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Niu Y, Pan Y, Wang Y, Fu Y, Zhao Z, Kang L. Lead specifically declines tyrosine hydroxylase activity to induce the onset of Parkinson's disease through disrupting dopamine biosynthesis in fly models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124383. [PMID: 38897282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the fastest-growing neurodegenerative diseases and has been linked to the exposure to numerous environmental neurotoxins. Although lead (Pb) exposure has been related to the development of PD, the molecular target of Pb to cause the onset of PD is insufficiently investigated. Herein, we explored the effects of Pb exposure on behavior, pathophysiology, and gene expression of wild-type (WT) fly (Drosophila melanogaster) by comparison with its PD model. After exposure to Pb, the WT flies showed PD-like locomotor impairments and selective loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, displaying similar phenotypes to fly PD model (PINK1). Transcriptomic analysis showed the similarity in gene expression profiles between Pb treatment WT flies and PINK1 mutant flies. Moreover, Pb exposure resulted in endogenous dopamine deficits in WT flies. Analyses of gene expression and enzyme activity confirmed that Pb exposure reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and led to failure of dopamine synthesis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that Pb was adsorbed by TH and subsequently inhibited the enzymatic activity. Exogenous injection of L-dopa and melatonin could partially rescue the pathological phenotypes of Pb-exposed flies and PD fly model. Antagonist injection of microRNA-133, which negatively regulated the expression of TH gene, ultimately rescued in the manifestation of PD phenotypes in flies. Involvement of TH overexpression mutants of fly strongly promoted the resistance to Pb exposure and rescued both behavior and the number of DAergic neurons. Therefore, our study elucidates the Pb molecular target in dopamine pathway and mechanism underlying the risks of Pb exposure on the occurrence of PD at environmentally-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Niu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yongqi Fu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Le Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Stahl A, Tomchik SM. Modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in the Drosophila mushroom body. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053816. [PMID: 38876485 PMCID: PMC11199955 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053816.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful platform to investigate the genetic, molecular, cellular, and neural circuit mechanisms of behavior. Research in this model system has shed light on multiple aspects of brain physiology and behavior, from fundamental neuronal function to complex behaviors. A major anatomical region that modulates complex behaviors is the mushroom body (MB). The MB integrates multimodal sensory information and is involved in behaviors ranging from sensory processing/responses to learning and memory. Many genes that underlie brain disorders are conserved, from flies to humans, and studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain disorders. Genetic mutations that mimic human diseases-such as Fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease-affect MB structure and function, altering behavior. Studies dissecting the effects of disease-causing mutations in the MB have identified key pathological mechanisms, and the development of a complete connectome promises to add a comprehensive anatomical framework for disease modeling. Here, we review Drosophila models of human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the effects of their underlying mutations on MB structure, function, and the resulting behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Stahl
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Hawk-IDDRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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3
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Zhang W, Ju Y, Ren Y, Miao Y, Wang Y. Exploring the Efficient Natural Products for the Therapy of Parkinson's Disease via Drosophila Melanogaster (Fruit Fly) Models. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:77-93. [PMID: 38213160 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501281402231218071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, partly attributed to mutations, environmental toxins, oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the precise pathogenesis of PD and its treatment strategy still require investigation. Fortunately, natural products have demonstrated potential as therapeutic agents for alleviating PD symptoms due to their neuroprotective properties. To identify promising lead compounds from herbal medicines' natural products for PD management and understand their modes of action, suitable animal models are necessary. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) serves as an essential model for studying genetic and cellular pathways in complex biological processes. Diverse Drosophila PD models have been extensively utilized in PD research, particularly for discovering neuroprotective natural products. This review emphasizes the research progress of natural products in PD using the fruit fly PD model, offering valuable insights into utilizing invertebrate models for developing novel anti-PD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Ju
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunuo Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodong Miao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300250, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
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4
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Rai P, Ratnaparkhi A, Kumar Roy J. Rab11 rescues muscle degeneration and synaptic morphology in the park 13/+ Parkinson model of Drosophila melanogaster. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148442. [PMID: 37302569 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutation in parkin and pink1 is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder characterized by muscular dysfunction. In a previous study, we observed that Rab11, a member of the small Ras GTPase family, regulates the mitophagy pathway mediated by Parkin and Pink1 in the larval brain of the Drosophila PD model. Here, we describe that the expression and interaction of Rab11 in the PD model of Drosophila is highly conserved across different phylogenic groups. The loss of function in these two proteins, i.e., Parkin and Pink1, leads to mitochondrial aggregation. Rab11 loss of function results in muscle degeneration, movement disorder and synaptic morphological defects. We report that overexpression of Rab11 in park13 heterozygous mutant improves muscle and synaptic organization by reducing mitochondrial aggregations and improving cytoskeleton structural organization. We also show the functional relationship between Rab11 and Brp, apre-synaptic scaffolding protein, required for synaptic neurotransmission. Using park13 heterozygous mutant and pink1RNAi lines, we showed reduced expression of Brp and consequently, there were synaptic dysfunctions including impaired synaptic transmission, decreased bouton size, increase in the bouton numbers, and the length of axonal innervations at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). These synaptic alterations were rescued with the over-expression of Rab11 in the park13 heterozygous mutants. In conclusion, this work emphasizes the importance of Rab11 in rescuing muscle degeneration, movement dysfunction and synaptic morphology by preserving mitochondrial function in the PD model of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rai
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | | | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Majcin Dorcikova M, Duret LC, Pottié E, Nagoshi E. Circadian clock disruption promotes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in male Drosophila. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5908. [PMID: 37737209 PMCID: PMC10516932 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions are frequent comorbidities of Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the causal role of circadian clocks in the degenerative process remains uncertain. We demonstrated here that circadian clocks regulate the rhythmicity and magnitude of the vulnerability of DA neurons to oxidative stress in male Drosophila. Circadian pacemaker neurons are presynaptic to a subset of DA neurons and rhythmically modulate their susceptibility to degeneration. The arrhythmic period (per) gene null mutation exacerbates the age-dependent loss of DA neurons and, in combination with brief oxidative stress, causes premature animal death. These findings suggest that circadian clock disruption promotes dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaëla Majcin Dorcikova
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lou C Duret
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emma Pottié
