1
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Feng W, Wang Z, Wang X, Chen S, Chen X, Chen C, Deng J, Zhuo X, Wang J. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of children with PCDH19 clustering epilepsy in China. Seizure 2024; 121:95-104. [PMID: 39146709 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PCDH19 gene variants, termed PCDH19 clustering epilepsy, represent a distinct etiology of epilepsy. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical manifestations and explore the genotypes and phenotypes of children affected by PCDH19 clustering epilepsy. METHODS This retrospective study included medical history, magnetic resonance imaging, video-electroencephalography, and genetic analysis of patients diagnosed with PCDH19 Clustering Epilepsy at the Neurology Department of Beijing Children's Hospital from 2015 to 2023. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted to study the factors associated with developmental delay in patients. RESULTS The age at seizure onset ranged from 5 to 61 months among all 30 patients (median 14 months; IQR 9.25-22.5 months). Among the 30 patients, 29 were female and 1 was male. Clusters of seizures and fever-triggered seizures were observed, with the most prevalent seizure types being focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS). Seizures were successfully controlled in 15 patients. Unfortunately, one patient experienced a sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Additionally, 14 patients had hereditary mutations, 14 had de novo mutations, 1 had both hereditary and de novo mutations, and 1 male patient had a mosaic component mutation of 0.64 due to a somatic mutation. Developmental delays were identified in 17 patients (56.7 %), and 6 patients (20 %) were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among the 17 patients, 9 experienced developmental delays before the onset of epilepsy, while 8 were initially normal but later developed developmental delays during disease progression. Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of drug-resistant epilepsy was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of developmental delays (P = 0.020, OR = 9.758, 95 % CI (1.440-66.111)). CONCLUSION In this study, 13 new potential rare pathogenic variations in PCDH19 clustering epilepsy were identified. The clinical features observed in patients are consistent with known phenotypic features, and we found that patients with drug-resistant epilepsy are more likely to have developmental delays. The severity of the phenotype in patients with PCDH19 variants ranged from drug-responsive seizures to refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Feng
- Neurology Department, National Center for Children's Health China, Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Neurology Department, National Center for Children's Health China, Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Neurology Department, National Center for Children's Health China, Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Neurology Department, National Center for Children's Health China, Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Neurology Department, National Center for Children's Health China, Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiuwei Zhuo
- Neurology Department, National Center for Children's Health China, Beijing Children Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10069, China.
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2
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de Nys R, Gardner A, van Eyk C, Mincheva-Tasheva S, Thomas P, Bhattacharjee R, Jolly L, Martinez-Garay I, Fox IWJ, Kamath KS, Kumar R, Gecz J. Proteomic analysis of the developing mammalian brain links PCDH19 to the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2199-2210. [PMID: 38454084 PMCID: PMC11408250 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Clustering Epilepsy (CE) is a neurological disorder caused by pathogenic variants of the Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) gene. PCDH19 encodes a protein involved in cell adhesion and Estrogen Receptor α mediated-gene regulation. To gain further insights into the molecular role of PCDH19 in the brain, we investigated the PCDH19 interactome in the developing mouse hippocampus and cortex. Combined with a meta-analysis of all reported PCDH19 interacting proteins, our results show that PCDH19 interacts with proteins involved in actin, microtubule, and gene regulation. We report CAPZA1, αN-catenin and, importantly, β-catenin as novel PCDH19 interacting proteins. Furthermore, we show that PCDH19 is a regulator of β-catenin transcriptional activity, and that this pathway is disrupted in CE individuals. Overall, our results support the involvement of PCDH19 in the cytoskeletal network and point to signalling pathways where PCDH19 plays critical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah de Nys
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alison Gardner
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Clare van Eyk
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rudrarup Bhattacharjee
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lachlan Jolly
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W J Fox
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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3
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Qiao M. Deciphering the genetic code of neuronal type connectivity through bilinear modeling. eLife 2024; 12:RP91532. [PMID: 38857169 PMCID: PMC11164534 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how different neuronal types connect and communicate is critical to interpreting brain function and behavior. However, it has remained a formidable challenge to decipher the genetic underpinnings that dictate the specific connections formed between neuronal types. To address this, we propose a novel bilinear modeling approach that leverages the architecture similar to that of recommendation systems. Our model transforms the gene expressions of presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal types, obtained from single-cell transcriptomics, into a covariance matrix. The objective is to construct this covariance matrix that closely mirrors a connectivity matrix, derived from connectomic data, reflecting the known anatomical connections between these neuronal types. When tested on a dataset of Caenorhabditis elegans, our model achieved a performance comparable to, if slightly better than, the previously proposed spatial connectome model (SCM) in reconstructing electrical synaptic connectivity based on gene expressions. Through a comparative analysis, our model not only captured all genetic interactions identified by the SCM but also inferred additional ones. Applied to a mouse retinal neuronal dataset, the bilinear model successfully recapitulated recognized connectivity motifs between bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells, and provided interpretable insights into genetic interactions shaping the connectivity. Specifically, it identified unique genetic signatures associated with different connectivity motifs, including genes important to cell-cell adhesion and synapse formation, highlighting their role in orchestrating specific synaptic connections between these neurons. Our work establishes an innovative computational strategy for decoding the genetic programming of neuronal type connectivity. It not only sets a new benchmark for single-cell transcriptomic analysis of synaptic connections but also paves the way for mechanistic studies of neural circuit assembly and genetic manipulation of circuit wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Qiao
- LinkedInMountain ViewUnited States
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4
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Mincheva-Tasheva S, Pfitzner C, Kumar R, Kurtsdotter I, Scherer M, Ritchie T, Muhr J, Gecz J, Thomas PQ. Mapping combinatorial expression of non-clustered protocadherins in the developing brain identifies novel PCDH19-mediated cell adhesion properties. Open Biol 2024; 14:230383. [PMID: 38629124 PMCID: PMC11037505 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered protocadherins (ncPcdhs) are adhesive molecules with spatio-temporally regulated overlapping expression in the developing nervous system. Although their unique role in neurogenesis has been widely studied, their combinatorial role in brain physiology and pathology is poorly understood. Using probabilistic cell typing by in situ sequencing, we demonstrate combinatorial inter- and intra-familial expression of ncPcdhs in the developing mouse cortex and hippocampus, at single-cell resolution. We discovered the combinatorial expression of Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19), a protein involved in PCDH19-clustering epilepsy, with Pcdh1, Pcdh9 or Cadherin 13 (Cdh13) in excitatory neurons. Using aggregation assays, we demonstrate a code-specific adhesion function of PCDH19; mosaic PCDH19 absence in PCDH19+9 and PCDH19 + CDH13, but not in PCDH19+1 codes, alters cell-cell interaction. Interestingly, we found that PCDH19 as a dominant protein in two heterophilic adhesion codes could promote trans-interaction between them. In addition, we discovered increased CDH13-mediated cell adhesion in the presence of PCDH19, suggesting a potential role of PCDH19 as an adhesion mediator of CDH13. Finally, we demonstrated novel cis-interactions between PCDH19 and PCDH1, PCDH9 and CDH13. These observations suggest that there is a unique combinatorial code with a cell- and region-specific characteristic where a single molecule defines the heterophilic cell-cell adhesion properties of each code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Chandran Pfitzner
