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Yusuf IH, Burgoyne T, Salman A, McClements ME, MacLaren RE, Charbel Issa P. Rescue of cone and rod photoreceptor function in a CDHR1-model of age-related retinal degeneration. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1445-1460. [PMID: 38504520 PMCID: PMC11081940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of untreatable blindness in the developed world. Recently, CDHR1 has been identified as the cause of a subset of AMD that has the appearance of the "dry" form, or geographic atrophy. Biallelic variants in CDHR1-a specialized protocadherin highly expressed in cone and rod photoreceptors-result in blindness from shortened photoreceptor outer segments and progressive photoreceptor cell death. Here we demonstrate long-term morphological, ultrastructural, functional, and behavioral rescue following CDHR1 gene therapy in a relevant murine model, sustained to 23-months after injection. This represents the first demonstration of rescue of a monogenic cadherinopathy in vivo. Moreover, the durability of CDHR1 gene therapy seems to be near complete-with morphological findings of the rescued retina not obviously different from wildtype throughout the lifespan of the mouse model. A follow-on clinical trial in patients with CDHR1-associated retinal degeneration is warranted. Hypomorphic CDHR1 variants may mimic advanced dry AMD. Accurate clinical classification is now critical, as their pathogenesis and treatment are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H Yusuf
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ahmed Salman
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michelle E McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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2
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Su M, Xuan E, Sun X, Pan G, Li D, Zheng H, Zhang YW, Li Y. Synaptic adhesion molecule protocadherin-γC5 mediates β-amyloid-induced neuronal hyperactivity and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38308496 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal hyperactivity induced by β-amyloid (Aβ) is an early pathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive decline in AD progression. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we revealed that Aβ increased the expression level of synaptic adhesion molecule protocadherin-γC5 (Pcdh-γC5) in a Ca2+ -dependent manner, associated with aberrant elevation of synapses in both Aβ-treated neurons in vitro and the cortex of APP/PS1 mice in vivo. By using Pcdhgc5 gene knockout mice, we demonstrated the critical function of Pcdh-γC5 in regulating neuronal synapse formation, synaptic transmission, and cognition. To further investigate the role of Pcdh-γC5 in AD pathogenesis, the aberrantly enhanced expression of Pcdh-γC5 in the brain of APP/PS1 mice was knocked down by shRNA. Downregulation of Pcdh-γC5 efficiently rescued neuronal hyperactivity and impaired cognition in APP/PS1 mice. Our findings revealed the pathophysiological role of Pcdh-γC5 in mediating Aβ-induced neuronal hyperactivity and cognitive deficits in AD and identified a novel mechanism underlying AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Erying Xuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangyi Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gaojie Pan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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3
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Hindges R, Lele Z. Editorial: Cell adhesion molecules in neural development and disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1112300. [PMID: 36704004 PMCID: PMC9872133 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Robert Hindges ✉
| | - Zsolt Lele
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,Zsolt Lele ✉
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4
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Gerosa L, Mazzoleni S, Rusconi F, Longaretti A, Lewerissa E, Pelucchi S, Murru L, Giannelli SG, Broccoli V, Marcello E, Kasri NN, Battaglioli E, Passafaro M, Bassani S. The epilepsy-associated protein PCDH19 undergoes NMDA receptor-dependent proteolytic cleavage and regulates the expression of immediate-early genes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110857. [PMID: 35613587 PMCID: PMC9152703 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) is a synaptic cell-adhesion molecule encoded by X-linked PCDH19, a gene linked with epilepsy. Here, we report a synapse-to-nucleus signaling pathway through which PCDH19 bridges neuronal activity with gene expression. In particular, we describe the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent proteolytic cleavage of PCDH19, which leads to the generation of a PCDH19 C-terminal fragment (CTF) able to enter the nucleus. We demonstrate that PCDH19 CTF associates with chromatin and with the chromatin remodeler lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and regulates expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs). Our results are consistent with a model whereby PCDH19 favors maintenance of neuronal homeostasis via negative feedback regulation of IEG expression and provide a key to interpreting PCDH19-related hyperexcitability. PCDH19 undergoes NMDAR-dependent cleavage by ADAM10 and possibly gamma secretase In the nucleus, PCDH19 C-terminal fragment (CTF) associates with the chromatin remodeler LSD1 PCDH19 CTF favors immediate-early gene (IEG) repression PCDH19 downregulation affects LSD1 splicing by NOVA1 and increases IEG expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gerosa
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzoleni
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Rusconi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longaretti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Elly Lewerissa
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Gea Giannelli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Battaglioli
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Bassani
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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5
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Williams DL, Sikora VM, Hammer MA, Amin S, Brinjikji T, Brumley EK, Burrows CJ, Carrillo PM, Cromer K, Edwards SJ, Emri O, Fergle D, Jenkins MJ, Kaushik K, Maydan DD, Woodard W, Clowney EJ. May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:720798. [PMID: 35087825 PMCID: PMC8787164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the information in the genome program the functions of the wide variety of cells in the body? While the development of biological organisms appears to follow an explicit set of genomic instructions to generate the same outcome each time, many biological mechanisms harness molecular noise to produce variable outcomes. Non-deterministic variation is frequently observed in the diversification of cell surface molecules that give cells their functional properties, and is observed across eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protozoans to mammals. This is particularly evident in immune systems, where random recombination produces millions of antibodies from only a few genes; in nervous systems, where stochastic mechanisms vary the sensory receptors and synaptic matching molecules produced by different neurons; and in microbial antigenic variation. These systems employ overlapping molecular strategies including allelic exclusion, gene silencing by constitutive heterochromatin, targeted double-strand breaks, and competition for limiting enhancers. Here, we describe and compare five stochastic molecular mechanisms that produce variety in pathogen coat proteins and in the cell surface receptors of animal immune and neuronal cells, with an emphasis on the utility of non-deterministic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnell L. Williams
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Veronica Maria Sikora
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Max A. Hammer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sayali Amin
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Taema Brinjikji
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily K. Brumley
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Connor J. Burrows
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paola Michelle Carrillo
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kirin Cromer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Summer J. Edwards
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Olivia Emri
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Fergle
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M. Jamal Jenkins
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishangi Kaushik
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniella D. Maydan
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wrenn Woodard
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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6
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Hudson JD, Tamilselvan E, Sotomayor M, Cooper SR. A complete Protocadherin-19 ectodomain model for evaluating epilepsy-causing mutations and potential protein interaction sites. Structure 2021; 29:1128-1143.e4. [PMID: 34520737 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin superfamily members play a critical role in differential adhesion during neurodevelopment, and their disruption has been linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in protocadherin-19 (PCDH19), a member of the δ-protocadherin subfamily of cadherins, cause a unique form of epilepsy called PCDH19 clustering epilepsy. While PCDH19 and other non-clustered δ-protocadherins form multimers with other members of the cadherin superfamily to alter adhesiveness, the specific protein surfaces responsible for these interactions are unknown. Only portions of the PCDH19 extracellular domain structure had been solved previously. Here, we present a structure of the missing segment from zebrafish Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) and create a complete ectodomain model. This model shows the structural environment for 97% of disease-causing missense mutations and reveals two potential surfaces for intermolecular interactions that could modify Pcdh19's adhesive strength and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hudson
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
| | - Elakkiya Tamilselvan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA.