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Ye C, Behnke JA, Hardin KR, Zheng JQ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study age and sex differences in brain injury and neurodegeneration after mild head trauma. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1150694. [PMID: 37077318 PMCID: PMC10106652 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive physical insults to the head, including those that elicit mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), are a known risk factor for a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Although most individuals who sustain mTBI typically achieve a seemingly full recovery within a few weeks, a subset experience delayed-onset symptoms later in life. As most mTBI research has focused on the acute phase of injury, there is an incomplete understanding of mechanisms related to the late-life emergence of neurodegeneration after early exposure to mild head trauma. The recent adoption of Drosophila-based brain injury models provides several unique advantages over existing preclinical animal models, including a tractable framework amenable to high-throughput assays and short relative lifespan conducive to lifelong mechanistic investigation. The use of flies also provides an opportunity to investigate important risk factors associated with neurodegenerative conditions, specifically age and sex. In this review, we survey current literature that examines age and sex as contributing factors to head trauma-mediated neurodegeneration in humans and preclinical models, including mammalian and Drosophila models. We discuss similarities and disparities between human and fly in aging, sex differences, and pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight Drosophila as an effective tool for investigating mechanisms underlying head trauma-induced neurodegeneration and for identifying therapeutic targets for treatment and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtian Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Behnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine R. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James Q. Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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7
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Maddison DC, Mattedi F, Vagnoni A, Smith GA. Analysis of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Adult Drosophila Axons. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:75-83. [PMID: 36180217 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on the generation of ATP from an ever-changing mitochondrial network. This requires a fine balance between the constant degradation of damaged mitochondria, biogenesis of new mitochondria, movement along microtubules, dynamic processes, and adequate functional capacity to meet firing demands. The distribution of mitochondria needs to be tightly controlled throughout the entire neuron, including its projections. Axons in particular can be enormous structures compared to the size of the cell soma, and how mitochondria are maintained in these compartments is poorly defined. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons is associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases, with the axon being preferentially vulnerable to destruction. Drosophila offer a unique way to study these organelles in fully differentiated adult neurons in vivo. Here, we briefly review the regulation of neuronal mitochondria in health, aging, and disease and introduce two methodological approaches to study mitochondrial dynamics and transport in axons using the Drosophila wing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Maddison
- UK Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Mattedi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Vagnoni
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, United Kingdom
| | - Gaynor Ann Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Xue J, Zhu Y, Wei L, Huang H, Li G, Huang W, Zhu H, Duan R. Loss of Drosophila NUS1 results in cholesterol accumulation and Parkinson's disease-related neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22411. [PMID: 35695805 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200212r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NgBR is the Nogo-B receptor, encoded by NUS1 gene. As NgBR contains a C-terminal domain that is similar to cis-isoprenyltransferase (cis-IPTase), NgBR was speculated to stabilize nascent Niemann-Pick type C 2 (NPC2) to facilitate cholesterol transport out of lysosomes. Mutations in the NUS1 were known as risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). In our previous study, it was shown that knockdown of Drosophila NUS1 orthologous gene tango14 causes decreased climbing ability, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and decreased dopamine contents. In this study, tango14 mutant flies were generated with a mutation in the C-terminal enzyme activity region using CRISPR/Cas9. Tango14 mutant showed a reduced lifespan with locomotive defects and cholesterol accumulation in Malpighian tubules and brains, especially in dopaminergic neurons. Multilamellar bodies were found in tango14 mutants using electron microscopy. Neurodegenerative-related brain vacuolization was also detected in tango14 knockdown flies in an age-dependent manner. In addition, tango14 knockdown increased α-synuclein (α-syn) neurotoxicity in α-syn-overexpressing flies, with decreased locomotive activities, dopamine contents, and the numbers of dopaminergic neurons in aging flies. Thus, these observations suggest a role of NUS1, the ortholog of tango14, in PD-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xue
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingbao Zhu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyi Wei
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjing Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxu Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Ranhui Duan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Mai LX, Kang SK, Jo YY, Nguyen P, Kim AY, Kim KY, Kim NS, Koh YH. An Alkaline Protease-Digestion of Silkworm Powder Enhances Its Effects Over Healthspan, Autophagy, and Mitochondria Function in a Rotenone-Induced Drosophila Model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:808295. [PMID: 35782921 PMCID: PMC9244169 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.808295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundRecent studies have reported that steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworms, also known as HongJam, have various health-promoting effects.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to elucidate changes in the various health-promoting effects of HongJam, after its digestion with a food-grade protease.Materials and MethodsWe examined whether healthspan-promotion and rotenone-induced loss of motor-control prevention effects were enhanced in Drosophila fed with food-grade alkaline protease-digested HongJam compared to those fed with non-digested HongJam. The differences in mitochondrial functions, chemical susceptibilities, and activations of signal transduction pathways between Drosophila supplemented with various feed were examined to elucidate the molecular and biochemical basis of healthspan-promotion and locomotor-improvement effects of protease-digested HongJam.ResultsWe first found that the healthspan-promotion effect of HongJam digested with a food-grade protease was different depending on the silkworm variety used for its production. Digestion with food-grade protease into White-Jade HongJam (WJ) as prepared from the White-Jade silkworm variety that spins white cocoons did not enhance its functionality. However, compared to Golden-Silk HongJam (GS), a food-grade protease-digested Golden-Silk HongJam (GSD) produced from the Golden-Silk silkworm variety that spins yellow cocoons, it further promoted the healthspan in a Drosophila model. By conducting a series of studies to reveal the molecular and biochemical basis for healthspan-promoting effects, we found that GS and GSD similarly enhanced mitochondrial activity, but GSD activated autophagy signaling more than GS. In addition, GSD feed (GSDf)-, GSD supernatant feed (GSDsupf)-, and GSD precipitate feed (GSDprecf)-reared Drosophila were also found to have increased resistance to an autophagy inhibitor compared to that of normal feed- or GS feed-reared Drosophila. Furthermore, we found that the rotenone-induced loss of motor control prevention effect was superior for GSDsup compared to GS, GSD, or GSDprec. This result may have occurred because GSDsup has more phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities than other samples.ConclusionGSDsup contained more digested small peptides and free phytochemicals than other samples due to the digestion of proteins with a food-grade protease. Thus, GSDsup leads to further healthspan-promoting and locomotor-improvement effects than GS, GSD, or GSDprec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Xuan Mai
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kug Kang
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - You-Young Jo
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Young Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee-Young Kim
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Nam-Suk Kim
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Young Ho Koh,
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An Early Disturbance in Serotonergic Neurotransmission Contributes to the Onset of Parkinsonian Phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091544. [PMID: 35563850 PMCID: PMC9105628 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor symptoms and dopaminergic cell loss. A pre-symptomatic phase characterized by non-motor symptoms precedes the onset of motor alterations. Two recent PET studies in human carriers of mutations associated with familial PD demonstrate an early serotonergic commitment—alteration in SERT binding—before any dopaminergic or motor dysfunction, that is, at putative PD pre-symptomatic stages. These findings support the hypothesis that early alterations in the serotonergic system could contribute to the progression of PD, an idea difficult to be tested in humans. Here, we study some components of the serotonergic system during the pre-symptomatic phase in a well-characterized Drosophila PD model, Pink1B9 mutant flies. We detected lower brain serotonin content in Pink1B9 flies, accompanied by reduced activity of SERT before the onset of motor dysfunctions. We also explored the consequences of a brief early manipulation of the serotonergic system in the development of motor symptoms later in aged animals. Feeding young Pink1B9 flies with fluoxetine, a SERT blocker, prevents the loss of dopaminergic neurons and ameliorates motor impairment observed in aged mutant flies. Surprisingly, the same pharmacological manipulation in young control flies results in aged animals exhibiting a PD-like phenotype. Our findings support that an early dysfunction in the serotonergic system precedes and contributes to the onset of the Parkinsonian phenotype in Drosophila.