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
| | - Idha Kurtsdotter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Scherer
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
| | - Tarin Ritchie
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
| | - Jonas Muhr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research
Institute, Adelaide, 5000 ,
Australia
| | - Paul Q. Thomas
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical
Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia5000, Australia
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5
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Motosugi N, Sugiyama A, Otomo A, Sakata Y, Araki T, Hadano S, Kumasaka N, Fukuda A. Effect of PCDH19 missense mutations on cell-to-cell proximity and neuronal development under heterotypic conditions. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae060. [PMID: 38516276 PMCID: PMC10957236 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mutation of the X-linked protocadherin (PCDH) 19 gene in heterozygous females causes epilepsy. However, because of the erosion of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female human pluripotent stem cells, precise disease modeling often leads to failure. In this study, using a mathematical approach and induced pluripotent stem cells retaining XCI derived from patients with PCDH19 missense mutations, we found that heterotypic conditions, which are composed of wild-type and missense PCDH19, led to significant cell-to-cell proximity and impaired neuronal differentiation, accompanied by the aberrant accumulation of doublecortin, a microtubule-associated protein. Our findings suggest that ease of adhesion between cells expressing either wild-type or missense PCDH19 might lead to aberrant cell aggregation in early embryonic phases, causing poor neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Motosugi
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Akiko Sugiyama
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Asako Otomo
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yuka Sakata
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takuma Araki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan
| | - Shinji Hadano
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Natsuhiko Kumasaka
- Genetics Division, Medical Support Center of the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuda
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan
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6
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de Nys R, van Eyk CL, Ritchie T, Møller RS, Scheffer IE, Marini C, Bhattacharjee R, Kumar R, Gecz J. Multiomic analysis implicates nuclear hormone receptor signalling in clustering epilepsy. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:65. [PMID: 38280856 PMCID: PMC10821879 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Clustering Epilepsy (CE) is an epileptic disorder with neurological comorbidities caused by heterozygous variants of the X chromosome gene Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19). Recent studies have implicated dysregulation of the Nuclear Hormone Receptor (NHR) pathway in CE pathogenesis. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the impact and mechanisms of loss of PCDH19 function in CE pathogenesis, we have performed epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of CE relevant models. Our studies identified differential regulation and expression of Androgen Receptor (AR) and its targets in CE patient skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, our cell culture assays revealed the repression of PCDH19 expression mediated through ERα and the co-regulator FOXA1. We also identified a protein-protein interaction between PCDH19 and AR, expanding upon the intrinsic link between PCDH19 and the NHR pathway. Together, these results point to a novel mechanism of NHR signaling in the pathogenesis of CE that can be explored for potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah de Nys
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Clare L van Eyk
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Tarin Ritchie
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine (member of ERN EpiCARE), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Carla Marini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit Children's Hospital "G. Salesi" Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rudrarup Bhattacharjee
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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7
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Lutshumba J, Wilcock DM, Monson NL, Stowe AM. Sex-based differences in effector cells of the adaptive immune system during Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106202. [PMID: 37330146 PMCID: PMC10481581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) present with many challenges due to the heterogeneity of the related disease(s), making it difficult to develop effective treatments. Additionally, the progression of ADRD-related pathologies presents differently between men and women. With two-thirds of the population affected with ADRD being women, ADRD has presented itself with a bias toward the female population. However, studies of ADRD generally do not incorporate sex-based differences in investigating the development and progression of the disease, which is detrimental to understanding and treating dementia. Additionally, recent implications for the adaptive immune system in the development of ADRD bring in new factors to be considered as part of the disease, including sex-based differences in immune response(s) during ADRD development. Here, we review the sex-based differences of pathological hallmarks of ADRD presentation and progression, sex-based differences in the adaptive immune system and how it changes with ADRD, and the importance of precision medicine in the development of a more targeted and personalized treatment for this devastating and prevalent neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
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8
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Zhen Y, Pavez M, Li X. The role of Pcdh10 in neurological disease and cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:8153-8164. [PMID: 37058252 PMCID: PMC10374755 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protocadherin 10 (PCDH 10), a member of the superfamily of protocadherins, is a Ca2+-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of cell membranes. Protocadherin 10 plays a critical role in the central nervous system including in cell adhesion, formation and maintenance of neural circuits and synapses, regulation of actin assembly, cognitive function and tumor suppression. Additionally, Pcdh10 can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic indicator for various cancers. METHODS This paper collects and reviews relevant literature in Pubmed. CONCLUSION This review describes the latest research understanding the role of Pcdh10 in neurological disease and human cancer, highlighting the importance of scrutinizing its properties for the development of targeted therapies and identifying a need for further research to explore Pcdh10 functions in other pathways, cell types and human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Zhen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool street, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Macarena Pavez