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Zheng J, Suo L, Zhou Y, Jia L, Li J, Kuang Y, Cui D, Zhang X, Wu Q. Pyk2 suppresses contextual fear memory in an autophosphorylation-independent manner. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:808-821. [PMID: 34529077 PMCID: PMC8782590 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a large family of cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins that are central for neurite self-avoidance and neuronal connectivity in the brain. Their downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 (proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, also known as Ptk2b, Cakb, Raftk, Fak2, and Cadtk) is predominantly expressed in the hippocampus. We constructed Pyk2 null mouse lines and found that these mutant mice showed enhancement in contextual fear memory, without any change in auditory-cued and spatial-referenced learning and memory. In addition, by preparing Y402F mutant mice, we observed that Pyk2 suppressed contextual fear memory in an autophosphorylation-independent manner. Moreover, using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we found that immediate early genes, such as Npas4, cFos, Zif268/Egr1, Arc, and Nr4a1, were enhanced in Pyk2 null mice. We further showed that Pyk2 disruption affected pyramidal neuronal complexity and spine dynamics. Thus, we demonstrated that Pyk2 is a novel fear memory suppressor molecule and Pyk2 null mice provide a model for understanding fear-related disorders. These findings have interesting implications regarding dysregulation of the Pcdh‒Pyk2 axis in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zheng
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun Suo
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhou
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, China
| | - Liling Jia
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, China
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8
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de Nys R, Kumar R, Gecz J. Protocadherin 19 Clustering Epilepsy and Neurosteroids: Opportunities for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9769. [PMID: 34575929 PMCID: PMC8469663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids yield great influence on neurological development through nuclear hormone receptor (NHR)-mediated gene regulation. We recently reported that cell adhesion molecule protocadherin 19 (encoded by the PCDH19 gene) is involved in the coregulation of steroid receptor activity on gene expression. PCDH19 variants cause early-onset developmental epileptic encephalopathy clustering epilepsy (CE), with altered steroidogenesis and NHR-related gene expression being identified in these individuals. The implication of hormonal pathways in CE pathogenesis has led to the investigation of various steroid-based antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of this disorder, with mixed results so far. Therefore, there are many unmet challenges in assessing the antiseizure targets and efficiency of steroid-based therapeutics for CE. We review and assess the evidence for and against the implication of neurosteroids in the pathogenesis of CE and in view of their possible clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah de Nys
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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9
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Teekakirikul P, Zhu W, Gabriel GC, Young CB, Williams K, Martin LJ, Hill JC, Richards T, Billaud M, Phillippi JA, Wang J, Wu Y, Tan T, Devine W, Lin JH, Bais AS, Klonowski J, de Bellaing AM, Saini A, Wang MX, Emerel L, Salamacha N, Wyman SK, Lee C, Li HS, Miron A, Zhang J, Xing J, McNamara DM, Fung E, Kirshbom P, Mahle W, Kochilas LK, He Y, Garg V, White P, McBride KL, Benson DW, Gleason TG, Mital S, Lo CW. Common deletion variants causing protocadherin-α deficiency contribute to the complex genetics of BAV and left-sided congenital heart disease. HGG Adv 2021; 2:100037. [PMID: 34888534 PMCID: PMC8653519 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) with ~1%-2% prevalence is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD). It frequently results in valve disease and aorta dilation and is a major cause of adult cardiac surgery. BAV is genetically linked to rare left-heart obstructions (left ventricular outflow tract obstructions [LVOTOs]), including hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and coarctation of the aorta (CoA). Mouse and human studies indicate LVOTO is genetically heterogeneous with a complex genetic etiology. Homozygous mutation in the Pcdha protocadherin gene cluster in mice can cause BAV, and also HLHS and other LVOTO phenotypes when accompanied by a second mutation. Here we show two common deletion copy number variants (delCNVs) within the PCDHA gene cluster are associated with LVOTO. Analysis of 1,218 white individuals with LVOTO versus 463 disease-free local control individuals yielded odds ratios (ORs) at 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.92; p = 4.2 × 10-3) for LVOTO, 1.47 (95% CI, 1.10-1.97; p = 0.01) for BAV, 6.13 (95% CI, 2.75-13.7; p = 9.7 × 10-6) for CoA, and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.07-2.08; p = 0.019) for HLHS. Increased OR was observed for all LVOTO phenotypes in homozygous or compound heterozygous PCDHA delCNV genotype comparison versus wild type. Analysis of an independent white cohort (381 affected individuals, 1,352 control individuals) replicated the PCDHA delCNV association with LVOTO. Generalizability of these findings is suggested by similar observations in Black and Chinese individuals with LVOTO. Analysis of Pcdha mutant mice showed reduced PCDHA expression at regions of cell-cell contact in aortic smooth muscle and cushion mesenchyme, suggesting potential mechanisms for BAV pathogenesis and aortopathy. Together, these findings indicate common variants causing PCDHA deficiency play a significant role in the genetic etiology of common and rare LVOTO-CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polakit Teekakirikul
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George C. Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cullen B. Young
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kylia Williams
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Hill
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tara Richards
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marie Billaud
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie A. Phillippi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijen Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tuantuan Tan
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Devine
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiuann-huey Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abha S. Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Klonowski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne Moreau de Bellaing
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker-Sick Children Hospital and University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ankur Saini
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael X. Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonid Emerel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Center for Vascular Remodeling and Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Salamacha
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel K. Wyman
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carrie Lee
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung Sing Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anastasia Miron
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianhua Xing
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis M. McNamara
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erik Fung
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Heart Failure and Circulation Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, CARE Programme, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, and Gerald Choa Cardiac Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kirshbom
- Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - William Mahle
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lazaros K. Kochilas
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yihua He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kim L. McBride
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D. Woodrow Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thomas G. Gleason
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seema Mital
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Weck ML, Crawley SW, Tyska MJ. A heterologous in-cell assay for investigating intermicrovillar adhesion complex interactions reveals a novel protrusion length-matching mechanism. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16191-16206. [PMID: 33051206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute transporting epithelial cells build arrays of microvilli on their apical surface to increase membrane scaffolding capacity and enhance function potential. In epithelial tissues such as the kidney and gut, microvilli are length-matched and assembled into tightly packed "brush borders," which are organized by ∼50-nm thread-like links that form between the distal tips of adjacent protrusions. Composed of protocadherins CDHR2 and CDHR5, adhesion links are stabilized at the tips by a cytoplasmic tripartite module containing the scaffolds USH1C and ANKS4B and the actin-based motor MYO7B. Because several questions about the formation and function of this "intermicrovillar adhesion complex" remain open, we devised a system that allows one to study individual binary interactions between specific complex components and MYO7B. Our approach employs a chimeric myosin consisting of the MYO10 motor domain fused to the MYO7B cargo-binding tail domain. When expressed in HeLa cells, which do not normally produce adhesion complex proteins, this chimera trafficked to the tips of filopodia and was also able to transport individual complex components to these sites. Unexpectedly, the MYO10-MYO7B chimera was able to deliver CDHR2 and CDHR5 to distal tips in the absence of USH1C or ANKS4B. Cells engineered to localize high levels of CDHR2 at filopodial tips acquired interfilopodial adhesion and exhibited a striking dynamic length-matching activity that aligned distal tips over time. These findings deepen our understanding of mechanisms that promote the distal tip accumulation of intermicrovillar adhesion complex components and also offer insight on how epithelial cells minimize microvillar length variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Scott W Crawley