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11
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Maitra U, Stephen C, Ciesla LM. Drug discovery from natural products - Old problems and novel solutions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114553. [PMID: 34968995 PMCID: PMC8792363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural products has been shown to be a fruitful approach in the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals. In fact, many currently approved drugs originated from compounds that were first identified in nature. Chemical diversity of natural compounds cannot be matched by man-made libraries of chemically synthesized molecules. Many natural compounds interact with and modulate regulatory protein targets and can be considered evolutionarily-optimized drug-like molecules. Despite this, many pharmaceutical companies have reduced or eliminated their natural product discovery programs in the last two decades. Screening natural products for pharmacologically active compounds is a challenging task that requires high resource commitment. Novel approaches at the early stage of the drug discovery pipeline are needed to allow for rapid screening and identification of the most promising molecules. Here, we review the possible evolutionary roots for drug-like characteristics of numerous natural compounds. Since many of these compounds target evolutionarily conserved cellular signaling pathways, we propose novel, early-stage drug discovery approaches to identify drug candidates that can be used for the potential prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Invertebrate in vivo animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and innovative tools used within these models are proposed here as a screening funnel to identify new drug candidates and to shuttle these hits into further stages of the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Maitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Cayman Stephen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Lukasz M Ciesla
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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12
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Banerjee R, Rai A, Iyer SM, Narwal S, Tare M. Animal models in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: A historical perspective. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:27-37. [PMID: 35229999 PMCID: PMC8879627 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are two of the most prevalent and disabling neurodegenerative diseases globally. Both are proteinopathic conditions and while occasionally inherited, are largely sporadic in nature. Although the advances in our understanding of the two have been significant, they are far from complete and neither diagnosis nor the current practices in treatment and rehabilitation is adequately helpful. Animal models have historically found application as testing beds for novel therapeutics and continue to be valuable aids in pharmacological research. This review chronicles the development of those models in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and highlights the shifting paradigms in studying two human-specific conditions in non-human organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Banerjee
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Arushi Rai
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Shreyas M. Iyer
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Sonia Narwal
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - Meghana Tare
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
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13
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Chang CH, Wei CC, Ho CT, Liao VHC. N-γ-(L-glutamyl)-L-selenomethionine shows neuroprotective effects against Parkinson's disease associated with SKN-1/Nrf2 and TRXR-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153733. [PMID: 34537465 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, yet fundamental treatments for the disease remain sparse. Thus, the search for potentially efficacious compounds from medicinal plants that can be used in the treatment of PD has gained significant interest. PURPOSE In many medicinal plants, selenium is primarily found in an organic form. We investigated the neuroprotective potential of an organic form of selenium, N-γ-(L-glutamyl)-L-selenomethionine (Glu-SeMet) in a Caenorhabditis elegans PD model and its possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS We used a C. elegans pharmacological PD strain (BZ555) that specifically expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in dopaminergic neurons and a transgenic PD strain (NL5901) that expresses human α-synuclein (α-syn) in muscle cells to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Glu-SeMet against PD. RESULTS We found that Glu-SeMet significantly ameliorated 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic neuron damage in the transgenic BZ555 strain, with corresponding improvements in slowing behavior and intracellular ROS levels. In addition, compared with clinical PD drugs (L-DOPA and selegiline), Glu-SeMet demonstrated stronger ameliorated effects on 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. Glu-SeMet also triggered the nuclear translocation of SKN-1/Nrf2 and significantly increased SKN-1, GST-4, and GCS-1 mRNA levels in the BZ555 strain. However, Glu-SeMet did not increase mRNA levels or ameliorate the damage to dopaminergic neurons when the BZ555 strain was subjected to skn-1 RNA interference (RNAi). Glu-SeMet also upregulated the mRNA levels of the selenoprotein TRXR-1 in both the BZ555 and BZ555; skn-1 RNAi strains and significantly decreased α-syn accumulation in the NL5901 strain, although this was not observed in the NL5901; trxr-1 strain. CONCLUSION We found that Glu-SeMet has a neuroprotective effect against PD in a C. elegans PD model and that the anti-PD effects of Glu-SeMet were associated with SKN-1/Nrf2 and TRXR-1. Glu-SeMet may thus have the potential for use in therapeutic applications or supplements to slow the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Wei
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, United States
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Hamida ZC, Farine JP, Ferveur JF, Soltani N. Pre-imaginal exposure to Oberon® disrupts fatty acid composition, cuticular hydrocarbon profile and sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108981. [PMID: 33493665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oberon® is a commercial formulation of spiromesifen, a pesticide inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis via acetyl CoA carboxylase, widely used in agricultural crop protection. However, its mode of action requires further analysis. We currently examined the effect of this product on Drosophila melanogaster as a non-target and model organism. Different concentrations of spiromesifen were administered by ingestion (and contact) during pre-imaginal development, and we evaluated its delayed action on adults. Our results suggest that spiromesifen induced insecticidal activity on D. melanogaster. Moreover, spiromesifen treatment significantly increased the duration of larval and pupal development at all tested concentrations while it shortened longevity in exposed males as compared to control males. Also, pre-imaginal exposure to spiromesifen quantitatively affected fatty acids supporting its primary mode of action on lipid synthesis. In addition, this product was found to modify cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in exposed female and male flies as well as their sexual behavior and reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Hamida
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria; Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J P Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J F Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - N Soltani
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
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15
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Bensafi-Gheraibia H, Kissoum N, Hamida ZC, Farine JP, Soltani N. Topical bioassay of Oberon® on Drosophila melanogaster pupae: delayed effects on ovarian proteins, cuticular hydrocarbons and sexual behaviour. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1862315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanene Bensafi-Gheraibia
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Nesrine Kissoum
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Zahia Cirine Hamida
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Jean Pierre Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Noureddine Soltani
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
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16
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Siima AA, Stephano F, Munissi JJE, Nyandoro SS. Ameliorative effects of flavonoids and polyketides on the rotenone induced Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:209-215. [PMID: 32937168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons (DA). PD treatment remains unsatisfactory as the current synthetic drugs in clinical use relies on managing only motor symptoms. This study investigated antioxidant potentials of selected compounds namely, 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (1), 6-hydroxy-2,3,4,4'-tetramethoxychalcone (2), 6-methoxyhamiltone A (3), diosquinone (4) and toussantine D (5) against rotenone (6) induced PD in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicity of these compounds was conducted by monitoring flies' survival for seven days and determining the lethal concentrations (LC50). Whereas compound 1 had LC50 value of 91.3 μM within three days, compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 had LC50 values of 87.2, 58.0, 64.0 and > 1000 μM, respectively on the seventh day of the experiment. We exposed flies (1-4 days old) to 500 μM rotenone and co-treated with different doses of the test compounds in the diet for seven days at final concentrations of 11.0, 43.6 and 87.2 μM for compounds 2 and 3. The concentrations used for compound 4 were 8.0, 32.0 and 64.0 μM, while 250, 500 and 1000 μM were used for compound 5. Rotenone fed flies showed impaired climbing ability compared to control flies, the phenotype that was rescued by the treatment of tested phytochemicals. Rotenone toxicity also increased malondialdehyde levels assayed by lipid peroxidation in the brain tissues relative to control flies. This effect was reduced in flies exposed to rotenone and co-treated with the phytochemicals. Moreover, expression levels of mRNA of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase and catalase were elevated in flies exposed to rotenone and normalized in flies that were co-treated with tested compounds. Besides compound 1, this study provides overall evidence that the tested flavonoids and polyketides ameliorated the rotenone provoked neurotoxicity in D. melanogaster by battling the induced oxidative stress in brain cells including DA neurons and hence rescue the locomotor behaviour deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Siima
- Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Flora Stephano
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Joan J E Munissi
- Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen S Nyandoro
- Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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17
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Shimizu J, Kasai T, Yoshida H, Huynh AM, Nakao-Azuma Y, Shinomoto M, Tokuda T, Mizuno T, Yamaguchi M. Novel Drosophila model for parkinsonism by targeting phosphoglycerate kinase. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104816. [PMID: 32758590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show a common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by rigidity, tremors, postural instability, and bradykinesia due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and is often accompanied by several non-motor symptoms, called parkinsonism. Several lines of recent evidence support the hypothesis that mutations in the gene encoding phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) play an important role in the PD mechanism. PGK is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that catalyzes the reaction from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. We herein established a parkinsonism model targeting Drosophila Pgk. Dopaminergic (DA) neuron-specific Pgk knockdown lead to locomotive defects in both young and aged adult flies and was accompanied by progressive DA neuron loss with aging. Pgk knockdown in DA neurons decreased dopamine levels in the central nervous system (CNS) of both young and aged adult flies. These phenotypes are similar to the defects observed in human PD patients, suggesting that the Pgk knockdown flies established herein are a promising model for parkinsonism. Furthermore, pan-neuron-specific Pgk knockdown induced low ATP levels and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the CNS of third instar larvae. Collectively, these results indicate that a failure in the energy production system of Pgk knockdown flies causes locomotive defects accompanied by neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biology, Advanced Insect Research Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Kasai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Advanced Insect Research Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Anh M Huynh
- Department of Applied Biology, Advanced Insect Research Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakao-Azuma
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Makiko Shinomoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Advanced Insect Research Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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18
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Antioxidant Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Drosophila melanogaster. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010052. [PMID: 31936094 PMCID: PMC7023233 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as endogenous mediators in several cellular signalling pathways. However, at high concentrations they can also exert deleterious effects by reacting with many macromolecules including DNA, proteins and lipids. The precise balance between ROS production and their removal via numerous enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecules is of fundamental importance for cell survival. Accordingly, many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), are associated with excessive levels of ROS, which induce oxidative damage. With the aim of coping with the progression of PD, antioxidant compounds are currently receiving increasing attention as potential co-adjuvant molecules in the treatment of these diseases, and many studies have been performed to evaluate the purported protective effects of several antioxidant molecules. In the present review, we present and discuss the relevance of the use of Drosophila melanogaster as an animal model with which to evaluate the therapeutic potential of natural and synthetic antioxidants. The conservation of most of the PD-related genes between humans and D. melanogaster, along with the animal’s rapid life cycle and the versatility of genetic tools, makes fruit flies an ideal experimental system for rapid screening of antioxidant-based treatments.