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Slough MM, Li R, Herbert AS, Lasso G, Kuehne AI, Monticelli SR, Bakken RR, Liu Y, Ghosh A, Moreau AM, Zeng X, Rey FA, Guardado-Calvo P, Almo SC, Dye JM, Jangra RK, Wang Z, Chandran K. Two point mutations in protocadherin-1 disrupt hantavirus recognition and afford protection against lethal infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4454. [PMID: 37488123 PMCID: PMC10366084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) are the etiologic agents of severe hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas for which no FDA-approved countermeasures are available. Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), a cadherin-superfamily protein recently identified as a critical host factor for ANDV and SNV, represents a new antiviral target; however, its precise role remains to be elucidated. Here, we use computational and experimental approaches to delineate the binding surface of the hantavirus glycoprotein complex on PCDH1's first extracellular cadherin repeat domain. Strikingly, a single amino acid residue in this PCDH1 surface influences the host species-specificity of SNV glycoprotein-PCDH1 interaction and cell entry. Mutation of this and a neighboring residue substantially protects Syrian hamsters from pulmonary disease and death caused by ANDV. We conclude that PCDH1 is a bona fide entry receptor for ANDV and SNV whose direct interaction with hantavirus glycoproteins could be targeted to develop new interventions against HCPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie R Monticelli
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Agnidipta Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alicia M Moreau
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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10
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Ozkan Kucuk NE, Yigit BN, Degirmenci BS, Qureshi MH, Yapici GN, Kamacıoglu A, Bavili N, Kiraz A, Ozlu N. Cell cycle-dependent palmitoylation of protocadherin 7 by ZDHHC5 promotes successful cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:297268. [PMID: 36762613 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division requires dramatic reorganization of the cell cortex, which is primarily driven by the actomyosin network. We previously reported that protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) gets enriched at the cell surface during mitosis, which is required to build up the full mitotic rounding pressure. Here, we report that PCDH7 interacts with and is palmitoylated by the palmitoyltransferase, ZDHHC5. PCDH7 and ZDHHC5 colocalize at the mitotic cell surface and translocate to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. The localization of PCDH7 depends on the palmitoylation activity of ZDHHC5. Silencing PCDH7 increases the percentage of multinucleated cells and the duration of mitosis. Loss of PCDH7 expression correlates with reduced levels of active RhoA and phospho-myosin at the cleavage furrow. This work uncovers a palmitoylation-dependent translocation mechanism for PCDH7, which contributes to the reorganization of the cortical cytoskeleton during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Ezgi Ozkan Kucuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Berfu Nur Yigit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Gamze Nur Yapici
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Altuğ Kamacıoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nima Bavili
- Department of Physics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Kiraz
- Department of Physics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Türkiye
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11
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Kleinberger I, Sanders E, Staes K, Van Troys M, Hirano S, Hochepied T, Lemeire K, Martens L, Ampe C, van Roy F. Innovative mouse models for the tumor suppressor activity of Protocadherin-10 isoforms. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:451. [PMID: 35468745 PMCID: PMC9040349 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonclustered mouse protocadherin genes (Pcdh) encode proteins with a typical single ectodomain and a cytoplasmic domain with conserved motifs completely different from those of classic cadherins. Alternative splice isoforms differ in the size of these cytoplasmic domains. In view of the compelling evidence for gene silencing of protocadherins in human tumors, we started investigations on Pcdh functions in mouse cancer models. Methods For Pcdh10, we generated two mouse lines: one with floxed exon 1, leading to complete Pcdh10 ablation upon Cre action, and one with floxed exons 2 and 3, leading to ablation of only the long isoforms of Pcdh10. In a mouse medulloblastoma model, we used GFAP-Cre action to locally ablate Pcdh10 in combination with Trp53 and Rb1 ablation. From auricular tumors, that also arose, we obtained tumor-derived cell lines, which were analyzed for malignancy in vitro and in vivo. By lentiviral transduction, we re-expressed Pcdh10 cDNAs. RNA-Seq analyses were performed on these cell families. Results Surprisingly, not only medulloblastomas were generated in our model but also tumors of tagged auricles (pinnae). For both tumor types, ablation of either all or only long isoforms of Pcdh10 aggravated the disease. We argued that the perichondrial stem cell compartment is at the origin of the pinnal tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of these tumors revealed different subtypes. We obtained several pinnal-tumor derived (PTD) cell lines and analyzed these for anchorage-independent growth, invasion into collagen matrices, tumorigenicity in athymic mice. Re-expression of either the short or a long isoform of Pcdh10 in two PTD lines counteracted malignancy in all assays. RNA-Seq analyses of these two PTD lines and their respective Pcdh10-rescued cell lines allowed to identify many interesting differentially expressed genes, which were largely different in the two cell families. Conclusions A new mouse model was generated allowing for the first time to examine the remarkable tumor suppression activity of protocadherin-10 in vivo. Despite lacking several conserved motifs, the short isoform of Pcdh10 was fully active as tumor suppressor. Our model contributes to scrutinizing the complex molecular mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression upon PCDH10 silencing in many human cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09381-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kleinberger
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Staes
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Van Troys
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shinji Hirano
- Department of Cell Biology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Lemeire
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Yang C, Shi Y, Li X, Guan L, Li H, Lin J. Cadherins and the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:336-348. [PMID: 35393670 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a nervous system disease caused by abnormal discharge of brain neurons, which is characterized by recurrent seizures. The factors that induce epilepsy include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors are important pathogenic factors of epilepsy, such as epilepsy caused by protocadherin-19 (PCDH-19) mutation, which is an X-linked genetic disease. It is more common in female heterozygotes, which are caused by mutations in the PCDH-19 gene. Epilepsy caused by environmental factors is mainly caused by brain injury, which is commonly caused by brain tumors, brain surgery, or trauma to the brain. In addition, the pathogenesis of epilepsy is closely related to abnormalities in some signaling pathways. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is considered a new target for the treatment of epilepsy. This review summarizes these factors inducing epilepsy and the research hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The focus of this review centers on cadherins and the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We analyzed the pathogenesis of epilepsy induced by N-cadherin and PCDH-19 in the cadherin family members. Finally, we expect that in the future, new breakthroughs will be made in the study of the pathogenesis and mechanism of epilepsy at the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaping Shi
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lihong Guan
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Li
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
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13