- Department of Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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11
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Emond MR, Biswas S, Morrow ML, Jontes JD. Proximity-dependent Proteomics Reveals Extensive Interactions of Protocadherin-19 with Regulators of Rho GTPases and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton. Neuroscience 2020; 452:26-36. [PMID: 33010346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherin-19 belongs to the cadherin family of cell surface receptors and has been shown to play essential roles in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Mutations in human Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) lead to PCDH19 Female-limited epilepsy (PCDH19 FLE) in humans, characterized by the early onset of epileptic seizures in children and a range of cognitive and behavioral problems in adults. Despite being considered the second most prevalent gene in epilepsy, very little is known about the intercellular pathways in which it participates. In order to characterize the protein complexes within which Pcdh19 functions, we generated Pcdh19-BioID fusion proteins and utilized proximity-dependent biotinylation to identify neighboring proteins. Proteomic identification and analysis revealed that the Pcdh19 interactome is enriched in proteins that regulate Rho family GTPases, microtubule binding proteins and proteins that regulate cell divisions. We cloned the centrosomal protein Nedd1 and the RacGEF Dock7 and verified their interactions with Pcdh19 in vitro. Our findings provide the first comprehensive insights into the interactome of Pcdh19, and provide a platform for future investigations into the cellular and molecular biology of this protein critical to the proper development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Emond
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, United States
| | | | - Matthew L Morrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, United States.
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12
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Wu Y, Jia Z, Ge X, Wu Q. Three-dimensional genome architectural CCCTC-binding factor makes choice in duplicated enhancers at Pcdhα locus. Sci China Life Sci 2020; 63:835-44. [PMID: 32249388 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development, gene expression is spatiotemporally regulated by long-distance chromatin interactions between distal enhancers and target promoters. However, how specificity of the interactions between enhancers and promoters is achieved remains largely unknown. As there are far more enhancers than promoters in mammalian genomes, the complexities of enhancer choice during gene regulation remain obscure. CTCF, the CCCTC-binding factor that directionally binds to a vast range of genomic sites known as CBSs (CTCF-binding sites), mediates oriented chromatin looping between a substantial set of distal enhancers and target promoters. To investigate mechanisms by which CTCF engages in enhancer choice, we used CRISPR/Cas9-based DNA-fragment editing to duplicate CBS-containing enhancers and promoters in the native genomic locus of the clustered Pcdhα genes. We found that the promoter is regulated by the proximal one among duplicated enhancers and that this choice is dependent on CTCF-mediated directional enhancer-promoter looping. In addition, gene expression is unaltered upon the switch of enhancers. Moreover, after promoter duplication, only the proximal promoter is chosen by CTCF-mediated directional chromatin looping to contact with the distal enhancer. Finally, we demonstrated that both enhancer activation and chromatin looping with the promoter are essential for gene expression. These findings have important implications regarding the role of CTCF in specific interactions between enhancers and promoters as well as developmental regulation of gene expression by enhancer switching.
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13
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Meenderink LM, Gaeta IM, Postema MM, Cencer CS, Chinowsky CR, Krystofiak ES, Millis BA, Tyska MJ. Actin Dynamics Drive Microvillar Motility and Clustering during Brush Border Assembly. Dev Cell 2019; 50:545-556.e4. [PMID: 31378589 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells generate arrays of microvilli, known as a brush border, to enhance functional capacity. To understand brush border formation, we used live cell imaging to visualize apical remodeling early in this process. Strikingly, we found that individual microvilli exhibit persistent active motility, translocating across the cell surface at ∼0.2 μm/min. Perturbation with inhibitors and photokinetic experiments revealed that microvillar motility is driven by actin assembly at the barbed ends of core bundles, which in turn is linked to robust treadmilling of these structures. Actin regulatory factors IRTKS and EPS8 localize to the barbed ends of motile microvilli, where they control the kinetics and nature of movement. As the apical surface of differentiating epithelial cells is crowded with nascent microvilli, persistent motility promotes collisions between protrusions and ultimately clustering and consolidation into higher-order arrays. Thus, microvillar motility represents a previously unrecognized driving force for apical surface remodeling and maturation during epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Meenderink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isabella M Gaeta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Meagan M Postema
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caroline S Cencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colbie R Chinowsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan A Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Murani E, Trakooljul N, Hadlich F, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K. Transcriptome Responses to Dexamethasone Depending on Dose and Glucocorticoid Receptor Sensitivity in the Liver. Front Genet 2019; 10:559. [PMID: 31249595 PMCID: PMC6582245 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids is a key factor dictating outcome of their homeostatic and therapeutic action, whereby liver represents one of the major peripheral targets. Here, we used pigs carrying a natural gain-of-function glucocorticoid receptor (GR) variant Ala610Val (GRAla610Val) as a model to identify genes and pathways related to differential glucocorticoid sensitivity. Animals with different GRAla610Val genotypes were treated either with saline or two different doses of dexamethasone. Genome-wide transcriptional responses depending on treatment, genotype, and their interaction in the liver were investigated using mRNA sequencing. Dexamethasone induced vast transcriptional responses, with more than 30% of present genes being affected. Functional annotation of genes differentially expressed due to dexamethasone treatment suggested that genes related to inflammation respond more sensitively, despite absence of an immune stimulus. In contrast, genes involved in glucose metabolism and cancer appeared to be less sensitive. Analysis of genotype and genotype × treatment interaction revealed that clustered protocadherins, particularly PCDHB7, are most prominently affected by GRAla610Val, mainly depending on dose. GRAla610Val influenced also expression of a set of glucose metabolism related genes, including PPARGC1A and CEBPB, in the absence of dexamethasone though no differences in basal plasma glucose level were observed. This might represent an adaptive response, keeping balance between receptor sensitivity, and level of circulating endogenous glucocorticoids. Administration of low dexamethasone dose changed their expression pattern and induced higher glucose response in carriers of the hypersensitive Val receptor. Our findings suggest that GRAla610Val modulates tissue responses to glucocorticoids dynamically, depending on their circulating level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Murani
- Institute for Genome Biology - Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute for Genome Biology - Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute for Genome Biology - Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute for Genome Biology - Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute for Genome Biology - Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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15
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Ting CH, Lee KY, Wu SM, Feng PH, Chan YF, Chen YC, Chen JY. FOSB⁻PCDHB13 Axis Disrupts the Microtubule Network in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E107. [PMID: 30658436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is among the leading causes of human mortality. One reason for high rates of NSCLC mortality is that drug resistance is a major problem for both conventional chemotherapies and less-toxic targeted therapies. Thus, novel mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis may benefit the development of urgently needed therapies. Here we show that FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FOSB) was induced by an antimicrobial peptide, tilapia piscidin-4 (TP4), through the dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in NSCLC cells. Transcriptomic, chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR, and immunocytochemical studies reveal that protocadherin-β13 (PCDHB13) as a target of FOSB that was functionally associated with microtubule. Overexpression of either PCDHB13 or FOSB attenuated NSCLC growth and survival in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, downregulation of both FOSB and PCDHB13 was observed in NSCLC patients and was negatively correlated with pathological grade. These findings introduce the FOSB⁻PCDHB13 axis as a novel tumor suppressive pathway in NSCLC.