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19
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Carrera I, Cacabelos R. Current Drugs and Potential Future Neuroprotective Compounds for Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:295-306. [PMID: 30479218 PMCID: PMC6425078 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181127125704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The research progress of understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has yet lead to the development of some clinical approaches intended to treat cognitive and behavioral symptoms, such as memory and per-ception disorders. Despite the major advances in different genetic causes and risk factors for PD, which share common pathways to cell dysfunction and death, there is not yet a complete model of PD that can be used to accurately predict the ef-fect of drugs on disease progression. Clinical trials are also important to test any novel neuro-protective agent, and recently there have been great advances in the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and plant flavonoid antioxidants to protect against spe-cific neuronal degeneration and its interference with lipid and cholesterol metabolism. The increasing knowledge of the mo-lecular events underlying the degenerative process of PD has stimulated research to identify natural compounds capable of halting or slowing the progress of neural deterioration. Polyphenols and flavonoids, which play a neuroprotective role in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo models of neurological disorders, emerged from among the multi-target bio-agents found mainly in plants and microorganisms. This review presents a detailed overview of the multimodal activities of neuroprotec-tive bio-agents tested so far, emphasizing their neurorescue/neuroregenerative activity. The brain-penetrating property of bio-agents may make these compounds an important class of natural drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Alt-hough there are numerous studies demonstrating beneficial effects in the laboratory by identifying critical molecular targets, the clinical efficacy of these neuroprotective treatments remains to be proven accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Carrera
- Department of Health Biotechnology, EuroEspes Biotechnology, Corunna 15165, Spain
| | - Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Corunna 15166, Spain
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20
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Wu Q, Kumar N, Velagala V, Zartman JJ. Tools to reverse-engineer multicellular systems: case studies using the fruit fly. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 31049075 PMCID: PMC6480878 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse-engineering how complex multicellular systems develop and function is a grand challenge for systems bioengineers. This challenge has motivated the creation of a suite of bioengineering tools to develop increasingly quantitative descriptions of multicellular systems. Here, we survey a selection of these tools including microfluidic devices, imaging and computer vision techniques. We provide a selected overview of the emerging cross-talk between engineering methods and quantitative investigations within developmental biology. In particular, the review highlights selected recent examples from the Drosophila system, an excellent platform for understanding the interplay between genetics and biophysics. In sum, the integrative approaches that combine multiple advances in these fields are increasingly necessary to enable a deeper understanding of how to analyze both natural and synthetic multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Vijay Velagala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Jeremiah J. Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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21
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Bajracharya R, Youngson NA, Ballard JWO. Dietary Macronutrient Management to Treat Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081850. [PMID: 30991634 PMCID: PMC6514887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The products of several PD-associated genes, including alpha-synuclein, parkin, pink1, protein deglycase DJ-1, and leucine rich repeat kinase 2, have important roles in mitochondrial biology. Thus, modifying mitochondrial function could be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD. Dietary management can alter mitochondrial function as shifts in dietary macronutrients and their ratios in food can alter mitochondrial energy metabolism, morphology and dynamics. Our studies have established that a low protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratio can increase lifespan, motor ability and mitochondrial function in a parkin mutant Drosophila model of PD. In this review, we describe mitochondrial dysfunction in PD patients and models, and dietary macronutrient management strategies to reverse it. We focus on the effects of protein, carbohydrate, fatty acids, and their dietary ratios. In addition, we propose potential mechanisms that can improve mitochondrial function and thus reverse or delay the onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijan Bajracharya
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Neil A Youngson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - J William O Ballard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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22
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Morfin N, Goodwin PH, Hunt GJ, Guzman-Novoa E. Effects of sublethal doses of clothianidin and/or V. destructor on honey bee (Apis mellifera) self-grooming behavior and associated gene expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5196. [PMID: 30914660 PMCID: PMC6435647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the combined effects of stressors on social immunity of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and related gene expression. The interaction between sublethal doses of a neurotoxin, clothianidin, and the ectoparasite, Varroa destructor, was examined by measuring differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in brains, deformed wing virus (DWV) and the proportion and intensity of self-grooming. Evidence for an interaction was observed between the stressors in a reduction in the proportion of intense groomers. Only the lowest dose of clothianidin alone reduced the proportion of self-groomers and increased DWV levels. V. destructor shared a higher proportion of DEGs with the combined stressors compared to clothianidin, indicating that the effects of V. destructor were more pervasive than those of clothianidin when they were combined. The number of up-regulated DEGs were reduced with the combined stressors compared to clothianidin alone, suggesting an interference with the impacts of clothianidin. Clothianidin and V. destructor affected DEGs from different biological pathways but shared impacts on pathways related to neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer's, which could be related to neurological dysfunction and may explain their negative impacts on grooming. This study shows that the combination of clothianidin and V. destructor resulted in a complex and non-additive interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Morfin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul H Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Hunt
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Guzman-Novoa
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Biosa A, Sanchez-Martinez A, Filograna R, Terriente-Felix A, Alam SM, Beltramini M, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M, Whitworth AJ. Superoxide dismutating molecules rescue the toxic effects of PINK1 and parkin loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019. [PMID: 29529199 PMCID: PMC5905640 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species exert important functions in regulating several cellular signalling pathways. However, an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species can perturb the redox homeostasis leading to oxidative stress, a condition which has been associated to many neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, alterations in the redox state of cells and mitochondrial homeostasis are established hallmarks in both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease cases. PINK1 and Parkin are two genes which account for a large fraction of autosomal recessive early-onset forms of Parkinson's disease and are now firmly associated to both mitochondria and redox homeostasis. In this study we explored the hypothesis that superoxide anions participate in the generation of the Parkin and PINK1 associated phenotypic effect by testing the capacity of endogenous and exogenous superoxide dismutating molecules to rescue the toxic effects induced by loss of PINK1 or Parkin, in both cellular and fly models. Our results demonstrate the positive effect of an increased level of superoxide dismutase proteins on the pathological phenotypes, both in vitro and in vivo. A more pronounced effectiveness for mitochondrial SOD2 activity points to the superoxide radicals generated in the mitochondrial matrix as the prime suspect in the definition of the observed phenotypes. Moreover, we also demonstrate the efficacy of a SOD-mimetic compound, M40403, to partially ameliorate PINK1/Parkin phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. These results support the further exploration of SOD-mimetic compounds as a therapeutic strategy against Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Biosa
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Martinez
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Roberta Filograna
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ana Terriente-Felix
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Sarah M Alam
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariano Beltramini
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Mishra M, Knust E. Analysis of the Drosophila Compound Eye with Light and Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1834:345-364. [PMID: 30324454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8669-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila compound eye is composed of about 750 units, called ommatidia, which are arranged in a highly regular pattern. Eye development proceeds in a stereotypical fashion, where epithelial cells of the eye imaginal discs are specified, recruited, and differentiated in a sequential order that leads to the highly precise structure of an adult eye. Even small perturbations, for example in signaling pathways that control proliferation, cell death, or differentiation, can impair the regular structure of the eye, which can be easily detected and analyzed. In addition, the Drosophila eye has proven to be an ideal model for studying the genetic control of neurodegeneration, since the eye is not essential for viability. Several human neurodegeneration diseases have been modeled in the fly, leading to a better understanding of the function/misfunction of the respective gene. In many cases, the genes involved and their functions are conserved between flies and human. More strikingly, when ectopically expressed in the fly eye some human genes, even those without a Drosophila counterpart, can induce neurodegeneration, detectable by aberrant phototaxis, impaired electrophysiology, or defects in eye morphology and retinal histology. These defects are often rather subtle alteration in shape, size, or arrangement of the cells, and can be easily scored at the ultrastructural level. This chapter aims to provide an overview regarding the analysis of the retina by light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mishra
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela (NITR), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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25
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Solari P, Maccioni R, Marotta R, Catelani T, Debellis D, Baroli B, Peddio S, Muroni P, Kasture S, Solla P, Stoffolano JG, Liscia A. The imbalance of serotonergic circuitry impairing the crop supercontractile muscle activity and the mitochondrial morphology of PD PINK1 B9Drosophila melanogaster are rescued by Mucuna pruriens. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 111:32-40. [PMID: 30393142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite its great potentiality, little attention has been paid to modelling gastrointestinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Our previous studies on standardized Mucuna pruriens extract (Mpe) have shown usefulness in the Drosophila model of PD. In this communication, we provide new information on the effect of Mpe on basal and serotonin treated contractions in the crop (i.e., an important and essential part of the gut) in Drosophila PD mutant for PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1B9) gene. The effect of Mpe on PINK1B9 supplied with standard diet to larvae and/or adults, were assayed on 10-15 days old flies. Conversely from what we observed in the wild type flies, recordings demonstrated that exogenous applications of serotonin on crop muscles of untreated PINK1B9 affect neither the frequency nor the amplitude of the crop contraction, while the same muscle parameters are enhanced following brain injections of serotonin, thus suggesting that PINK1B9 mutants may likely have an impairment in the serotonergic pathways. Also, the mitochondrial morphology in the crop muscles is strongly compromised, as demonstrated by the transmission electron microscopy analysis. The Mpe treatment rescued the crop muscle parameters and also the mitochondrial morphology when supplied to both larvae and adults. Overall, this study strengthens the relevance of using PINK1B9 Dm as a translational model to study the gastrointestinal symptoms in PD and also confirms the useful employment of M. pruriens for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Riccardo Maccioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Baroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Peddio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Patrizia Muroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Anna Liscia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
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26
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Drosophila Models of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113343. [PMID: 30373150 PMCID: PMC6275057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common cause of movement disorders and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. It is increasingly recognized as a complex group of disorders presenting widely heterogeneous symptoms and pathology. With the exception of the rare monogenic forms, the majority of PD cases result from an interaction between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. The search for these risk factors and the development of preclinical animal models are in progress, aiming to provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PD. This review summarizes the studies that capitalize on modeling sporadic (i.e., nonfamilial) PD using Drosophilamelanogaster and discusses their methodologies, new findings, and future perspectives.