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Cwetsch AW, Ziogas I, Narducci R, Savardi A, Bolla M, Pinto B, Perlini LE, Bassani S, Passafaro M, Cancedda L. A rat model of a focal mosaic expression of PCDH19 replicates human brain developmental abnormalities and behaviors. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac091. [PMID: 35528232 PMCID: PMC9070467 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin 19 gene-related epilepsy or protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy is an infantile-onset epilepsy syndrome characterized by psychiatric (including autism-related), sensory, and cognitive impairment of varying degrees. Protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy is caused by X-linked protocadherin 19 protein loss of function. Due to random X-chromosome inactivation, protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy-affected females present a mosaic population of healthy and protocadherin 19-mutant cells. Unfortunately, to date, no current mouse model can fully recapitulate both the brain histological and behavioural deficits present in people with protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy. Thus, the search for a proper understanding of the disease and possible future treatment is hampered. By inducing a focal mosaicism of protocadherin 19 expression using in utero electroporation in rats, we found here that protocadherin 19 signalling in specific brain areas is implicated in neuronal migration, heat-induced epileptic seizures, core/comorbid behaviours related to autism and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
- Instituto de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ilias Ziogas
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Narducci
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Savardi
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Italy
| | - Maria Bolla
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura E Perlini
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Cancedda
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Italy
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14
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de Nys R, Kumar R, Gecz J. Protocadherin 19 Clustering Epilepsy and Neurosteroids: Opportunities for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9769. [PMID: 34575929 PMCID: PMC8469663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids yield great influence on neurological development through nuclear hormone receptor (NHR)-mediated gene regulation. We recently reported that cell adhesion molecule protocadherin 19 (encoded by the PCDH19 gene) is involved in the coregulation of steroid receptor activity on gene expression. PCDH19 variants cause early-onset developmental epileptic encephalopathy clustering epilepsy (CE), with altered steroidogenesis and NHR-related gene expression being identified in these individuals. The implication of hormonal pathways in CE pathogenesis has led to the investigation of various steroid-based antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of this disorder, with mixed results so far. Therefore, there are many unmet challenges in assessing the antiseizure targets and efficiency of steroid-based therapeutics for CE. We review and assess the evidence for and against the implication of neurosteroids in the pathogenesis of CE and in view of their possible clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah de Nys
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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15
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van der Weyden L, Offord V, Turner G, Swiatkowska A, Speak AO, Adams DJ. Membrane protein regulators of melanoma pulmonary colonisation identified using a CRISPRa screen and spontaneous metastasis assay in mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6272227. [PMID: 33963380 PMCID: PMC8495943 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to a secondary site within the body, and is the leading cause of death for cancer patients. The lung is a common site of metastasis for many cancer types, including melanoma. Identifying the genes involved in aiding metastasis of melanoma cells to the lungs is critical for the development of better treatments. As the accessibility of cell surface proteins makes them attractive therapeutic targets, we performed a CRISPR activation screen using a library of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the transcription start sites of 2195 membrane protein-encoding genes, to identify genes whose upregulated expression aided pulmonary metastasis. Immunodeficient mice were subcutaneously injected in the flank with murine B16-F0 melanoma cells expressing dCas9 and the membrane protein library gRNAs, and their lungs collected after 14–21 days. Analysis was performed to identify the gRNAs that were enriched in the lungs relative to those present in the cells at the time of administration (day 0). We identified six genes whose increased expression promotes lung metastasis. These genes included several with well-characterized pro-metastatic roles (Fut7, Mgat5, and Pcdh7) that have not previously been linked to melanoma progression, genes linked to tumor progression but that have not previously been described as involved in metastasis (Olfr322 and Olfr441), as well as novel genes (Tmem116). Thus, we have identified genes that, when upregulated in melanoma cells, can aid successful metastasis and colonization of the lung, and therefore may represent novel therapeutic targets to inhibit pulmonary metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Offord
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Turner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Swiatkowska
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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16
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Hoshina N, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Hoshina M, Umemori H. Female-specific synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of PCDH19 disorder. Science 2021; 372:372/6539/eaaz3893. [PMID: 33859005 PMCID: PMC9873198 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) mutations cause early-onset seizures and cognitive impairment. The PCDH19 gene is on the X-chromosome. Unlike most X-linked disorders, PCDH19 mutations affect heterozygous females (PCDH19HET♀ ) but not hemizygous males (PCDH19HEMI♂ ); however, the reason why remains to be elucidated. We demonstrate that PCDH19, a cell-adhesion molecule, is enriched at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Pcdh19HET♀ but not Pcdh19HEMI♂ mice show impaired mossy fiber synaptic structure and physiology. Consistently, Pcdh19HET♀ but not Pcdh19HEMI♂ mice exhibit reduced pattern completion and separation abilities, which require mossy fiber synaptic function. Furthermore, PCDH19 appears to interact with N-cadherin at mossy fiber synapses. In Pcdh19HET♀ conditions, mismatch between PCDH19 and N-cadherin diminishes N-cadherin-dependent signaling and impairs mossy fiber synapse development; N-cadherin overexpression rescues Pcdh19HET♀ phenotypes. These results reveal previously unknown molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the female-specific PCDH19 disorder phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hisashi Umemori
- Corresponding author. Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Center for Life Sciences 13074, Boston, MA 02115,
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17
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Jao TM, Fang WH, Ciou SC, Yu SL, Hung YL, Weng WT, Lin TY, Tsai MH, Yang YC. PCDH10 exerts tumor-suppressor functions through modulation of EGFR/AKT axis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:290-300. [PMID: 33271263 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) is identified as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the functions of PCDH10 have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of PCDH10 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells induced cell cycle retardation and increased apoptosis through regulation of the p53/p21/Rb axis and Bcl-2 expression. Overexpression of PCDH10 reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process with morphological changes and EMT marker alterations. Mechanistic study revealed that PCDH10 inhibited AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway which in turn reduced β-catenin activity and thus attenuated Snail and Twist1 expression. Furthermore, PCDH10 inhibited the stemness of CRC cells, including spheroid formation and stem cell markers. A proteomics approach revealed that PCDH10 could interact with EGFR, which was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, restoration of PCDH10 expression reduced EGFR phosphorylation. Accordingly, our work proposes a novel pathway by which PCDH10 directly engages in the negative regulation of EGFR/AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway, resulting in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Horng Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ci Ciou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Weng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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18
