abstract
The metabolic activity of bone cells is faithfully reflected in the surface topography of mineralized bone surfaces, and this can be easily detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Forming bone surfaces exhibit knobby projections which represent foci of mineralization, resorbing surfaces are scalloped, and resting surfaces undergoing neither activity are smooth, as shown by Boyde and Hobdell 25 years ago. These phenomena are illustrated in vivo by tooth eruption, a local activity in alveolar bone where resorption and formation are polarized around an erupting tooth, and osteopetrosis, a metabolic bone disease characterized by a congenital reduction or absence of bone resorption. The ability to analyze bone metabolism over large areas of the skeleton by SEM offers a convenient and powerful microscopic technique to assess regional and global bone cell activity in an era where the investigative focus is increasingly molecular.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Marks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
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45
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Abstract
We describe procedures for the isolation, culture, and analysis of neonatal osteoblasts from osteopetrotic (toothless (tl) and osteopetrosis [op]) rats and normal littermates. Normal osteoblasts produce and mineralize an extracellular matrix indistinguishable from that of well-characterized fetal rat osteoblasts in vitro. Mutant (tl and op) cultures show an early abnormal pattern of cell proliferation and a later premature, extensive mineralization which mimic the mutant phenotype in vivo. In cocultures with normal osteoclasts, mutant (tl) osteoblasts also show a greatly reduced ability to orchestrate bone resorption, as revealed by pit formation in bone slices, in response to physiologic mediators. These phenomena in vitro are consistent with the behavior of mutant osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo and suggest that more definitive microscopic analyses of osteoblasts from each mutation in vitro will provide insights on the roles of osteoblasts in the compromised bone resorption which characterizes the osteopetroses as well as their role in osteoclast ontogeny. This study shows that when their behavior is confirmed in vivo, bone cell cultures offer rigorous systems for understanding skeletal cell dysfunction in normal and pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jackson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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46
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Symons AL, MacKay CA, Leong K, Hume DA, Waters MJ, Marks SC. Decreased growth hormone receptor expression in long bones from toothless (osteopetrotic) rats and restoration by treatment with colony-stimulating factor-1. Growth Factors 1996; 13:1-10. [PMID: 8962714 DOI: 10.3109/08977199609034562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is known to regulate growth and development of skeletal tissues. This study examined the distribution of growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression in tibias from normal and osteopetrotic tl/tl rats. For normal 2 week-old rats, GHR expression was detected immunocytochemically in cells of the articular and epiphyseal cartilage, primary and secondary ossification centres, zone of resting cartilage and bone marrow. Within the marrow, GHR immunopositive cells were concentrated in the central cone and largely excluded from the zone of immature progenitors at the periphery. For the marrow haemopoietic compartment, GHR expression was almost restricted to the nucleus in large mononuclear cells, adipocytes and megakaryocytes. A population of small lymphocytelike cells in the marrow periphery expressed GHR on the plasma membrane. GHR was not detected in mature erythroid cells, macrophages, granulocytes, or osteoclasts. The expression of GHR was significantly reduced in bone marrow cells of the tl/tl rat (p < 0.001) compared with normal animals. Injection of recombinant CSF-1 into tl/tl rats every 48 hours for 2 weeks from birth restored GHR-positive cells to the central core of the marrow space. The most striking change was the appearance of substantial numbers of mononuclear cells expressing abundant GHR on the cell surface. We infer that these cells are a novel subset of CSF-1 responsive cells involved in bone resorption. The differences in relative expression of GHR by bone marrow cells in untreated and CSF-1-treated tl/tl rats suggests a CSF-1-dependent recruitment of cells bearing surface GHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Symons
- Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland Dental School, Brisbane, Australia
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47
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Popoff SN, Marks SC. The heterogeneity of the osteopetroses reflects the diversity of cellular influences during skeletal development. Bone 1995; 17:437-45. [PMID: 8579954 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies of the mammalian osteopetroses, characterized by generalized skeletal sclerosis, have illuminated a variety of mechanisms by which bone resorption can be reduced. We review recent data implicating a diverse group of growth factors, proto-oncogenes, and immune regulators that can influence skeletal development and account for the heterogeneity of the osteopetroses. Furthermore, similar studies are likely to continue to provide for improved clinical management of both osteopetrotic children and the localized and generalized osteopenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Symons AL, Polak B, Powell RN, Seymour GJ. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) bioactivity and inhibition of IL-1 bioactivity in supernatant fluid from cultured microphthalmic (mi) mice teeth of different ages. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24:365-73. [PMID: 7500293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A functioning dental follicle and bone resorption are necessary for tooth eruption. In the microphthalmic (mi) mouse, bone resorption is defective and teeth fail to erupt. Local bone metabolism involves the production of cytokines such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). The production of these cytokines by dental tissues during eruption may be fundamental to tooth movement. Molars from mi mice were cultured and supernatants tested for the presence of these cytokines using bio-dot blotting and ELISA. A thymocyte bioassay was used to test supernatants for IL-1 bioactivity and IL-1 inhibition bioactivity. IL-1 alpha and TGF-beta were detected in all supernatants. Supernatants demonstrated no IL-1 bioactivity but inhibited IL-1 bioactivity which varied with concentration of supernatant, age and animal. This study demonstrated that cultured developing teeth secrete IL-1 alpha and TGF-beta however, concentrations varied in normal and pathological states. While IL-1 alpha was present in the supernatants, all demonstrated a variable ability to inhibit IL-1 bioactivity. This ability may influence local bone metabolism and hence tooth eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Symons
- Department of Dentistry, Dental School, Brisbane, Australia
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49
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Wisner-Lynch LA, Shalhoub V, Marks SC. Administration of colony stimulating factor-1 to toothless osteopetrotic rats normalizes osteoblast, but not osteoclast, gene expression. Bone 1995; 16:611-8. [PMID: 7669437 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00114-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The toothless (tl) osteopetrotic mutation in the rat is characterized by generalized skeletal sclerosis, a severe reduction in the numbers of osteoclasts, monocytes, and macrophages, and absence of tooth eruption. Studies examining gene expression in bone-derived cells of tl rats and their normal littermates have shown that genes related to osteoblast function are aberrantly expressed in tl rats compared to normal littemates. We have previously shown that exogenous administration of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) to tl rats results in a dramatic reduction of the skeletal sclerosis and significant increases in the number of osteoclasts. Thus, we examined the effects of CSF-1 on osteoblast and osteoclast gene expression in tl rats as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. While osteoblast-related gene expression as reflected by mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and type I collagen was normalized, osteoclast-related gene expression, as reflected by mRNA levels of carbonic anhydrase II and tartrate-resistant adenosine triphosphatase, remained significantly lower in CSF-1-treated tl rats compared to untreated normal littermates. Since previous studies have not demonstrated the CSF-1 receptor on osteoblasts, these results suggest that osteoblast abnormalities in tl rats are an effect of the osteopetrotic condition rather than the cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Wisner-Lynch
- Department of Periodontology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Schneider GB, Benis KA, Flay NW, Ireland RA, Popoff SN. Effects of vitamin D binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF) infusion on bone resorption in two osteopetrotic mutations. Bone 1995; 16:657-62. [PMID: 7669443 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a heterogeneous group of bone diseases characterized by an excess accumulation of bone and a variety of immune defects. Osteopetrosis (op) and incisors absent (ia) are two nonallelic mutations in the rat which demonstrated these skeletal defects as a result of reduced bone resorption. Osteopetrotic (op) rats have severe sclerosis as a result of reduced numbers of osteoclasts which are structurally abnormal. The sclerosis in ia rats is not as severe as in op mutants; they have elevated numbers of osteoclasts, but they are also morphologically abnormal, lacking a ruffled border. Both of these mutations have defects in the inflammation-primed activation of macrophages. They demonstrate independent defects in the cascade involved in the conversion of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) to a potent macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF). Because this factor may also play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoclastic dysfunction, the effects of ex vivo-generated DBP-MAF were evaluated on the skeletal system of these two mutations. Newborn ia and op rats and normal littermate controls were injected with DBP-MAF or vehicle once every 4 days from birth until 2 weeks of age, at which time bone samples were collected to evaluate a number of skeletal parameters. DBP-MAF treated op rats had an increased number of osteoclasts and the majority of them exhibited normal structure. There was also reduced bone volume in the treated op animals and an associated increased cellularity of the marrow spaces. The skeletal sclerosis was also corrected in the ia rats; the bone marrow cavity size was significantly enlarged and the majority of the osteoclasts appeared normal with extensive ruffled borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Schneider
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Finch University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, IL 60064, USA
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