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Frye CA, Chittur SV. Mating Enhances Expression of Hormonal and Trophic Factors in the Midbrain of Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:21. [PMID: 32351369 PMCID: PMC7176275 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among female rats, mating enhances neurosteroid formation in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA; independent of peripheral steroid-secreting glands, ovaries, and adrenals). The sources/targets for these actions are not well understood. In Experiment 1, proestrous rats engaged in a mating paradigm, or did not, and the midbrains had been assessed via the Affymetrix rat genome microarrays. In Experiment 2, the influence of gonadal and adrenal glands on the expression of these genes was assessed in rats that were proestrous, ovariectomized (OVX), or OVX and adrenalectomized (ADX). The microarrays revealed 53 target genes that were significantly up-regulated (>2.0-fold change) in response to mating. Mating significantly enhanced the midbrain mRNA expression of genes involved in hormonal and trophic actions: Gh1, S100g, and Klk1b3 in proestrous, but not OVX and/or ADX, rats; Fshb in all but OVX/ADX rats; and lutenizing hormone β and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) β in all rats. Thus, mating enhances midbrain gene expression independent and dependent of peripheral glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States.,Center for Life Sciences Research, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Sridar V Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
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Masoud MI, Marghalani HYA, Masoud IM, Gowharji NF. Prospective longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between changes in mandibular length and blood-spot IGF-1 measurements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 141:694-704. [PMID: 22640671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to develop the use of a biologic marker, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), as an indicator for the timing and intensity of mandibular growth. This was done by measuring annual changes in mandibular length and studying how they relate to blood-spot IGF-1 measurements and cervical stages. METHODS Twenty-five patients (12 female, 13 male) from an orthodontic population were longitudinally evaluated for annual IGF-1 level, cervical stage, and mandibular length. The patients' follow-up periods ranged between 1 and 5 years. A total of 43 annual time intervals were gathered (17 female, 26 male). Annual mandibular growth was related to changes in blood-spot IGF-1 levels over each observation period. RESULTS When the whole sample was pooled into 1 group, we found a statistically significant mild to moderate correlation between the percentages of change in mandibular length and in IGF-1 levels (r = 0.4, P = 0.008). When the sample was divided based on whether the IGF-1 levels were increasing or decreasing at each yearly interval, the group with ascending IGF-1 levels had significantly more mandibular growth than did the group with descending IGF-1 levels (3.5 and 1.3 mm, respectively; P = 0.026). The ascending group had a moderate to high correlation between average IGF-1 levels and the amount of mandibular growth for each observation period. Observation periods with ascending IGF-1 levels and an average level greater than 250 μg per liter had significantly greater annual mandibular growth than did the rest of the patients with ascending IGF-1 levels (5.6 and 2.1 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Blood-spot IGF-1 testing is a promising tool for predicting the timing and the intensity of the mandibular growth spurt without the restrictions involved with radiographic techniques for assessing skeletal maturity. More research is necessary to validate these results in a different population by using more advanced imaging tools and a larger sample size. The relationship between IGF-1 levels and mandibular growth after the pubertal growth spurt is not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Masoud
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Masoud MI, Masoud I, Kent RL, Gowharji N, Hassan AH, Cohen LE. Relationship between blood-spot insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and hand-wrist assessment of skeletal maturity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Assessing skeletal maturity by using blood spot insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) testing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134:209-16. [PMID: 18675202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate determination of skeletal maturity and remaining growth is crucial to many orthodontic, orthognathic, and dental-implant timing decisions. Cervical vertebral stages and hand-wrist radiographs are currently used to identify peak mandibular bone growth. These are highly subjective techniques that not only involve radiographic exposure but also lack the ability to determine the intensity of the growth spurt and the end of growth. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a circulating growth hormone-dependent factor whose level correlates with sexual maturity; it is used to diagnose growth hormone deficiency and excess. We hypothesized that IGF-I levels would also correlate with cervical skeletal maturity and would be highest at the cervical stages that correspond to the greatest amount of facial growth. METHODS We measured mean blood spot IGF-I levels in a cross-sectional study of 83 patients (44 female, 39 male) on recall to begin orthodontic treatment, in active treatment, or in posttreatment follow-up. RESULTS Mean blood spot IGF-I levels were significantly higher in the late pubertal stages than in the prepubertal, early pubertal, and postpubertal stages. Linear correlation showed that IGF-I levels had a significant positive correlation with cervical skeletal maturity from the prepubertal to the late pubertal stages, and a significant negative correlation from the late pubertal to the postpubertal stages. In the postpubertal stage, IGF-I levels had a negative linear correlation with increasing time since the onset of puberty and with chronological age. CONCLUSIONS Blood spot IGF-I could be used as a skeletal maturity indicator and might be useful in detecting residual mandibular growth in young adults.