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Kim H, Takegahara N, Walsh MC, Ueda J, Fujihara Y, Ikawa M, Choi Y. Protocadherin-7 contributes to maintenance of bone homeostasis through regulation of osteoclast multinucleation. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32635982 PMCID: PMC7526982 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.9.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are hematopoietic-derived cells that resorb bone. They are required to maintain proper bone homeostasis and skeletal strength. Although osteoclast differentiation depends on receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) stimulation, additional molecules further contribute to osteoclast maturation. Here, we demonstrate that protocadherin-7 (Pcdh7) regulates formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and contributes to maintenance of bone homeostasis. We found that Pcdh7 expression is induced by RANKL stimulation, and that RNAi-mediated knockdown of Pcdh7 resulted in impaired formation of osteoclasts. We generated Pcdh7-deficient mice and found increased bone mass due to decreased bone resorption but without any defect in bone formation. Using an in vitro culture system, it was revealed that formation of multinucleated osteoclasts is impaired in Pcdh7-deficient cultures, while no apparent defects were observed in differentiation and function of Pcdh7-deficient osteoblasts. Taken together, these results reveal an osteoclast cell-intrinsic role for Pcdh7 in maintaining bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew C. Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Ueda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Kim H, Takegahara N, C M, Walsh, Ueda J, Fujihara Y, Ikawa M, Choi Y. Protocadherin-7 contributes to maintenance of bone homeostasis through regulation of osteoclast multinucleation. BMB Rep 2020; 53:472-477. [PMID: 32635982 PMCID: PMC7526982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are hematopoietic-derived cells that resorb bone. They are required to maintain proper bone homeostasis and skeletal strength. Although osteoclast differentiation depends on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation, additional molecules further contribute to osteoclast maturation. Here, we demonstrate that protocadherin-7 (Pcdh7) regulates formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and contributes to maintenance of bone homeostasis. We found that Pcdh7 expression is induced by RANKL stimulation, and that RNAi-mediated knockdown of Pcdh7 resulted in impaired formation of osteoclasts. We generated Pcdh7-deficient mice and found increased bone mass due to decreased bone resorption but without any defect in bone formation. Using an in vitro culture system, it was revealed that formation of multinucleated osteoclasts is impaired in Pcdh7-deficient cultures, while no apparent defects were observed in differentiation and function of Pcdh7-deficient osteoblasts. Taken together, these results reveal an osteoclast cell-intrinsic role for Pcdh7 in maintaining bone homeostasis. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(9): 472-477].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew C
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Ueda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Pancho A, Aerts T, Mitsogiannis MD, Seuntjens E. Protocadherins at the Crossroad of Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32694982 PMCID: PMC7339444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Family-wide Structural and Biophysical Analysis of Binding Interactions among Non-clustered δ-Protocadherins. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2655-2671.e7. [PMID: 32101743 PMCID: PMC7082078 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, close relatives of clustered protocadherins, function in cell adhesion and motility and play essential roles in neural patterning. To understand the molecular interactions underlying these functions, we used solution biophysics to characterize binding of δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, determined crystal structures of ectodomain complexes from each family, and assessed ectodomain assembly in reconstituted intermembrane junctions by cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET). Homophilic trans (cell-cell) interactions were preferred for all δ-protocadherins, with additional weaker heterophilic interactions observed exclusively within each subfamily. As expected, δ1- and δ2-protocadherin trans dimers formed through antiparallel EC1-EC4 interfaces, like clustered protocadherins. However, no ectodomain-mediated cis (same-cell) interactions were detectable in solution; consistent with this, cryo-ET of reconstituted junctions revealed dense assemblies lacking the characteristic order observed for clustered protocadherins. Our results define non-clustered protocadherin binding properties and their structural basis, providing a foundation for interpreting their functional roles in neural patterning.
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22
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Shishodia G, Koul S, Koul HK. Protocadherin 7 is overexpressed in castration resistant prostate cancer and promotes aberrant MEK and AKT signaling. Prostate 2019; 79:1739-1751. [PMID: 31449679 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) accounts for almost all prostate cancer (PCa) deaths. Aberrant activation of ERK/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways plays an important role in subsets of patients with CRPC. The role of protocadherin 7 (PCDH7) in modulating these signaling pathways is investigated for the first time in PCa in the present investigation. METHODS PCDH7 expression was analyzed in CRPC/neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) dataset. Protein expression was assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, and messenger RNA (mRNA) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Small hairpin ribonucleic acid was used to knockdown PCDH7. Colony formation, cell migration, and invasion studies were done using standard protocols. RESULTS PCDH7 amplification/mRNA upregulation was observed in 41% of patients in CRPC/NEPC dataset. PCDH7 was also overexpressed in CRPC cells. Increased PCDH protein expression was observed during tumor progression in PCa tissues and in TRAMP mice. Epidermal growth factor treatment resulted in aberrant activation of ERK/AKT. Knockdown of PCDH7 decreased ERK, AKT, and RB phosphorylation and reduced colony formation, decreased cell invasion, and cell migration. CONCLUSIONS These data show for the first time that PCDH7 is overexpressed in a large number of patients with CRPC and suggest that PCDH7 may be an attractive target in subsets of patients with CRPC for whom there is no cure to-date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Shishodia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Feist Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sweaty Koul
- Feist Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Department of Urology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Hari K Koul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Feist Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
- Overton Brooks Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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23
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of 271 PCDH19-variant individuals identifies psychiatric comorbidities, and association of seizure onset and disease severity. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:241-251. [PMID: 29892053 PMCID: PMC6344372 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy and Mental Retardation Limited to Females (EFMR) is an infantile onset disorder characterized by clusters of seizures. EFMR is due to mutations in the X-chromosome gene PCDH19, and is underpinned by cellular mosaicism due to X-chromosome inactivation in females or somatic mutation in males. This review characterizes the neuropsychiatric profile of this disorder and examines the association of clinical and molecular factors with neuropsychiatric outcomes. Data were extracted from 38 peer-reviewed original articles including 271 individual cases. We found that seizure onset ≤12 months was significantly associated (p = 4.127 × 10-7) with more severe intellectual disability, compared with onset >12 months. We identified two recurrent variants p.Asn340Ser and p.Tyr366Leufs*10 occurring in 25 (20 unrelated) and 30 (11 unrelated) cases, respectively. PCDH19 mutations were associated with psychiatric comorbidities in approximately 60% of females, 80% of affected mosaic males, and reported in nine hemizygous males. Hyperactive, autistic, and obsessive-compulsive features were most frequently reported. There were no genotype-phenotype associations in the individuals with recurrent variants or the group overall. Age at seizure onset can be used to provide more informative prognostic counseling.