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Nguyen TT, Vuu MD, Huynh MA, Yamaguchi M, Tran LT, Dang TPT. Curcumin Effectively Rescued Parkinson's Disease-Like Phenotypes in a Novel Drosophila melanogaster Model with dUCH Knockdown. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2038267. [PMID: 30057672 PMCID: PMC6051027 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2038267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases has been extensively examined, and antioxidants are considered to be a promising approach for decelerating disease progression. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and affects 1% of the population over 60 years of age. A complex combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the pathogenesis of PD. However, since the onset mechanisms of PD have not yet been elucidated in detail, difficulties are associated with developing effective treatments. Curcumin has been reported to have neuroprotective properties in PD models induced by neurotoxins or genetic factors such as α-synuclein, PINK1, DJ-1, and LRRK2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of curcumin in a novel Drosophila model of PD with knockdown of dUCH, a homolog of human UCH-L1. We found that dopaminergic neuron-specific knockdown of dUCH caused impaired movement and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, the knockdown of dUCH induced oxidative stress while curcumin decreased the ROS level induced by this knockdown. In addition, dUCH knockdown flies treated with curcumin had improved locomotive abilities and less severe neurodegeneration. Taken together, with studies on other PD models, these results strongly suggest that treatments with curcumin are an appropriate therapy for PD related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - My Dung Vuu
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Man Anh Huynh
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Linh Thuoc Tran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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Impaired Wnt signaling in dopamine containing neurons is associated with pathogenesis in a rotenone triggered Drosophila Parkinson's disease model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2372. [PMID: 29403026 PMCID: PMC5799194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease, which is the one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by a progressive loss of dopamine containing neurons. The mechanisms underlying disease initiation and development are not well understood and causative therapies are currently not available. To elucidate the molecular processes during early stages of Parkinson’s disease, we utilized a Drosophila model. To induce Parkinson’s disease-like phenotypes, we treated flies with the pesticide rotenone and isolated dopamine producing neurons of animals that were at an early disease stage. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that gene ontologies associated with regulation of cell death and neuronal functions were significantly enriched. Moreover, the activities of the MAPK/EGFR- and TGF-β signaling pathways were enhanced, while the Wnt pathway was dampened. In order to evaluate the role of Wnt signaling for survival of dopaminergic neurons in the disease model, we rescued the reduced Wnt signaling activity by ectopic overexpression of armadillo/β-catenin. This intervention rescued the rotenone induced movement impairments in the Drosophila model. Taken together, this initial study showed a highly relevant role of Wnt signaling for dopamine producing neurons during pathogenesis in Parkinson’s disease and it implies that interfering with this pathway might by a suitable therapeutic option for the future.
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Tenreiro S, Franssens V, Winderickx J, Outeiro TF. Yeast models of Parkinson's disease-associated molecular pathologies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 44:74-83. [PMID: 28232272 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aging of the human population is resulting in an increase in the number of people afflicted by neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), creating tremendous socio-economic challenges. This requires the urgent for the development of effective therapies, and of tools for early diagnosis of the disease. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis is still incomplete, hampering progress in those areas. In recent years, the progression made in genetics has considerably contributed to our knowledge, by identifying several novel PD genes. Furthermore, many cellular and animal models have proven their value to decipher pathways involved in PD development. In this review we highlight the value of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for PD. This unicellular eukaryote has contributed to our understanding of the cellular mechanisms targeted by most important PD genes and offers an excellent tool for discovering novel players via powerful and informative high throughput screens that accelerate further validation in more complex models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tenreiro
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is known that there are many factors, either genetic or environmental factors, involved in PD, but the mechanism of PD is still not fully understood. Several animal models have been established to study the mechanisms of PD. Among these models, Drosophila melanogaster has been utilized as a valuable model to get insight into important features of PD. Drosophila melanogaster possesses a well-developed dopaminergic (DA) neuron system which is known to play an important role in PD pathogenesis. The well understanding of DA neurons from early larval through adult stage makes Drosophila as a powerful model for investigating the progressive neurodegeneration in PD. Besides, the short life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster serves an advantage in studying epidemiological features of PD. Most of PD symptoms can be mimicked in Drosophila model such as progressive impairment in locomotion, DA neuron degeneration, and some other non-motor symptoms. The Drosophila models of PD, therefore, show a great potential in application for PD genetic and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuu My Dung
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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31
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Chen J, Xue J, Ruan J, Zhao J, Tang B, Duan R. Drosophila
CHIP protects against mitochondrial dysfunction by acting downstream of Pink1 in parallel with Parkin. FASEB J 2017; 31:5234-5245. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700011r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Jin Xue
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Jingsong Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Juan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Beisha Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of NeurologyXiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Ranhui Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha China
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32
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE, Vayndorf EM. Behavioral Phenotyping and Pathological Indicators of Parkinson's Disease in C. elegans Models. Front Genet 2017; 8:77. [PMID: 28659967 PMCID: PMC5468440 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms that progressively worsen with age. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in cells of the substantia nigra in the brain and loss of dopaminergic neurons. This pathology is associated with impaired movement and reduced cognitive function. The etiology of PD can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. A popular animal model, the nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been frequently used to study the role of genetic and environmental factors in the molecular pathology and behavioral phenotypes associated with PD. The current review summarizes cellular markers and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic and toxin-induced PD models of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long BeachLong Beach, CA, United States
| | - Elena M Vayndorf
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
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33
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Qi C, Varga S, Oh SJ, Lee CJ, Lee D. Optogenetic Rescue of Locomotor Dysfunction and Dopaminergic Degeneration Caused by Alpha-Synuclein and EKO Genes. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:97-103. [PMID: 28442946 PMCID: PMC5403912 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a small presynaptic protein and its mutant forms (e.g. A53T) are known to be directly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying α-Syn-mediated neurodegeneration in PD still remain to be explored. However, several studies strongly support that overexpression of mutant α-Syn causes reduced release of dopamine (DA) in the brain, and contributes to motor deficits in PD. Using a favorable genetic model Drosophila larva, we examined whether reduced DA release is enough to induce key PD symptoms (i.e. locomotion deficiency and DA neurodegeneration), mimicking a PD gene α-Syn. In order to reduce DA release, we expressed electrical knockout (EKO) gene in DA neurons, which is known to make neurons hypo-excitable. EKO led to a decrease in a DA neuronal marker signal (i.e., TH - tyrosine hydroxylase) and locomotion deficits in Drosophila larva. In contrast, acute and prolonged exposure to blue light (BL, 470 nm) was sufficient to activate channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) and rescue PD symptoms caused by both α-Syn and EKO. We believe this is for the first time to confirm that locomotion defects by a genetic PD factor such as α-Syn can be rescued by increasing DA neuronal excitability with an optogenetic approach. Our findings strongly support that PD is a failure of DA synaptic transmission, which can be rescued by optogenetic activation of ChR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qi
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Scott Varga
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Neuroscience, Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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34
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Abstract
Mitochondria are among a cell's most vital organelles. They not only produce the majority of the cell's ATP but also play a key role in Ca2+ buffering and apoptotic signaling. While proper allocation of mitochondria is critical to all cells, it is particularly important for the highly polarized neurons. Because mitochondria are mainly synthesized in the soma, they must be transported long distances to be distributed to the far-flung reaches of the neuron-up to 1 m in the case of some human motor neurons. Furthermore, damaged mitochondria can be detrimental to neuronal health, causing oxidative stress and even cell death, therefore the retrograde transport of damaged mitochondria back to the soma for proper disposal, as well as the anterograde transport of fresh mitochondria from the soma to repair damage, are equally critical. Intriguingly, errors in mitochondrial transport have been increasingly implicated in neurological disorders. Here, we describe how to investigate mitochondrial transport in three complementary neuronal systems: cultured induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, cultured rat hippocampal and cortical neurons, and Drosophila larval neurons in vivo. These models allow us to uncover the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying transport issues that may occur under physiological or pathological conditions.