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MESH Headings
- Africa
- Animals
- Body Height/ethnology
- Body Height/genetics
- Body Height/physiology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Female
- HIV Infections/complications
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/physiology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/physiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nutrition Disorders/metabolism
- Nutrition Disorders/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Baxter RC, Martin JL. Binding proteins for the insulin-like growth factors: structure, regulation and function. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1989; 1:49-68. [PMID: 2485012 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(89)90041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Binding proteins for the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are increasingly being recognized as modulators of IGF actions in both inhibitory and stimulatory ways. At least three distinct classes of binding protein are thought to exist, differing in their primary structures and binding characteristics, although all are able to bind both IGF-I and IGF-II. This review outlines the purification and characterization of the binding proteins that have been identified to date, and describes the regulation of their production and of their levels in the circulation. Current views on their potential biological roles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Baxter
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW Australia
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Purification and properties of a mammary-uterine-pituitary tumor cell growth factor from pregnant sheep uterus. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ikeda T, Liu QF, Danielpour D, Officer JB, Iio M, Leland FE, Sirbasku DA. Identification of estrogen-inducible growth factors (estromedins) for rat and human mammary tumor cells in culture. IN VITRO 1982; 18:961-79. [PMID: 7166331 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of polypeptide growth factors (estromedins) as mediators of estrogen-responsive mammary tumor growth is studied in this report. Three possible new mechanisms were investigated that include endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine related growth factors. The first hypothesis being tested is whether estrogens interact with target tissues and cause the biosynthesis and secretion of polypeptide growth factors, which then act as mitogens for normal and neoplastic mammary tissues. Data presented suggest that this mechanism involves estrogen interaction with uterus, kidney, and pituitary gland causing production of growth factors, which then enter the general circulation and promote growth of distant target tissues. This is an endocrine type mechanism. Another type of estromedin control (autocrine control) may be exerted in an autostimulatory way in which the target tissue produces the polypeptide factors for its own growth in response to estrogen stimulation. A variation of the autocrine mechanism may be a paracrine mechanism in which some cells of an estrogen-responsive normal or neoplastic tissue produce growth factors that act on adjacent or neighboring cells. From the data available, all three possible types of growth factors could be functioning synergistically to yield the final result of continuous estrogen responsive tumor growth in vivo.
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Kato Y, Nomura Y, Tsuji M, Kinoshita M, Ohmae H, Suzuki F. Somatomedin-like peptide(s) isolated from fetal bovine cartilage (cartilage-derived factor): isolation and some properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6831-5. [PMID: 6947256 PMCID: PMC349145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine cartilage contains a polypeptide(s) that has somatomedin-like effects on rat and rabbit costal chondrocytes in culture. This factor, named the cartilage-derived factor, was extracted from fetal bovine cartilage, fractionated with acetone, and purified by gel filtration on Toyopearl HW 55-F in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride, preparative isoelectric focusing, and subsequent gel filtration on Toyopearl HW 55-F in 1 M formic acid. The resulting preparation, which focused in the neutral pH region and eluted from a Toyopearl column in a fraction with apparent Mr 10,000--11,000, appeared homogenous by NaDodSO4 gel electrophoresis. The purified preparation markedly enhanced not only proteoglycan synthesis but also DNA synthesis in rabbit costal chondrocytes and, on a protein basis, it was 1000 times more active than insulin and 1,000,000 times more active than fetal calf serum in stimulating proteoglycan synthesis.
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Abstract
We have studied 41 samples of human amniotic fluid collected at 27-40 wk gestation. After 'stripping' with Florisil, most fluids studied stimulated [3H] choline incorporation into saturated phosphatidylcholine by human fetal alveolar Type II cells. The activity declined with advancing gestation and was inversely related to cell number following incubation. Following acid-ethanol extraction, activity eluted from Sephadex G75 columns in 1 M acetic acid with a Kd of approximately equal to 0.4-0.6, and was greater at earlier gestations (27-31 wk) than at later periods (32-36 or 37-40 wk). In contrast, chromatography at neutral pH without prior extraction resulted in retarded elution. The active material was shown to be heat-stable. Thus, the biochemical features of activity recovered from human amniotic fluid are identical to fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor recovered from supernatant culture media of cortisol-treated human fetal lung fibroblasts.