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24
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Zhou X, Padanad MS, Evers BM, Smith B, Novaresi N, Suresh S, Richardson JA, Stein E, Zhu J, Hammer RE, O'Donnell KA. Modulation of Mutant KrasG12D -Driven Lung Tumorigenesis In Vivo by Gain or Loss of PCDH7 Function. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:594-603. [PMID: 30409919 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PROTOCADHERIN 7 (PCDH7), a transmembrane receptor and member of the Cadherin superfamily, is frequently overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Although PCDH7 was recently shown to promote transformation and facilitate brain metastasis in lung and breast cancers, decreased PCDH7 expression has also been documented in colorectal, gastric, and invasive bladder cancers. These data suggest context-dependent functions for PCDH7 in distinct tumor types. Given that PCDH7 is a potentially targetable molecule on the surface of cancer cells, further investigation of its role in tumorigenesis in vivo is needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of its inhibition. Here, we report the analysis of novel PCDH7 gain- and loss-of-function mouse models and provide compelling evidence that this cell-surface protein acts as a potent lung cancer driver. Employing a Cre-inducible transgenic allele, we demonstrated that enforced PCDH7 expression significantly accelerates KrasG12D -driven lung tumorigenesis and potentiates MAPK pathway activation. Furthermore, we performed in vivo somatic genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in KrasLSL-G12D ; Tp53fl/fl (KP) mice to assess the consequences of PCDH7 loss of function. Inactivation of PCDH7 in KP mice significantly reduced lung tumor development, prolonged survival, and diminished phospho-activation of ERK1/2. Together, these findings establish a critical oncogenic function for PCDH7 in vivo and highlight the therapeutic potential of PCDH7 inhibition for lung cancer. Moreover, given recent reports of elevated or reduced PCDH7 in distinct tumor types, the new inducible transgenic model described here provides a robust experimental system for broadly elucidating the effects of PCDH7 overexpression in vivo. IMPLICATIONS: In this study, we establish a critical oncogenic function for PCDH7 in vivo using novel mouse models and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and we validate the therapeutic potential of PCDH7 inhibition for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Immunology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Mahesh S Padanad
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bret M Evers
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bethany Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicole Novaresi
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shruthy Suresh
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James A Richardson
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Emily Stein
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jingfei Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathryn A O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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25
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Cao Y, Yu Y, Chen X, Ren F, Zhang R, Jia Y, Ren Z, Sun R, Li J, Shi H. Low Expression of Protocadherin-8 Promotes the Progression of Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 28:346-354. [PMID: 29324532 PMCID: PMC5794251 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second most lethal gynecological cancer among women throughout the world. Protocadherin-8 (PCDH8) could function as a candidate tumor suppressor. However, the link between PCDH8 and OC development is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 68 OC patients were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical information was collected and cancer tissues were used for tissue microarray. The PCDH8 expression was determined on tissue microarray by immunohistochemical staining, and PCDH8 protein was detected in cancer tissues and adjacent tissue by western blotting. Human OC cell lines (SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3) were used to assess the effects of PCDH8 overexpression by western blot and real-time PCR analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay, wound healing migration assay, colony formation assay and invasion assays were performed to assess the influence of PCDH8 on cell function. Cells with Luc-nonspecific Lentiviral or Luc-Lentiviral with PCDH8 gene were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to observe the effect of PCDH8 gene on tumor growth. Bioluminescence imaging was used to observe tumor volume. RESULTS We found a low expression of PCDH8 in OC tissues versus the corresponding adjacent tissue. The PCDH8 expression, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, metastasis and recurrence were the independent prognostic factors for over-all survival by multivariate analyses. Furthermore, the patients with recurrence presented a low level of PCDH8 in OC tissues, and patients with advanced tumor stage also had a low PCDH8 expression. Importantly, the low expression of PCDH8 in OC tissues had a poor prognosis with a low overall survival rate. Overexpression of PCDH8 could inhibit OC cell growth/proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro. In vivo experiments also proved that overexpression of PCDH8 could inhibit OC cell growth/proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Protocadherin-8 might be considered as a candidate tumor suppressor and play a crucial role in the progression of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yu
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Ren
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Sun
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huirong Shi
- *Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, †Department of Infectious Diseases, and ‡Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Peek SL, Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of neural circuit formation by protocadherins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4133-4157. [PMID: 28631008 PMCID: PMC5643215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherins (Pcdhs), which make up the most diverse group within the cadherin superfamily, were first discovered in the early 1990s. Data implicating the Pcdhs, including ~60 proteins encoded by the tandem Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters and another ~10 non-clustered Pcdhs, in the regulation of neural development have continually accumulated, with a significant expansion of the field over the past decade. Here, we review the many roles played by clustered and non-clustered Pcdhs in multiple steps important for the formation and function of neural circuits, including dendrite arborization, axon outgrowth and targeting, synaptogenesis, and synapse elimination. We further discuss studies implicating mutation or epigenetic dysregulation of Pcdh genes in a variety of human neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. With recent structural modeling of Pcdh proteins, the prospects for uncovering molecular mechanisms of Pcdh extracellular and intracellular interactions, and their role in normal and disrupted neural circuit formation, are bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Peek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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27
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Pham DH, Tan CC, Homan CC, Kolc KL, Corbett MA, McAninch D, Fox AH, Thomas PQ, Kumar R, Gecz J. Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) interacts with paraspeckle protein NONO to co-regulate gene expression with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2042-2052. [PMID: 28334947 PMCID: PMC5437529 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo and inherited mutations of X-chromosome cell adhesion molecule protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) cause frequent, highly variable epilepsy, autism, cognitive decline and behavioural problems syndrome. Intriguingly, hemizygous null males are not affected while heterozygous females are, contradicting established X-chromosome inheritance. The disease mechanism is not known. Cellular mosaicism is the likely driver. We have identified p54nrb/NONO, a multifunctional nuclear paraspeckle protein with known roles in nuclear hormone receptor gene regulation, as a PCDH19 protein interacting partner. Using breast cancer cells we show that PCDH19-NONO complex is a positive co-regulator of ERα-mediated gene expression. Expression of mutant PCDH19 affects at least a subset of known ERα-regulated genes. These data are consistent with our findings that genes regulated by nuclear hormone receptors and those involved in the metabolism of neurosteroids in particular are dysregulated in PCDH19-epilepsy girls and affected mosaic males. Overall we define and characterize a novel mechanism of gene regulation driven by PCDH19, which is mediated by paraspeckle constituent NONO and is ERα-dependent. This PCDH19-NONO-ERα axis is of relevance not only to PCDH19-epilepsy and its comorbidities but likely also to ERα and generally nuclear hormone receptor-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen H. Pham
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Chuan C. Tan
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Claire C. Homan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Kristy L. Kolc
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Mark A. Corbett
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Dale McAninch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Archa H. Fox
- School of Human Sciences and School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009 and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul Q. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +61 883133245; Fax: +61 881617342;
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28
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Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of Wnt signaling by protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:158-171. [PMID: 28774578 PMCID: PMC5586504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ∼70 protocadherins comprise the largest group within the cadherin superfamily. Their diversity, the complexity of the mechanisms through which their genes are regulated, and their many critical functions in nervous system development have engendered a growing interest in elucidating the intracellular signaling pathways through which they act. Recently, multiple protocadherins across several subfamilies have been implicated as modulators of Wnt signaling pathways, and through this as potential tumor suppressors. Here, we review the extant data on the regulation by protocadherins of Wnt signaling pathways and components, and highlight some key unanswered questions that could shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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29
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A chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication causes hyperactivity through dysregulation of miR-484/protocadherin-19 signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:364-374. [PMID: 27378146 PMCID: PMC5322274 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication is a risk factor associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, developmental delay and autistic spectrum disorder. The underlying molecular mechanism of this genetic variation remained unknown, but its core genetic locus-conserved across mice and humans-contains seven genes. Here, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice carrying a human 16p13.11 locus, and these mice showed the behavioral hyperactivity phenotype. We identified miR-484 as the responsible gene using a combination of expression and functional analyses. Mature miR-484 was expressed during active cortical neurogenesis, and overexpression of miR-484 decreased proliferation and increased neural progenitor differentiation in vivo. Luciferase screening identified the 3'-untranslated region of protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) as a target of miR-484. The effect of miR-484 on neurogenesis was rescued by ectopic PCDH19 expression. These results demonstrate that miR-484 promotes neurogenesis by inhibiting PCDH19. Dysregulation of neurogenesis by imbalanced miR-484/PCDH19 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome.