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35
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Ortega-Arellano HF, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Minocycline protects, rescues and prevents knockdown transgenic parkin Drosophila against paraquat/iron toxicity: Implications for autosomic recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:42-53. [PMID: 28284907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive Juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutation in the PARKIN gene, and invariably associated with dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal loss and brain iron accumulation. Since current medical therapy is symptomatic and lacks significant disease-modifying effects, other treatment approaches are urgently needed it. In the present work, we investigate the role of minocycline (MC) in paraquat (PQ)/iron-induced neurotoxicity in the Drosophila TH>parkin-RNAi/+ (w[*]; UAS-parkin-RNAi; TH-GAL4) fly and have shown the following: (i) MC increased life span and restored the locomotor activity of knockdown (KD) transgenic parkin flies in comparison with the control (vehicle) group; (ii) MC at low (0.1 and 0.3mM) and middle (0.5mM) concentrations protected, rescued and prevented KD parkin Drosophila against PQ toxicity. However, MC at high (1mM) concentration aggravated the toxic effect of PQ; (iii) MC protected and rescued DAergic neurons against the PQ toxic effect according to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)>green-fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter protein microscopy and anti-TH Western blotting analysis; (iv) MC protected DAergic neurons against PQ/iron toxicity; (v) MC significantly abridged lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the protection, rescue and prevention treatment in TH>parkin-RNAi/+ flies against PQ or iron alone or combined (PQ/iron)-induced neuronal oxidative stress (OS). Our results suggest that MC exerts neuroprotection against PQ/iron-induced OS in DAergic neurons most probably by the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and by chelating iron. Therefore, MC might be a potential therapeutic drug to delay, revert, or prevent AR-JP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Flavio Ortega-Arellano
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, SIU, Medellin, Colombia.
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36
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M'Angale PG, Staveley BE. Bcl-2 homologue Debcl enhances α-synuclein-induced phenotypes in Drosophila. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2461. [PMID: 27672511 PMCID: PMC5028777 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder that afflicts 1–2% of the population over 50 years of age. The common hallmark for both sporadic and familial forms of PD is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mammals have at least twenty proapoptotic and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, in contrast, only two Bcl-2 family genes have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, the proapoptotic mitochondrial localized Debcl and the antiapoptotic Buffy. The expression of the human transgene α-synuclein, a gene that is strongly associated with inherited forms of PD, in dopaminergic neurons (DA) of Drosophila, results in loss of neurons and locomotor dysfunction to model PD in flies. The altered expression of Debcl in the DA neurons and neuron-rich eye and along with the expression of α-synuclein offers an opportunity to highlight the role of Debcl in mitochondrial-dependent neuronal degeneration and death. Results The directed overexpression of Debcl using the Ddc-Gal4 transgene in the DA of Drosophila resulted in flies with severely decreased survival and a premature age-dependent loss in climbing ability. The inhibition of Debcl resulted in enhanced survival and improved climbing ability whereas the overexpression of Debcl in the α-synuclein-induced Drosophila model of PD resulted in more severe phenotypes. In addition, the co-expression of Debcl along with Buffy partially counteracts the Debcl-induced phenotypes, to improve the lifespan and the associated loss of locomotor ability observed. In complementary experiments, the overexpression of Debcl along with the expression of α-synuclein in the eye, enhanced the eye ablation that results from the overexpression of Debcl. The co-expression of Buffy along with Debcl overexpression results in the rescue of the moderate developmental eye defects. The co-expression of Buffy along with inhibition of Debcl partially restores the eye to a roughened eye phenotype. Discussion The overexpression of Debcl in DA neurons produces flies with shortened lifespan and impaired locomotor ability, phenotypes that are strongly associated with models of PD in Drosophila. The co-expression of Debcl along with α-synuclein enhanced the PD-like phenotypes. The co-expression of Debcl along with Buffy suppresses these phenotypes. Complementary experiments in the Drosophila eye show similar trends during development. Taken all together these results suggest a role for Debcl in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Githure M'Angale
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada
| | - Brian E Staveley
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada
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37
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Sanchez-Martinez A, Beavan M, Gegg ME, Chau KY, Whitworth AJ, Schapira AHV. Parkinson disease-linked GBA mutation effects reversed by molecular chaperones in human cell and fly models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31380. [PMID: 27539639 PMCID: PMC4990939 DOI: 10.1038/srep31380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GBA gene mutations are the greatest cause of Parkinson disease (PD). GBA encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) but the mechanisms by which loss of GCase contributes to PD remain unclear. Inhibition of autophagy and the generation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are both implicated. Mutant GCase can unfold in the ER and be degraded via the unfolded protein response, activating ER stress and reducing lysosomal GCase. Small molecule chaperones that cross the blood brain barrier help mutant GCase refold and traffic correctly to lysosomes are putative treatments for PD. We treated fibroblast cells from PD patients with heterozygous GBA mutations and Drosophila expressing human wild-type, N370S and L444P GBA with the molecular chaperones ambroxol and isofagomine. Both chaperones increased GCase levels and activity, but also GBA mRNA, in control and mutant GBA fibroblasts. Expression of mutated GBA in Drosophila resulted in dopaminergic neuronal loss, a progressive locomotor defect, abnormal aggregates in the ER and increased levels of the ER stress reporter Xbp1-EGFP. Treatment with both chaperones lowered ER stress and prevented the loss of motor function, providing proof of principle that small molecule chaperones can reverse mutant GBA-mediated ER stress in vivo and might prove effective for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sanchez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michelle Beavan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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38
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Bergkvist L, Sandin L, Kågedal K, Brorsson AC. AβPP processing results in greater toxicity per amount of Aβ1-42 than individually expressed and secreted Aβ1-42 in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2016; 5:1030-9. [PMID: 27387531 PMCID: PMC5004604 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into fibrillar deposits has long been considered the key neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptides are generated from proteolytic processing of the transmembrane Aβ precursor protein (AβPP) via sequential proteolysis through the β-secretase activity of β-site AβPP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and by the intramembranous enzyme γ-secretase. For over a decade, Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model organism to study AD, and two different approaches have been developed to investigate the toxicity caused by AD-associated gene products in vivo. In one model, the Aβ peptide is directly over-expressed fused to a signal peptide, allowing secretion of the peptide into the extracellular space. In the other model, human AβPP is co-expressed with human BACE1, resulting in production of the Aβ peptide through the processing of AβPP by BACE1 and by endogenous fly γ-secretase. Here, we performed a parallel study of flies that expressed the Aβ1-42 peptide alone or that co-expressed AβPP and BACE1. Toxic effects (assessed by eye phenotype, longevity and locomotor assays) and levels of the Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-38 peptides were examined. Our data reveal that the toxic effect per amount of detected Aβ1-42 peptide was higher in the flies co-expressing AβPP and BACE1 than in the Aβ1-42-expressing flies, and that the co-existence of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 in the flies co-expressing AβPP and BACE1 could be of significant importance to the neurotoxic effect detected in these flies. Thus, the toxicity detected in these two fly models seems to have different modes of action and is highly dependent on how and where the peptide is generated rather than on the actual level of the Aβ1-42 peptide in the flies. This is important knowledge that needs to be taken into consideration when using Drosophila models to investigate disease mechanisms or therapeutic strategies in AD research. Summary: In Drosophila, the proteotoxic effect of Aβ1-42 is highly dependent on how and where the peptide is generated, rather than on the peptide level in the flies, with implications for Alzheimer's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bergkvist
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Linnea Sandin
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kågedal
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christin Brorsson
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