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16
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Peng X, Emiliani F, Smallwood PM, Rattner A, Lei H, Sabbagh MF, Nathans J. Affinity capture of polyribosomes followed by RNAseq (ACAPseq), a discovery platform for protein-protein interactions. eLife 2018; 7:40982. [PMID: 30345971 PMCID: PMC6197854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is central to the biological sciences. Here, we present a novel platform - Affinity Capture of Polyribosomes followed by RNA sequencing (ACAPseq) - for identifying PPIs. ACAPseq harnesses the power of massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to quantify the enrichment of polyribosomes based on the affinity of their associated nascent polypeptides for an immobilized protein 'bait'. This method was developed and tested using neonatal mouse brain polyribosomes and a variety of extracellular domains as baits. Of 92 baits tested, 25 identified one or more binding partners that appear to be biologically relevant; additional candidate partners remain to be validated. ACAPseq can detect binding to targets that are present at less than 1 part in 100,000 in the starting polyribosome preparation. One of the observed PPIs was analyzed in detail, revealing the mode of homophilic binding for Protocadherin-9 (PCDH9), a non-clustered Protocadherin family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Francesco Emiliani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mark F Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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17
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Baranova I, Kovarikova H, Laco J, Dvorak O, Sedlakova I, Palicka V, Chmelarova M. Aberrant methylation of PCDH17 gene in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 23:125-133. [PMID: 29991130 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant DNA methylation of protocadherins (PCDHs) has been associated with development and progression of various types of cancer. It could represent possible direction in the search for critically needed tumor biomarkers for ovarian cancer. OBJECTIVE To investigate methylation of δ2 group of non-clustered PCDHs in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) tissue in comparison with control tissue. METHODS We used next-generation sequencing for detecting regions with the most altered methylation. For further confirmation of discovered alterations we used methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis. RESULTS PCDH17 methylation was detected in almost 70% of HGSOC patients without any methylation in the group of control samples and was found both in the late stage tumors as well as in the early stage ones. Other selected PCDHs did not show any relevant changes in methylation. Subsequent gene expression analysis of PCDH17 revealed decreased expression in all of the tumor samples in comparison to the control ones. Statistically significant negative correlation was found between methylation and levels of expression suggesting potentially methylation-based silencing. CONCLUSIONS Methylation of PCDH17 could play an important role in development and progression of HGSOC and has potential to become a target in the search for new clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Baranova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kovarikova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laco
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Dvorak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Sedlakova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Palicka
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Chmelarova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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18
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Dionne G, Qiu X, Rapp M, Liang X, Zhao B, Peng G, Katsamba PS, Ahlsen G, Rubinstein R, Potter CS, Carragher B, Honig B, Müller U, Shapiro L. Mechanotransduction by PCDH15 Relies on a Novel cis-Dimeric Architecture. Neuron 2018; 99:480-492.e5. [PMID: 30057206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The tip link, a filament formed by protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) and cadherin 23, conveys mechanical force from sound waves and head movement to open hair-cell mechanotransduction channels. Tip-link cadherins are thought to have acquired structural features critical for their role in mechanotransduction. Here, we biophysically and structurally characterize the unusual cis-homodimeric architecture of PCDH15. We show that PCDH15 molecules form double-helical assemblies through cis-dimerization interfaces in the extracellular cadherin EC2-EC3 domain region and in a unique membrane-proximal domain. Electron microscopy studies visualize the cis-dimeric PCDH15 assembly and reveal the PCDH15 extracellular domain as a parallel double helix with cis cross-bridges at the two locations we defined. The helical configuration suggests the potential for elasticity through helix winding and unwinding. Functional studies in hair cells show that mutations that perturb PCDH15 dimerization contacts affect mechanotransduction. Together, these data reveal the cis-dimeric architecture of PCDH15 and show that dimerization is critical for sensing mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilman Dionne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xufeng Qiu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Micah Rapp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guihong Peng
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Clinton S Potter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bridget Carragher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Ulrich Müller
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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19
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Fan L, Lu Y, Shen X, Shao H, Suo L, Wu Q. Alpha protocadherins and Pyk2 kinase regulate cortical neuron migration and cytoskeletal dynamics via Rac1 GTPase and WAVE complex in mice. eLife 2018; 7:e35242. [PMID: 29911975 PMCID: PMC6047886 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse clustered protocadherins are thought to function in neurite morphogenesis and neuronal connectivity in the brain. Here, we report that the protocadherin alpha (Pcdha) gene cluster regulates neuronal migration during cortical development and cytoskeletal dynamics in primary cortical culture through the WAVE (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family verprolin homologous protein, also known as Wasf) complex. In addition, overexpression of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2, also known as Ptk2b, Cakβ, Raftk, Fak2, and Cadtk), a non-receptor cell-adhesion kinase and scaffold protein downstream of Pcdhα, impairs cortical neuron migration via inactivation of the small GTPase Rac1. Thus, we define a molecular Pcdhα/WAVE/Pyk2/Rac1 axis from protocadherin cell-surface receptors to actin cytoskeletal dynamics in cortical neuron migration and dendrite morphogenesis in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer InstituteRenji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yichao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer InstituteRenji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiulian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer InstituteRenji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer InstituteRenji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Assisted ReproductionShanghai Jiao Tong University Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer InstituteRenji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical SchoolShanghaiChina
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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20
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Ing-Esteves S, Kostadinov D, Marocha J, Sing AD, Joseph KS, Laboulaye MA, Sanes JR, Lefebvre JL. Combinatorial Effects of Alpha- and Gamma- Protocadherins on Neuronal Survival and Dendritic Self-Avoidance. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2713-29. [PMID: 29439167 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3035-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) comprise 58 cadherin-related proteins encoded by three tandemly arrayed gene clusters, Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ (Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg, respectively). Pcdh isoforms from different clusters are combinatorially expressed in neurons. They form multimers that interact homophilically and mediate a variety of developmental processes, including neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, axonal tiling, and dendritic self-avoidance. Most studies have analyzed clusters individually. Here, we assessed functional interactions between Pcdha and Pcdhg clusters. To circumvent neonatal lethality associated with deletion of Pcdhgs, we used Crispr-Cas9 genome editing in mice to combine a constitutive Pcdha mutant allele with a conditional Pcdhg allele. We analyzed roles of Pcdhas and Pcdhgs in the retina and cerebellum from mice (both sexes) lacking one or both clusters. In retina, Pcdhgs are essential for survival of inner retinal neurons and dendritic self-avoidance of starburst amacrine cells, whereas Pcdhas are dispensable for both processes. Deletion of both Pcdha and Pcdhg clusters led to far more dramatic defects in survival and self-avoidance than Pcdhg deletion alone. Comparisons of an allelic series of mutants support the conclusion that Pcdhas and Pcdhgs function together in a dose-dependent and cell-type-specific manner to provide a critical threshold of Pcdh activity. In the cerebellum, Pcdhas and Pcdhgs also cooperate to mediate self-avoidance of Purkinje cell dendrites, with modest but significant defects in either single mutant and dramatic defects in the double mutant. Together, our results demonstrate complex patterns of redundancy between Pcdh clusters and the importance of Pcdh cluster diversity in postnatal CNS development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of neural circuits requires diversification and combinatorial actions of cell surface proteins. Prominent among them are the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), a family of ∼60 neuronal recognition molecules. Pcdhs are encoded by three closely linked gene clusters called Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ. The Pcdhs mediate a variety of developmental processes, including neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, and spatial patterning of axons and dendrites. Most studies to date have been limited to single clusters. Here, we used genome editing to assess interactions between Pcdh-α and Pcdh-γ gene clusters. We examined two regions of the CNS, the retina and cerebellum and show that the 14 α-Pcdhs and 22 γ-Pcdhs act synergistically to mediate neuronal survival and dendrite patterning.
