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Williams DL, Sikora VM, Hammer MA, Amin S, Brinjikji T, Brumley EK, Burrows CJ, Carrillo PM, Cromer K, Edwards SJ, Emri O, Fergle D, Jenkins MJ, Kaushik K, Maydan DD, Woodard W, Clowney EJ. May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:720798. [PMID: 35087825 PMCID: PMC8787164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the information in the genome program the functions of the wide variety of cells in the body? While the development of biological organisms appears to follow an explicit set of genomic instructions to generate the same outcome each time, many biological mechanisms harness molecular noise to produce variable outcomes. Non-deterministic variation is frequently observed in the diversification of cell surface molecules that give cells their functional properties, and is observed across eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protozoans to mammals. This is particularly evident in immune systems, where random recombination produces millions of antibodies from only a few genes; in nervous systems, where stochastic mechanisms vary the sensory receptors and synaptic matching molecules produced by different neurons; and in microbial antigenic variation. These systems employ overlapping molecular strategies including allelic exclusion, gene silencing by constitutive heterochromatin, targeted double-strand breaks, and competition for limiting enhancers. Here, we describe and compare five stochastic molecular mechanisms that produce variety in pathogen coat proteins and in the cell surface receptors of animal immune and neuronal cells, with an emphasis on the utility of non-deterministic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnell L. Williams
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Veronica Maria Sikora
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Max A. Hammer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sayali Amin
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Taema Brinjikji
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily K. Brumley
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Connor J. Burrows
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paola Michelle Carrillo
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kirin Cromer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Summer J. Edwards
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Olivia Emri
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Fergle
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M. Jamal Jenkins
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishangi Kaushik
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniella D. Maydan
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wrenn Woodard
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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