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Abstract
The power of Drosophila genetics has attracted attention in tackling important biomedical challenges such as the understanding and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder which results from the relentless degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Over the past two decades tremendous advances have been made in identifying genes responsible for inherited forms of PD. The ease of genetic manipulation in Drosophila has spurred the development of numerous models of PD, including expression of human genes carrying pathogenic mutations or the targeted mutation of conserved orthologs. The genetic and cellular analysis of these models is beginning to reveal fundamental insights into the pathogenic mechanisms. Numerous pathways and processes are disrupted in these models but some common themes are emerging. These often implicate aberrant synaptic function, protein aggregation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, an impressive list of small molecule compounds have been identified as effective in reversing pathogenic phenotypes, paving the way to explore these for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Hewitt
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A J Whitworth
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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M'Angale PG, Staveley BE. The Bcl-2 homologue Buffy rescues α-synuclein-induced Parkinson disease-like phenotypes in Drosophila. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:24. [PMID: 27192974 PMCID: PMC4872331 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to the complexity found in mammals, only two Bcl-2 family genes have been found in Drosophila melanogaster including the pro-cell survival, human Bok-related orthologue, Buffy. The directed expression of α-synuclein, the first gene identified to contribute to inherited forms of Parkinson disease (PD), in the dopaminergic neurons (DA) of flies has provided a robust and well-studied Drosophila model of PD complete with the loss of neurons and accompanying motor defects. To more fully understand the biological basis of Bcl-2 genes in PD, we altered the expression of Buffy in the dopamine producing neurons with and without the expression of α-synuclein, and in the developing neuron-rich eye. Results To alter the expression of Buffy in the dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila, the Ddc-Gal4 transgene was used. The directed expression of Buffy in the dopamine producing neurons resulted in flies with increased climbing ability and enhanced survival, while the inhibition of Buffy in the dopaminergic neurons reduced climbing ability over time prematurely, similar to the phenotype observed in the α-synuclein-induced Drosophila model of PD. Subsequently, the expression of Buffy was altered in the α-synuclein-induced Drosophila model of PD. Analysis revealed that Buffy acted to rescue the associated loss of locomotor ability observed in the α-synuclein-induced model of PD, while Buffy RNA interference resulted in an enhanced α-synuclein-induced loss of climbing ability. In complementary experiments the overexpression of Buffy in the developing eye suppressed the mild rough eye phenotype that results from Gal4 expression and from α-synuclein expression. When Buffy is inhibited the roughened eye phenotype is enhanced. Conclusions The inhibition of Buffy in DA neurons produces a novel model of PD in Drosophila. The directed expression of Buffy in DA neurons provide protection and counteracts the α-synuclein-induced Parkinson disease-like phenotypes. Taken all together this demonstrates a role for Buffy, a Bcl-2 pro-cell survival gene, in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Githure M'Angale
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Brian E Staveley
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Maor G, Cabasso O, Krivoruk O, Rodriguez J, Steller H, Segal D, Horowitz M. The contribution of mutant GBA to the development of Parkinson disease in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2712-2727. [PMID: 27162249 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) results from mutations in the acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) encoding gene, GBA, which leads to accumulation of glucosylceramides. GD patients and carriers of GD mutations have a significantly higher propensity to develop Parkinson disease (PD) in comparison to the non-GD population. In this study, we used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to show that development of PD in carriers of GD mutations results from the presence of mutant GBA alleles. Drosophila has two GBA orthologs (CG31148 and CG31414), each of which has a minos insertion, which creates C-terminal deletion in the encoded GCase. Flies double heterozygous for the endogenous mutant GBA orthologs presented Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and developed parkinsonian signs, manifested by death of dopaminergic cells, defective locomotion and a shorter life span. We also established transgenic flies carrying the mutant human N370S, L444P and the 84GG variants. UPR activation and development of parkinsonian signs could be recapitulated in flies expressing these three mutant variants.UPR and parkinsonian signs could be partially rescued by growing the double heterozygous flies, or flies expressing the N370S or the L444P human mutant GCase variants, in the presence of the pharmacological chaperone ambroxol, which binds and removes mutant GCase from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However flies expressing the 84GG mutant, that does not express mature GCase, did not exhibit rescue by ambroxol. Our results strongly suggest that the presence of a mutant GBA allele in dopaminergic cells leads to ER stress and to their death, and contributes to development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Maor
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology
| | - Or Cabasso
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology
| | | | - Joe Rodriguez
- Strang Laboratory of Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hermann Steller
- Strang Laboratory of Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daniel Segal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.,Sagol Interdisciplinary School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Smith SL, Lones MA, Bedder M, Alty JE, Cosgrove J, Maguire RJ, Pownall ME, Ivanoiu D, Lyle C, Cording A, Elliott CJH. Computational approaches for understanding the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. IET Syst Biol 2016; 9:226-33. [PMID: 26577157 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2015.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes how the application of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) can be used to study motor function in humans with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in animal models of PD. Human data is obtained using commercially available sensors via a range of non-invasive procedures that follow conventional clinical practice. EAs can then be used to classify human data for a range of uses, including diagnosis and disease monitoring. New results are presented that demonstrate how EAs can also be used to classify fruit flies with and without genetic mutations that cause Parkinson's by using measurements of the proboscis extension reflex. The case is made for a computational approach that can be applied across human and animal studies of PD and lays the way for evaluation of existing and new drug therapies in a truly objective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Smith
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5DD.
| | - Michael A Lones
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS
| | - Matthew Bedder
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5GW
| | - Jane E Alty
- Neurology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX
| | - Jeremy Cosgrove
- Neurology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX
| | - Richard J Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN
| | | | - Diana Ivanoiu
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5DD
| | - Camille Lyle
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5DD
| | - Amy Cording
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York Y010 5DD
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Differential interaction between iron and mutant alpha-synuclein causes distinctive Parkinsonian phenotypes in Drosophila. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:518-525. [PMID: 26769358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein aggregation is the central hallmark of both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with different PD-causing genetic defects of alpha-synuclein usually show distinctive clinical features that are atypical to sporadic PD. Iron accumulation is invariably found in PD. Recent studies showed that mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein may have differential interaction with iron and mutant alpha-synuclein toxicity could be preferentially exacerbated by iron. We hence hypothesized that iron overload could selectively influence mutant alpha-synuclein toxicity and disease phenotypes. To test the hypothesis, we investigated if Drosophila melanogaster over-expressing A53T, A30P, and wild-type (WT) alpha-synuclein have different responses to iron treatment. We showed that iron treatment induced similar reduction of survival rate in all flies but induced a more severe motor decline in A53T and A30P mutant alpha-synuclein expressing flies, suggesting interaction between mutant alpha-synuclein and iron. Although no significant difference in total head iron content was found among these flies, we demonstrated that iron treatment induced selective DA neuron loss in motor-related PPM3 cluster only in the flies that express A53T and A30P mutant alpha-synuclein. We provided the first in vivo evidence that iron overload could induce distinctive neuropathology and disease phenotypes in mutant but not WT alpha-synuclein expressing flies, providing insights to the cause of clinical features selectively exhibited by mutant alpha-synuclein carriers.