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21
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Rashid D, Puettmann P, Roy E, Bradley RS. Neural crest development in Xenopus requires Protocadherin 7 at the lateral neural crest border. Mech Dev 2018; 149:41-52. [PMID: 29366801 PMCID: PMC5820198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the neural crest is a unique population of pluripotent cells whose development is dependent on signaling from neighboring tissues. Cadherin family members, including protocadherins, are emerging as major players in neural crest development, largely through their roles in cell adhesion and sorting in embryonic tissues. Here, we show that Protocadherin 7 (Pcdh7), previously shown to function in sensorial layer integrity and neural tube closure in Xenopus, is also involved in neural crest specification and survival. Pcdh7 expression partly overlaps the neural crest domain at the lateral neural crest border. Pcdh7 knockdown in embryos does not alter neural crest induction; however, neural crest specification markers, including Snail2 and Sox9, are lost, due to apoptosis of the neural crest starting after stage 13. Pcdh7 knockdown also results in downregulation of Wnt11b; both of which are co-expressed in the sensorial layer lateral to the neural crest, suggestive of a role for Wnt11b in the neural crest apoptosis. Confirming this role, apoptosis, Snail2 expression and the developmental fate of the neural crest can be partially rescued by ectopic expression of Wnt11b. These results indicate that Pcdh7 plays an important role in maintaining the sensorial layer at the lateral neural crest border, which is necessary for the secretion of survival factors, including Wnt11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rashid
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Paul Puettmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Ethan Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Roger S. Bradley
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
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22
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Khedgikar V, Abbruzzese G, Mathavan K, Szydlo H, Cousin H, Alfandari D. Dual control of pcdh8l/PCNS expression and function in Xenopus laevis neural crest cells by adam13/33 via the transcription factors tfap2α and arid3a. eLife 2017; 6:26898. [PMID: 28829038 PMCID: PMC5601995 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adam13/33 is a cell surface metalloprotease critical for cranial neural crest (CNC) cell migration. It can cleave multiple substrates including itself, fibronectin, ephrinB, cadherin-11, pcdh8 and pcdh8l (this work). Cleavage of cadherin-11 produces an extracellular fragment that promotes CNC migration. In addition, the adam13 cytoplasmic domain is cleaved by gamma secretase, translocates into the nucleus and regulates multiple genes. Here, we show that adam13 interacts with the arid3a/dril1/Bright transcription factor. This interaction promotes a proteolytic cleavage of arid3a and its translocation to the nucleus where it regulates another transcription factor: tfap2α. Tfap2α in turn activates multiple genes including the protocadherin pcdh8l (PCNS). The proteolytic activity of adam13 is critical for the release of arid3a from the plasma membrane while the cytoplasmic domain appears critical for the cleavage of arid3a. In addition to this transcriptional control of pcdh8l, adam13 cleaves pcdh8l generating an extracellular fragment that also regulates cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Khedgikar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Genevieve Abbruzzese
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ketan Mathavan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology graduate program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Hannah Szydlo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Helene Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology graduate program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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23
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Hasegawa S, Kumagai M, Hagihara M, Nishimaru H, Hirano K, Kaneko R, Okayama A, Hirayama T, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Watanabe M, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T. Distinct and Cooperative Functions for the Protocadherin-α, -β and -γ Clusters in Neuronal Survival and Axon Targeting. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:155. [PMID: 28066179 PMCID: PMC5179546 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) genes are divided into the Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ clusters. Gene-disruption analyses in mice have revealed the in vivo functions of the Pcdhα and Pcdhγ clusters. However, all Pcdh protein isoforms form combinatorial cis-hetero dimers and enter trans-homophilic interactions. Here we addressed distinct and cooperative functions in the Pcdh clusters by generating six cluster-deletion mutants (Δα, Δβ, Δγ, Δαβ, Δβγ, and Δαβγ) and comparing their phenotypes: Δα, Δβ, and Δαβ mutants were viable and fertile; Δγ mutants lived less than 12 h; and Δβγ and Δαβγ mutants died shortly after birth. The Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ clusters were individually and cooperatively important in olfactory-axon targeting and spinal-cord neuron survival. Neurodegeneration was most severe in Δαβγ mutants, indicating that Pcdhα and Pcdhβ function cooperatively for neuronal survival. The Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ clusters share roles in olfactory-axon targeting and neuronal survival, although to different degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hasegawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Makiko Kumagai
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Mitsue Hagihara
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keizo Hirano
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan; Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
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24
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Oishi K, Nakagawa N, Tachikawa K, Sasaki S, Aramaki M, Hirano S, Yamamoto N, Yoshimura Y, Nakajima K. Identity of neocortical layer 4 neurons is specified through correct positioning into the cortex. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26880563 PMCID: PMC4764574 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell-intrinsic mechanisms have been shown to regulate neuronal subtype specification in the mammalian neocortex. However, how much cell environment is crucial for subtype determination still remained unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of Protocadherin20 (Pcdh20), which is expressed in post-migratory neurons of layer 4 (L4) lineage, caused the cells to localize in L2/3. The ectopically positioned "future L4 neurons" lost their L4 characteristics but acquired L2/3 characteristics. Knockdown of a cytoskeletal protein in the future L4 neurons, which caused random disruption of positioning, also showed that those accidentally located in L4 acquired the L4 characteristics. Moreover, restoration of positioning of the Pcdh20-knockdown neurons into L4 rescued the specification failure. We further suggest that the thalamocortical axons provide a positional cue to specify L4 identity. These results suggest that the L4 identity is not completely determined at the time of birth but ensured by the surrounding environment after appropriate positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Oishi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nakagawa
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kashiko Tachikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aramaki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirano
- Department of Cell Biology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Chen K, Czabotar PE, Blewitt ME, Murphy JM. The hinge domain of the epigenetic repressor Smchd1 adopts an unconventional homodimeric configuration. Biochem J 2016; 473:733-42. [PMID: 26733688 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20151049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins are fundamental to chromosome organization. They share a characteristic domain structure, featuring a central SMC hinge domain that is critical for forming SMC dimers and interacting with nucleic acids. The structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (Smchd1) is a non-canonical member of the SMC family. Although it has been well established that Smchd1 serves crucial roles in epigenetic silencing events implicated in development and disease, much less is known about the structure and function of the Smchd1 protein. Recently, we demonstrated that the C-terminal hinge domain of Smchd1 forms a nucleic acid-binding homodimer; however, it is unclear how the protomers are assembled within the hinge homodimer and how the full-length Smchd1 protein is organized with respect to the hinge region. In the present study, by employing SAXS we demonstrate that the hinge domain of Smchd1 probably adopts an unconventional homodimeric arrangement augmented by an intermolecular coiled coil formed between the two monomers. Such a dimeric structure differs markedly from that of archetypical SMC proteins, raising the possibility that Smchd1 binds chromatin in an unconventional manner.