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Maciag T, Forand R, Ilsley S, Cerundolo J, Greenlee R, Kelley P, Canalis E. The generation of sulfation factor activity by proteolytic modification of growth hormone. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
In summary, hypoglycaemia due to non-pancreatic tumour is relatively common among the causes of fasting hypoglycaemia in the adult. Most of the neoplasms are large, and present as masses in the mediastinum or retroperitoneal space. Although therapy is difficult, successful palliation by surgery or radiotherapy has been achieved in a number of cases. Although many theories have been advanced to explain the hypoglycaemia, the best documented mechanism is production of an insulin-like substance by the tumour. Both low molecular weight (NSILA-s) and high molecular weight (SNILP) peptides have been reported to be elevated in some cases of tumour hypoglycaemia. Further study of this class of peptides will no doubt lead to assays that may facilitate diagnosis of tumour hypoglycaemia, as well as offer new approaches to the therapy of this disease.
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Nevo Z, Laron Z. Hormonal and local agents as extracellular regulators of cartilage growth measured by the rate of proteoglycan synthesis. A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1980; 6:431-6. [PMID: 7402140 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(80)90057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Following the rate of proteoglycan synthesis as the metabolic parameter of the growth of cartilage cells, indicates that hormonal and local agents are two distinct types of extracellular regulators responsible for altering the basic metabolic rates of cells. Such changes in growth rate occur regularly at physiological developmental stages (e.g., during embryonic life and at advancing age), and at pathological events (e.g., wounds and repair).
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Draznin B, Burstein PJ, Heinrich UE, Johnson CB, Emler CA, Schalch DS. Insulin-like growth factor and its carrier protein in hypopituitary and hypothyroid children and adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1980; 12:137-42. [PMID: 6994937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Cohen HN, Fyffe JA. Somatomedins and other serum growth factors: a review of current concepts. Scott Med J 1980; 25:50-7. [PMID: 6259725 DOI: 10.1177/003693308002500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone is essential for sustaining longitudinal growth in man. However, during the last 20 years, it has become evident that the actions of growth hormone, at a cellular level, are mediated by specific growth promoting factors. This paper describes the nature and actions of mammalian growth factors and summarises the immense contribution that the measurement of these substances has made towards the elucidation of many problems in the science of human growth and development.
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Growth hormone and vitamin D. Nutr Rev 1979; 37:57-8. [PMID: 431908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1979.tb02206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Fryklund L, Sievertsson H. Primary structure of somatomedin B: a growth hormone-dependent serum factor with protease inhibiting activity. FEBS Lett 1978; 87:55-60. [PMID: 631332 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rechler MM, Fryklund L, Nissley S, Hall K, Podskalny JM, Skottner A, Moses AC. Purified human somatomedin A and rat multiplication stimulating activity. Mitogens for cultured fibroblasts that cross-react with the same growth peptide receptors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 82:5-12. [PMID: 620676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb11991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Characterization of the binding of multiplication-stimulating activity to a receptor for growth polypeptides in chick embryo fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Daughaday WH. Hormonal regulation of growth by somatomedin and other tissue growth factors. CLINICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1977; 6:117-35. [PMID: 330030 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(77)80059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Coates CL, Burwell RG, Buttery PJ, Walker G, Woodward PM. Somatomedin activity in synovial fluid. Ann Rheum Dis 1977; 36:50-5. [PMID: 843111 PMCID: PMC1006629 DOI: 10.1136/ard.36.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of synovial fluid, as a lubricant and nutrient, may have relevance to the causation of certain articular diseases. The somatomedin activity in normal synovial fluid obtained from the knee joint of the ox has been studied and compared with the activity in serum from the same animal. The porcine costal cartilage bioassay of Van den Brande and Du Caju (1974) has been used with the isotopes 35S-sulphate and 3H-thymidine. The mean potency ratio of ox synovial fluid in terms of ox serum for 35S-sulphate incorporation was 0-28 (range 0-19-0-47) and for 3H-thymidine incorporation 0-35 (range 0-21-0-63). A significant correlation was found between the somatomedin activity (as measured by 35S-sulphate incorporation) and the total protein and albumin concentrations in the ox synovial fluids and the ox sera, but there was no significant relationship between the somatomedin potency ratios and the globulin concentrations. The possible relevance of these findings to injury and disease in synovial joint is discussed.
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