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30
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Zhou X, Updegraff BL, Guo Y, Peyton M, Girard L, Larsen JE, Xie XJ, Zhou Y, Hwang TH, Xie Y, Rodriguez-Canales J, Villalobos P, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Minna JD, O'Donnell KA. PROTOCADHERIN 7 Acts through SET and PP2A to Potentiate MAPK Signaling by EGFR and KRAS during Lung Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2016; 77:187-197. [PMID: 27821484 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1267-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Given the efficacy of membrane proteins as therapeutic targets in human malignancies, we examined cell-surface receptors that may act as drivers of lung tumorigenesis. Here, we report that the PROTOCADHERIN PCDH7 is overexpressed frequently in NSCLC tumors where this event is associated with poor clinical outcome. PCDH7 overexpression synergized with EGFR and KRAS to induce MAPK signaling and tumorigenesis. Conversely, PCDH7 depletion suppressed ERK activation, sensitized cells to MEK inhibitors, and reduced tumor growth. PCDH7 potentiated ERK signaling by facilitating interaction of protein phosphatase PP2A with its potent inhibitor, the SET oncoprotein. By establishing an oncogenic role for PCDH7 in lung tumorigenesis, our results provide a rationale to develop novel PCDH7 targeting therapies that act at the cell surface of NSCLC cells to compromise their growth. Cancer Res; 77(1); 187-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Immunology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Barrett L Updegraff
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yabin Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jill E Larsen
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Department of Clinical Science, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Science, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tae Hyun Hwang
- Department of Clinical Science, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Clinical Science, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathryn A O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Ronchi CL, Di Dalmazi G, Faillot S, Sbiera S, Assié G, Weigand I, Calebiro D, Schwarzmayr T, Appenzeller S, Rubin B, Waldmann J, Scaroni C, Bartsch DK, Mantero F, Mannelli M, Kastelan D, Chiodini I, Bertherat J, Reincke M, Strom TM, Fassnacht M, Beuschlein F. Genetic Landscape of Sporadic Unilateral Adrenocortical Adenomas Without PRKACA p.Leu206Arg Mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3526-38. [PMID: 27389594 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs) are among the most frequent human neoplasias. Genetic alterations affecting the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway are common in cortisol-producing ACAs, whereas activating mutations in the gene encoding β-catenin (CTNNB1) have been reported in a subset of both benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors. However, the molecular pathogenesis of most ACAs is still largely unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to define the genetic landscape of sporadic unilateral ACAs. DESIGN AND SETTING Next-generation whole-exome sequencing was performed on fresh-frozen tumor samples and corresponding normal tissue samples. PATIENTS Ninety-nine patients with ACAs (74 cortisol-producing and 25 endocrine inactive) negative for p.Leu206Arg PRKACA mutation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Identification of known and/or new genetic alterations potentially involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis and autonomous hormone secretion, genotype-phenotype correlation. RESULTS A total of 706 somatic protein-altering mutations were detected in 88 of 99 tumors (median, six per tumor). We identified several mutations in genes of the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, including three novel mutations in PRKACA, associated with female sex and Cushing's syndrome. We also found genetic alterations in different genes involved in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, associated with larger tumors and endocrine inactivity, and notably, in many genes of the Ca(2+)-signaling pathway. Finally, by comparison of our genetic data with those available in the literature, we describe a comprehensive genetic landscape of unilateral ACAs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the largest sequencing effort on ACAs to date. We thereby identified somatic alterations affecting known and novel pathways potentially involved in adrenal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Ronchi
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Faillot
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Rubin
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waldmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Detlef K Bartsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franco Mantero
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Darko Kastelan
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Bertherat
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I (C.L.R., I.W., M.F.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV (G.D.D., M.R., F.B.), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, 80337 Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (S.S., S.A., M.F.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016 (S.F., G.A., J.B.), CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (S.F., G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center (D.C.), University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (T.S., T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Core Unit System Medicine University of Wuerzburg (S.A.), 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (B.R., C.S., F.M.), University Hospital of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery (J.W., D.K.B.), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Endocrinology Unit (M.M.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (D.K.), University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (I.C.), Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technische Universität Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; and Central Laboratory (M.F.), Research Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Shan M, Su Y, Kang W, Gao R, Li X, Zhang G. Aberrant expression and functions of protocadherins in human malignant tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12969-12981. [PMID: 27449047 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) are a group of transmembrane proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily and are subdivided into "clustered" and "non-clustered" groups. PCDHs vary in both structure and interaction partners and thus regulate multiple biological responses in complex and versatile patterns. Previous researches showed that PCDHs regulated the development of brain and were involved in some neuronal diseases. Recently, studies have revealed aberrant expression of PCDHs in various human malignant tumors. The down-regulation or absence of PCDHs in malignant cells has been associated with cancer progression. Further researches suggest that PCDHs may play major functions as tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the altered expression of PCDHs and their roles in the development of cancer progression. We also discuss the potential mechanisms, by which PCDHs are aberrantly expressed, and its implications in regulating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Kang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Hei Longjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixin Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Willis SN, Stathopoulos P, Chastre A, Compton SD, Hafler DA, O'Connor KC. Investigating the Antigen Specificity of Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System-Derived Immunoglobulins. Front Immunol 2015; 6:600. [PMID: 26648933 PMCID: PMC4663633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is the site where disease pathology is evident. Damaged CNS tissue is commonly associated with immune cell infiltration. This infiltrate often includes B cells that are found in multiple locations throughout the CNS, including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), parenchyma, and the meninges, frequently forming tertiary lymphoid structures in the latter. Several groups, including our own, have shown that B cells from distinct locations within the MS CNS are clonally related and display the characteristics of an antigen-driven response. However, the antigen(s) driving this response have yet to be conclusively defined. To explore the antigen specificity of the MS B cell response, we produced recombinant human immunoglobulin (rIgG) from a series of expanded B cell clones that we isolated from the CNS tissue of six MS brains. The specificity of these MS-derived rIgG and control rIgG derived from non-MS tissues was then examined using multiple methodologies that included testing individual candidate antigens, screening with high-throughput antigen arrays and evaluating binding to CNS-derived cell lines. We report that while several MS-derived rIgG recognized particular antigens, including neurofilament light and a protocadherin isoform, none were unique to MS, as non-MS-derived rIgG used as controls invariably displayed similar binding specificities. We conclude that while MS CNS resident B cells display the characteristics of an antigen-driven B cell response, the antigen(s) driving this response remain at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Willis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Anne Chastre