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26
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Burgoyne T, Meschede IP, Burden JJ, Bailly M, Seabra MC, Futter CE. Rod disc renewal occurs by evagination of the ciliary plasma membrane that makes cadherin-based contacts with the inner segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15922-7. [PMID: 26668363 PMCID: PMC4702997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509285113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer segments of vertebrate rod photoreceptors are renewed every 10 d. Outer segment components are transported from the site of synthesis in the inner segment through the connecting cilium, followed by assembly of the highly ordered discs. Two models of assembly of discrete discs involving either successive fusion events between intracellular rhodopsin-bearing vesicles or the evagination of the plasma membrane followed by fusion of adjacent evaginations have been proposed. Here we use immuno-electron microscopy and electron tomography to show that rhodopsin is transported from the inner to the outer segment via the ciliary plasma membrane, subsequently forming successive evaginations that "zipper" up proximally, but at their leading edges are free to make junctions containing the protocadherin, PCDH21, with the inner segment plasma membrane. Given the physical dimensions of the evaginations, coupled with likely instability of the membrane cortex at the distal end of the connecting cilium, we propose that the evagination occurs via a process akin to blebbing and is not driven by actin polymerization. Disassembly of these junctions is accompanied by fusion of the leading edges of successive evaginations to form discrete discs. This fusion is topologically different to that mediated by the membrane fusion proteins, SNAREs, as initial fusion is between exoplasmic leaflets, and is accompanied by gain of the tetraspanin rim protein, peripherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid P Meschede
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Maryse Bailly
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, SW72AZ, United Kingdom; Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom;
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27
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Abstract
In mammals, generally it is assumed that the genes inherited from each parent are expressed to similar levels. However, it is now apparent that in non-sex chromosomes, 6-10% of genes are selected for monoallelic expression. Monoallelic expression or allelic exclusion is established either in an imprinted (parent-of-origin) or a stochastic manner. The stochastic model explains random selection while the imprinted model describes parent-of-origin specific selection of alleles for expression. Allelic exclusion occurs during X chromosome inactivation, parent-of-origin expression of imprinted genes and stochastic monoallelic expression of cell surface molecules, clustered protocadherin (PCDH) genes. Mis-regulation or loss of allelic exclusion contributes to developmental diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamental players that determine this type of expression despite a homogenous genetic background. DNA methylation and histone modifications are two mediators of the epigenetic phenomena. The majority of DNA methylation is found on cytosines of the CpG dinucleotide in mammals. Several covalent modifications of histones change the electrostatic forces between DNA and histones modifying gene expression. Long-range chromatin interactions organize chromatin into transcriptionally permissive and prohibitive regions leading to simultaneous regulation of gene expression and repression. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are also players in regulating gene expression. Together, these epigenetic mechanisms fine-tune gene expression levels essential for normal development and survival. In this review, first we discuss what is known about monoallelic gene expression. Then, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of three monoallelically expressed gene classes: the X-linked genes, selected imprinted genes and PCDH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Massah
- a The Faculty of Health Sciences , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
| | - Timothy V Beischlag
- a The Faculty of Health Sciences , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
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28
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Meguro R, Hishida R, Tsukano H, Yoshitake K, Imamura R, Tohmi M, Kitsukawa T, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T, Takebayashi H, Shibuki K. Impaired clustered protocadherin-α leads to aggregated retinogeniculate terminals and impaired visual acuity in mice. J Neurochem 2015; 133:66-72. [PMID: 25650227 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) comprising cPcdh-α, -β, and -γ, encode a large family of cadherin-like cell-adhesion molecules specific to neurons. Impairment of cPcdh-α results in abnormal neuronal projection patterns in specific brain areas. To elucidate the role of cPcdh-α in retinogeniculate projections, we investigated the morphological patterns of retinogeniculate terminals in the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus of mice with impaired cPcdh-α. We found huge aggregated retinogeniculate terminals in the dorsal LG nucleus, whereas no such aggregated terminals derived from the retina were observed in the olivary pretectal nucleus and the ventral LG nucleus. These aggregated terminals appeared between P10 and P14, just before eye opening and at the beginning of the refinement stage of the retinogeniculate projections. Reduced visual acuity was observed in adult mice with impaired cPcdh-α, whereas the orientation selectivity and direction selectivity of neurons in the primary visual cortex were apparently normal. These findings suggest that cPcdh-α is required for adequate spacing of retinogeniculate projections, which may be essential for normal development of visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Meguro
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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29
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Stoya G, Redies C, Schmid-Hertel N. Inversion of layer-specific cadherin expression profiles and maintenance of cytoarchitectonic areas in the allocortex of the reeler mutant mouse. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3106-19. [PMID: 24591110 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are calcium-depending cell adhesion proteins that play critical roles in brain morphogenesis and wiring. They provide an adhesive code for the development of cortical layers, due to their homophilic interactions and their restricted spatiotemporal expression patterns. In the adult organism, cadherins are involved in the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal circuits that play a role in learning. A well-known model for studying corticogenesis is the reeler mouse model. Numerous investigations of neocortical development suggest that, in the reeler mutant mouse, the lack of the protein Reelin results in cell-type and region-dependent changes of the neocortical layers. To investigate in detail how layer formation and regionalization is perturbed in the phylogenetically older archicortex of the adult reeler mutant mouse, we studied the expression of 11 different cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh11, Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh17, and Pcdh19) and of the transcription factors ER81 and Cux2 by in situ hybridization in the (peri-)archicortex. All cadherins studied show a layer-specific expression in the (peri-)archicortex of the wildtype brain. In the archicortex of the reeler mutant, the cadherin-expressing cell layers are dispersed in the radial dimension, whereas in the periarchicortex the superficial and deep layers are inverted, both in the adult and during development. Possibly, this inversion relates to the histoarchitectural division of the reeler entorhinal cortex into an external and an internal zone. The regionalized, gradient-like expression of the cadherins is preserved in the reeler mutant mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Stoya
- Institute of Anatomy, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
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30
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Abstract