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45
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West RJH, Elliott CJH, Wade AR. Classification of Parkinson's Disease Genotypes in Drosophila Using Spatiotemporal Profiling of Vision. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16933. [PMID: 26597171 PMCID: PMC4657034 DOI: 10.1038/srep16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies indicate altered contrast processing in some Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients. We recently demonstrated that vision is altered in Drosophila PD models and hypothesised that different types of genetic and idiopathic PD may affect dopaminergic visual signalling pathways differently. Here we asked whether visual responses in Drosophila could be used to identify PD mutations. To mimic a clinical setting a range of flies was used. Young flies from four control lines were compared to three early-onset PD mutations (PINK1, DJ-1α and DJ-1β), and to two other neurodegenerative mutations, one in the fly LRRK2 orthologue (dLRRK) the other in eggroll, a model of general neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Stimuli were contrast reversing gratings spanning 64 spatiotemporal frequency combinations. We recorded the steady-state visually-evoked response amplitude across all combinations. We found that the pattern of neuronal responses differed between genotypes. Wild-type and early-onset PD flies formed separate clusters; the late-onset mutation is an outlier. Neuronal responses in early-onset PD flies were stronger than in wild-types. Multivariate pattern analysis grouped flies by PD/non-PD genotype with an accuracy >85%. We propose that machine learning algorithms may be useful in increasing the diagnostic specificity of human electrophysiological measurements in both animal models and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J H West
- Department of Biology, The University of York, York.,Department of Psychology, The University of York, York
| | | | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, The University of York, York
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46
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Neurophysiology of Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:381281. [PMID: 25960916 PMCID: PMC4414211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/381281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We provide an insight into the role Drosophila has played in elucidating neurophysiological perturbations associated with Parkinson's disease- (PD-) related genes. Synaptic signalling deficits are observed in motor, central, and sensory systems. Given the neurological impact of disease causing mutations within these same genes in humans the phenotypes observed in fly are of significant interest. As such we observe four unique opportunities provided by fly nervous system models of Parkinson's disease. Firstly, Drosophila models are instrumental in exploring the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, with several PD-related mutations eliciting related phenotypes including sensitivity to energy supply and vesicular deformities. These are leading to the identification of plausible cellular mechanisms, which may be specific to (dopaminergic) neurons and synapses rather than general cellular phenotypes. Secondly, models show noncell autonomous signalling within the nervous system, offering the opportunity to develop our understanding of the way pathogenic signalling propagates, resembling Braak's scheme of spreading pathology in PD. Thirdly, the models link physiological deficits to changes in synaptic structure. While the structure-function relationship is complex, the genetic tractability of Drosophila offers the chance to separate fundamental changes from downstream consequences. Finally, the strong neuronal phenotypes permit relevant first in vivo drug testing.
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47
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Krůček T, Korandová M, Šerý M, Frydrychová RČ, Krůček T, Korandová M, Szakosová K. Effect of low doses of herbicide paraquat on antioxidant defense in Drosophila. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:235-248. [PMID: 25557922 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite a high toxicity, paraquat is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Our study evaluated the effect of paraquat exposure on antioxidant response and locomotion activity in Drosophila melanogaster. We examined the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and the transcript levels of both enzymes. Flies were exposed to a wide range of paraquat concentrations (0.25 μM to 25 mM) for 12 h. SOD, at both transcript and enzymatic levels, revealed a biphasic dose-response curve with the peak at 2.5 μM paraquat. A similar dose-response curve was observed at transcript levels of catalase. Males revealed higher susceptibility to paraquat exposure, displaying higher lethality, increased levels of SOD activity, and increased peroxide levels than in females. We found that the exposure of females to 2.5 μM paraquat leads to an increase in locomotion activity. Because susceptibility to paraquat was enhanced by mating, the study supports the hypothesis of elevation of stress sensitivity as a physiological cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Krůček
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, v.v.i, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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48
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Jansen RLM, Brogan B, Whitworth AJ, Okello EJ. Effects of five Ayurvedic herbs on locomotor behaviour in a Drosophila melanogaster Parkinson's disease model. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1789-95. [PMID: 25091506 PMCID: PMC4310928 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current conventional treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) are aimed at symptom management, as there is currently no known cure or treatment that can slow down its progression. Ayurveda, the ancient medical system of India, uses a combination of herbs to combat the disease. Herbs commonly used for this purpose are Zandopa (containing Mucuna pruriens), Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica, Sida cordifolia and Bacopa monnieri. In this study, these herbs were tested for their potential ability to improve climbing ability of a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) PD model based on loss of function of phosphatase and tensin-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1). Fruit flies were cultured on food containing individual herbs or herbal formulations, a combination of all five herbs, levodopa (positive control) or no treatment (negative control). Tests were performed in both PINK1 mutant flies and healthy wild-type (WT) flies. A significant improvement in climbing ability was observed in flies treated with B. monnieri compared with untreated PINK1 mutant flies. However, a significant decrease in climbing ability was observed in WT flies for the same herb. Centella asiatica also significantly decreased climbing ability in WT flies. No significant effects were observed with any of the other herbs in either PINK1 or WT flies compared with untreated flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. M. Jansen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - B. Brogan
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - A. J. Whitworth
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - E. J. Okello
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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49
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Yamamoto S, Seto ES. Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms. Exp Anim 2014; 63:107-19. [PMID: 24770636 PMCID: PMC4160991 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in dopamine (DA) signaling have been implicated in a number of human neurologic
and psychiatric disorders. Similarly, defects in DA signaling in the fruit fly,
Drosophila melanogaster, have also been associated with several
behavioral defects. As most genes involved in DA synthesis, transport, secretion, and
signaling are conserved between species, Drosophila is a powerful genetic
model organism to study the regulation of DA signaling in vivo. In this
review, we will provide an overview of the genes and drugs that regulate DA biology in
Drosophila. Furthermore, we will discuss the behavioral paradigms that
are regulated by DA signaling in flies. By analyzing the genes and neuronal circuits that
govern such behaviors using sophisticated genetic, pharmacologic, electrophysiologic, and
imaging approaches in Drosophila, we will likely gain a better
understanding about how this neuromodulator regulates motor tasks and cognition in
humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston,TX77030, USA
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50
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Signaling pathways involved in 1-octen-3-ol-mediated neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: implication in Parkinson’s disease. Neurotox Res 2014; 25:183-91. [PMID: 23959949 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have pioneered Drosophila melanogaster as a reductionist model to show that 1-octen-3-ol, a musty-smelling volatile compound emitted by fungi and other organisms, causes loss of dopaminergic neurons and Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms in flies. Using our in vivo Drosophila system, the modulatory roles of important signaling pathways—JNK, Akt and the caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway were investigated in the context of 1-octen-3-ol-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. When heterozygous flies carrying mutant alleles for these proteins were exposed to 0.5 ppm of 1-octen-3-ol, they had shorter survival times than wild-type Drosophila. The overexpressed levels of wild-type JNK and Akt, (UAS-bsk and UAS-Akt) with TH-GAL4 and elav-GAL4 drivers improved the survival duration of exposed flies compared with controls. Thus, we found that Akt and JNK both protect against loss of dopamine activity associated with 1-octen-3-ol exposure, indicating the pro-survival role of these signaling pathways. Further, 1-octen-3-ol exposure was associated with activation of caspase 3, a hallmark for apoptosis.
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