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Shannon D Compton
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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Bruining H, Matsui A, Oguro-Ando A, Kahn RS, Van't Spijker HM, Akkermans G, Stiedl O, van Engeland H, Koopmans B, van Lith HA, Oppelaar H, Tieland L, Nonkes LJ, Yagi T, Kaneko R, Burbach JPH, Yamamoto N, Kas MJ. Genetic Mapping in Mice Reveals the Involvement of Pcdh9 in Long-Term Social and Object Recognition and Sensorimotor Development. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:485-95. [PMID: 25802080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative genetic analysis of basic mouse behaviors is a powerful tool to identify novel genetic phenotypes contributing to neurobehavioral disorders. Here, we analyzed genetic contributions to single-trial, long-term social and nonsocial recognition and subsequently studied the functional impact of an identified candidate gene on behavioral development. METHODS Genetic mapping of single-trial social recognition was performed in chromosome substitution strains, a sophisticated tool for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) of complex traits. Follow-up occurred by generating and testing knockout (KO) mice of a selected QTL candidate gene. Functional characterization of these mice was performed through behavioral and neurological assessments across developmental stages and analyses of gene expression and brain morphology. RESULTS Chromosome substitution strain 14 mapping studies revealed an overlapping QTL related to long-term social and object recognition harboring Pcdh9, a cell-adhesion gene previously associated with autism spectrum disorder. Specific long-term social and object recognition deficits were confirmed in homozygous (KO) Pcdh9-deficient mice, while heterozygous mice only showed long-term social recognition impairment. The recognition deficits in KO mice were not associated with alterations in perception, multi-trial discrimination learning, sociability, behavioral flexibility, or fear memory. Rather, KO mice showed additional impairments in sensorimotor development reflected by early touch-evoked biting, rotarod performance, and sensory gating deficits. This profile emerged with structural changes in deep layers of sensory cortices, where Pcdh9 is selectively expressed. CONCLUSIONS This behavior-to-gene study implicates Pcdh9 in cognitive functions required for long-term social and nonsocial recognition. This role is supported by the involvement of Pcdh9 in sensory cortex development and sensorimotor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilgo Bruining
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Asuka Matsui
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen M Van't Spijker
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Akkermans
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stiedl
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Herman van Engeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hein A van Lith
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Program Emotion and Cognition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Oppelaar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Tieland
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens J Nonkes
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Martien J Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Keeler AB, Molumby MJ, Weiner JA. Protocadherins branch out: Multiple roles in dendrite development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:214-26. [PMID: 25869446 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2014.1000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper formation of dendritic arbors is a critical step in neural circuit formation, and as such defects in arborization are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among the best gene candidates are those encoding cell adhesion molecules, including members of the diverse cadherin superfamily characterized by distinctive, repeated adhesive domains in their extracellular regions. Protocadherins (Pcdhs) make up the largest group within this superfamily, encompassing over 80 genes, including the ∼60 genes of the α-, β-, and γ-Pcdh gene clusters and the non-clustered δ-Pcdh genes. An additional group includes the atypical cadherin genes encoding the giant Fat and Dachsous proteins and the 7-transmembrane cadherins. In this review we highlight the many roles that Pcdhs and atypical cadherins have been demonstrated to play in dendritogenesis, dendrite arborization, and dendritic spine regulation. Together, the published studies we discuss implicate these members of the cadherin superfamily as key regulators of dendrite development and function, and as potential therapeutic targets for future interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Key Words
- CNR, Cadherin related neuronal receptor
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
- Celsr, Cadherin EGF LAG 7-pass G-type receptor 1
- DSCAM, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- Dnmt3b, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 β
- Ds, Dachsous
- EC, extracellular cadherin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FMRP, Fragile X mental retardation protein
- Fj, Four jointed
- Fjx1, Four jointed box 1
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- Gogo, Golden Goal
- LIM domain, Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3 domain
- MARCKS, Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF2, Myocyte enhancer factor 2
- MEK3, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PSD, Post-synaptic density
- PYK2, Protein tyrosine kinase 2
- Pcdh
- Pcdh, Protocadherin
- RGC, Retinal ganglion cell
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- S2 cells, Schneider 2 cells
- SAC, starburst amacrine cell
- TAF1, Template-activating factor 1
- TAO2β, Thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 β
- TM, transmembrane
- arborization
- atypical cadherin
- branching
- cadherin superfamily
- cell adhesion
- da neuron, dendritic arborization neuron
- dendritic
- dendritic spine
- dendritogenesis
- fmi, Flamingo
- md neuron, multiple dendrite neuron
- neural circuit formation
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- self avoidance
- synaptogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- a Department of Biology ; Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Abstract
The arrival of multicellularity in evolution facilitated cell-cell signaling in conjunction with adhesion. As the ectodomains of cadherins interact with each other directly in trans (as well as in cis), spanning the plasma membrane and associating with multiple other entities, cadherins enable the transduction of "outside-in" or "inside-out" signals. We focus this review on signals that originate from the larger family of cadherins that are inwardly directed to the nucleus, and thus have roles in gene control or nuclear structure-function. The nature of cadherin complexes varies considerably depending on the type of cadherin and its context, and we will address some of these variables for classical cadherins versus other family members. Substantial but still fragmentary progress has been made in understanding the signaling mediators used by varied cadherin complexes to coordinate the state of cell-cell adhesion with gene expression. Evidence that cadherin intracellular binding partners also localize to the nucleus is a major point of interest. In some models, catenins show reduced binding to cadherin cytoplasmic tails favoring their engagement in gene control. When bound, cadherins may serve as stoichiometric competitors of nuclear signals. Cadherins also directly or indirectly affect numerous signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, receptor tyrosine kinase, Hippo, NFκB, and JAK/STAT), enabling cell-cell contacts to touch upon multiple biological outcomes in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Program in Genes & Development, Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Meghan T Maher
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Abstract
Loss of cadherin 1 (CDH1; also known as epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin)) is used for the diagnosis and prognosis of epithelial cancers. However, it should not be ignored that the superfamily of transmembrane cadherin proteins encompasses more than 100 members in humans, including other classical cadherins, numerous protocadherins and cadherin-related proteins. Elucidation of their roles in suppression versus initiation or progression of various tumour types is a young but fascinating field of molecular cancer research. These cadherins are very diverse in both structure and function, and their mutual interactions seem to influence biological responses in complex and versatile ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.The Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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