In normal prostate, neuroendocrine (NE) cells are rare and interspersed among the epithelium. These cells are believed to provide trophic signals to epithelial cell populations through the secretion of an abundance of neuropeptides that can diffuse to influence surrounding cells. In the setting of prostate cancer (PC), NE cells can also stimulate surrounding prostate adenocarcinoma cell growth, but in some cases adenocarcinoma cells themselves acquire NE characteristics. This epithelial plasticity is associated with decreased androgen receptor (AR) signaling and the accumulation of neuronal and stem cell characteristics. Transformation to an NE phenotype is one proposed mechanism of resistance to contemporary AR-targeted treatments, is associated with poor prognosis, and thought to represent up to 25% of lethal PCs. Importantly, the advent of high-throughput technologies has started to provide clues for understanding the complex molecular profiles of tumors exhibiting NE differentiation. Here, we discuss these recent advances, the multifaceted manner by which an NE-like state may arise during the different stages of disease progression, and the potential benefit of this knowledge for the management of patients with advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Terry
- U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM , Créteil , France ; UMR 3244, Institut Curie , Paris , France
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
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31
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Ye R, Carneiro AMD, Han Q, Airey D, Sanders-Bush E, Zhang B, Lu L, Williams R, Blakely RD. Quantitative trait loci mapping and gene network analysis implicate protocadherin-15 as a determinant of brain serotonin transporter expression. Genes Brain Behav 2014; 13:261-75. [PMID: 24405699 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporters (SERT) regulate 5-HT signaling via antidepressant-sensitive clearance of released neurotransmitter. Polymorphisms in the human SERT gene (SLC6A4) have been linked to risk for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism. Using BXD recombinant inbred mice, a genetic reference population that can support the discovery of novel determinants of complex traits, merging collective trait assessments with bioinformatics approaches, we examine phenotypic and molecular networks associated with SERT gene and protein expression. Correlational analyses revealed a network of genes that significantly associated with SERT mRNA levels. We quantified SERT protein expression levels and identified region- and gender-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs), one of which associated with male midbrain SERT protein expression, centered on the protocadherin-15 gene (Pcdh15), overlapped with a QTL for midbrain 5-HT levels. Pcdh15 was also the only QTL-associated gene whose midbrain mRNA expression significantly associated with both SERT protein and 5-HT traits, suggesting an unrecognized role of the cell adhesion protein in the development or function of 5-HT neurons. To test this hypothesis, we assessed SERT protein and 5-HT traits in the Pcdh15 functional null line (Pcdh15(av-) (3J) ), studies that revealed a strong, negative influence of Pcdh15 on these phenotypes. Together, our findings illustrate the power of multidimensional profiling of recombinant inbred lines in the analysis of molecular networks that support synaptic signaling, and that, as in the case of Pcdh15, can reveal novel relationships that may underlie risk for mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Ke C, Li C, Huang X, Cao F, Shi D, He W, Bu H, Gao F, Cai T, Hinton AO, Tian Y. Protocadherin20 promotes excitatory synaptogenesis in dorsal horn and contributes to bone cancer pain. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:181-90. [PMID: 23911744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with metastatic bone disease experience moderate to severe pain. Bone cancer pain is usually progressive as the disease advances, and is very difficult to treat due to the poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated that synaptic plasticity induces spinal cord sensitization and contributes to bone cancer pain. However, whether the synaptic plasticity is due to modifications of existing synapses or the formation of new synaptic connections is still unknown. Here we showed that a carcinoma implantation into a rats' tibia induced a significant increase in the number of excitability synapses in the dorsal horn, which contributes to the development of bone cancer pain. Previous studies identified that non-clustered protocadherins play significant roles in neuronal development and other implications in neurological disorders. In the present study, we showed that Protocadherin20 was significantly increased in the dorsal horn of cancer-bearing rats, while knockdown of Protocadherin20 with RNAi lentivirus reversed bone cancer-induced pain behaviors and decreased excitatory synaptogenesis in ipsilateral dorsal horn. In an in vitro study, we showed that knockdown of Protocadherin20 inhibited neurite outgrowth and excitatory synapse formation of dorsal neurons. These findings indicate that Protocadherin20 is required for the development of bone cancer pain probably by promoting the excitability synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbin Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province 442000, China
| | - Caijuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province 442000, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dai Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wensheng He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huilian Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tiantian Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antentor Othrell Hinton
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program CNRC Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Hasegawa S, Hirabayashi T, Kondo T, Inoue K, Esumi S, Okayama A, Hamada S, Yagi T. Constitutively expressed Protocadherin-α regulates the coalescence and elimination of homotypic olfactory axons through its cytoplasmic region. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:97. [PMID: 23087612 PMCID: PMC3472330 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons coalesce into specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB) according to their odorant receptor (OR) expression. Several guidance molecules enhance the coalescence of homotypic OSN projections, in an OR-specific- and neural-activity-dependent manner. However, the mechanism by which homotypic OSN axons are organized into glomeruli is unsolved. We previously reported that the clustered protocadherin-α (Pcdh-α) family of diverse cadherin-related molecules plays roles in the coalescence and elimination of homotypic OSN axons throughout development. Here we showed that the elimination of small ectopic homotypic glomeruli required the constitutive expression of a Pcdh-α isoform and Pcdh-α's cytoplasmic region, but not OR specificity or neural activity. These results suggest that Pcdh-α proteins provide a cytoplasmic signal to regulate repulsive activity for homotypic OSN axons independently of OR expression and neural activity. The counterbalancing effect of Pcdh-α proteins for the axonal coalescence mechanisms mediated by other olfactory guidance molecules indicate a possible mechanism for the organization of homotypic OSN axons into glomeruli during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hasegawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group and CREST-JST, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
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Hirano K, Kaneko R, Izawa T, Kawaguchi M, Kitsukawa T, Yagi T. Single-neuron diversity generated by Protocadherin-β cluster in mouse central and peripheral nervous systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:90. [PMID: 22969705 PMCID: PMC3431597 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of complex neural circuits depends on the correct wiring of neurons with diverse individual characteristics. To understand the complexity of the nervous system, the molecular mechanisms for specifying the identity and diversity of individual neurons must be elucidated. The clustered protocadherins (Pcdh) in mammals consist of approximately 50 Pcdh genes (Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ) that encode cadherin-family cell surface adhesion proteins. Individual neurons express a random combination of Pcdh-α and Pcdh-γ, whereas the expression patterns for the Pcdh-β genes, 22 one-exon genes in mouse, are not fully understood. Here we show that the Pcdh-β genes are expressed in a 3'-polyadenylated form in mouse brain. In situ hybridization using a pan-Pcdh-β probe against a conserved Pcdh-β sequence showed widespread labeling in the brain, with prominent signals in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum. In situ hybridization with specific probes for individual Pcdh-β genes showed their expression to be scattered in Purkinje cells from P10 to P150. The scattered expression patterns were confirmed by performing a newly developed single-cell 3'-RACE analysis of Purkinje cells, which clearly demonstrated that the Pcdh-β genes are expressed monoallelically and combinatorially in individual Purkinje cells. Scattered expression patterns of individual Pcdh-β genes were also observed in pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion, GABAergic interneurons, and cholinergic neurons. Our results extend previous observations of diversity at the single-neuron level generated by Pcdh expression and suggest that the Pcdh-β cluster genes contribute to specifying the identity and diversity of individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Hirano
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
The brain contains an enormous, but finite, number of neurons. The ability of this limited number of neurons to produce nearly limitless neural information over a lifetime is typically explained by combinatorial explosion; that is, by the exponential amplification of each neuron's contribution through its incorporation into "cell assemblies" and neural networks. In development, each neuron expresses diverse cellular recognition molecules that permit the formation of the appropriate neural cell assemblies to elicit various brain functions. The mechanism for generating neuronal assemblies and networks must involve molecular codes that give neurons individuality and allow them to recognize one another and join appropriate networks. The extensive molecular diversity of cell-surface proteins on neurons is likely to contribute to their individual identities. The clustered protocadherins (Pcdh) is a large subfamily within the diverse cadherin superfamily. The clustered Pcdh genes are encoded in tandem by three gene clusters, and are present in all known vertebrate genomes. The set of clustered Pcdh genes is expressed in a random and combinatorial manner in each neuron. In addition, cis-tetramers composed of heteromultimeric clustered Pcdh isoforms represent selective binding units for cell-cell interactions. Here I present the mathematical probabilities for neuronal individuality based on the random and combinatorial expression of clustered Pcdh isoforms and their formation of cis-tetramers in each neuron. Notably, clustered Pcdh gene products are known to play crucial roles in correct axonal projections, synaptic formation, and neuronal survival. Their molecular and biological features induce a hypothesis that the diverse clustered Pcdh molecules provide the molecular code by which neuronal individuality and cell assembly permit the combinatorial explosion of networks that supports enormous processing capability and plasticity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, Japan
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36
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Wang X, Su H, Bradley A. Molecular mechanisms governing Pcdh-gamma gene expression: evidence for a multiple promoter and cis-alternative splicing model. Genes Dev 2002; 16:1890-905. [PMID: 12154121 PMCID: PMC186422 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1004802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The genomic architecture of protocadherin (Pcdh) gene clusters is remarkably similar to that of the immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene clusters, and can potentially provide significant molecular diversity. Pcdh genes are abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. These molecules are primary candidates for establishing specific neuronal connectivity. Despite the extensive analyses of the genomic structure of both human and mouse Pcdh gene clusters, the definitive molecular mechanisms that control Pcdh gene expression are still unknown. Four theories have been proposed, including (1) DNA recombination followed by cis-splicing, (2) single promoter and cis-alternative splicing, (3) multiple promoters and cis-alternative splicing, and (4) multiple promoters and trans-splicing. Using a combination of molecular and genetic analyses, we evaluated the four models at the Pcdh-gamma locus. Our analysis provides evidence that the transcription of individual Pcdh-gamma genes is under the control of a distinct but related promoter upstream of each Pcdh-gamma variable exon, and posttranscriptional processing of each Pcdh-gamma transcript is predominantly mediated through cis-alternative splicing.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cadherin Related Proteins
- Cadherins/biosynthesis
- Cadherins/genetics
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Library
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genes, Overlapping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Neurons/classification
- Neurons/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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37
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Hirano S, Yan Q, Suzuki ST. Expression of a novel protocadherin, OL-protocadherin, in a subset of functional systems of the developing mouse brain. J Neurosci 1999; 19:995-1005. [PMID: 9920663 PMCID: PMC6782129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1998] [Revised: 11/05/1998] [Accepted: 11/06/1998] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We cloned a novel protocadherin cDNA, which we named OL-protocadherin (OL-pc), from mouse brain cDNA libraries. Its cytoplasmic region showed no similarities to other protocadherins, indicating that it belongs to a novel subfamily of protocadherins. Experiments using transfectants showed that OL-pc is a homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule. The molecular mass of OL-pc was 140 kDa in the brain. Expression of OL-pc mRNA was specific to the nervous system, changing over time from the embryonic stage to the adult stage. The OL-pc expression seemed to be restricted to a subset of functionally related brain nuclei and regions such as the nuclei in the main olfactory system, the limbic system, and the olivocortical projection. There were at least two distinct patterns of distribution for the OL-pc protein. First, it was localized in particular brain nuclei or compartments, such as the stripes of the developing cerebellum. Second, it was found at the synapse in regions such as the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. In addition, the OL-pc protein seemed not to be detected or was detected only weakly in some regions, such as hippocampus in which the mRNA was expressed at high levels. These results indicate that the expression of OL-pc is developmentally regulated in a subset of the functional systems and that it may be involved in the formation of the neural network by segregation of the brain nuclei and mediation of the axonal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hirano
- The Doheny Eye Institute and the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Yamamoto A, Amacher SL, Kim SH, Geissert D, Kimmel CB, De Robertis EM. Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin is a downstream target of spadetail involved in morphogenesis of gastrula mesoderm. Development 1998; 125:3389-97. [PMID: 9693142 PMCID: PMC2280034 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.17.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin (papc) encodes a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule (PAPC) expressed in trunk mesoderm undergoing morphogenesis. Microinjection studies with a dominant-negative secreted construct suggest that papc is required for proper dorsal convergence movements during gastrulation. Genetic studies show that papc is a close downstream target of spadetail, gene encoding a transcription factor required for mesodermal morphogenetic movements. Further, we show that the floating head homeobox gene is required in axial mesoderm to repress the expression of both spadetail and papc, promoting notochord and blocking differentiation of paraxial mesoderm. The PAPC structural cell-surface protein may provide a link between regulatory transcription factors and the actual cell biological behaviors that execute morphogenesis during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamamoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA
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