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Myburgh PJ, Solingapuram Sai KK. Two decades of [ 11C]PiB synthesis, 2003-2023: a review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2024; 14:48-62. [PMID: 38500746 PMCID: PMC10944378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Because carbon-11 (11C) radiotracers cannot be shipped over long distances, their use in routine positron emission tomography (PET) studies is dependent on the production capabilities of individual radiochemistry laboratories. Since 2003, 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PiB) has been the gold standard PET radiotracer for in vivo imaging of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques. For more than two decades, researchers have been working to develop faster, higher-yielding, more robust, and optimized production methods with higher radiochemical yields for various imaging applications. This review evaluates progress in [11C]PiB radiochemistry. An introductory overview assesses how it has been applied in clinical neurologic imaging research. We examine the varying approaches reported for radiolabeling, purification, extraction, and formulation. Further considerations for QC methods, regulatory considerations, and optimizations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Josef Myburgh
- Translational Imaging Program, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Translational Imaging Program, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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2
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Etekochay MO, Amaravadhi AR, González GV, Atanasov AG, Matin M, Mofatteh M, Steinbusch HW, Tesfaye T, Praticò D. Unveiling New Strategies Facilitating the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Neuroimaging for the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:1-20. [PMID: 38640152 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with a global impact. The past few decades have witnessed significant strides in comprehending the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and developing diagnostic methodologies for AD, such as neuroimaging approaches. Neuroimaging techniques, including positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, have revolutionized the field by providing valuable insights into the structural and functional alterations in the brains of individuals with AD. These imaging modalities enable the detection of early biomarkers such as amyloid-β plaques and tau protein tangles, facilitating early and precise diagnosis. Furthermore, the emerging technologies encompassing blood-based biomarkers and neurochemical profiling exhibit promising results in the identification of specific molecular signatures for AD. The integration of machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence has enhanced the predictive capacity of these diagnostic tools when analyzing complex datasets. In this review article, we will highlight not only some of the most used diagnostic imaging approaches in neurodegeneration research but focus much more on new tools like artificial intelligence, emphasizing their application in the realm of AD. These advancements hold immense potential for early detection and intervention, thereby paving the way for personalized therapeutic strategies and ultimately augmenting the quality of life for individuals affected by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amoolya Rao Amaravadhi
- Internal Medicine, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gabriel Villarrubia González
- Expert Systems and Applications Laboratory (ESALAB), Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maima Matin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Mofatteh
- School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Harry Wilhelm Steinbusch
- Department of Cellular and Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Tadele Tesfaye
- CareHealth Medical Practice, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Myburgh PJ, Moore MD, Pathirannahel BL, Grace LR, Solingapuram Sai KK. Fully automated production of [ 11C]PiB for clinical use on Trasis-AllinOne synthesizer module. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 202:111040. [PMID: 37788544 PMCID: PMC10727203 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PiB) was the first broadly applied radiotracer with specificity for amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain and has since been established as the gold standard for positron emission tomography (PET) employed for clinical in vivo imaging of Aβ plaques, used for imaging applications of Alzheimer's disease (AD), related dementia, and other tauopathies. The use of [11C]PiB for routine PET studies is dependent on the production capabilities of each radiochemistry laboratory, subsequently a continuous effort is made to develop suitable and sustainable methods on a variety of auto synthesis platforms. Here we report a fully automated, multi-step radio synthesis, purification, and reformulation of [11C]PiB for PET imaging using the Trasis AllinOne synthesis unit, a commonly used commercial radiochemistry module. We performed three validation runs to evaluate the reproducibility and to verify that the acceptable criteria were met for the release of clinical-grade [11C]PiB using a Trasis AllinOne auto radiosynthesis unit. Solid phase supported radiolabeling was performed through the capture of precursor (6-OH-BTA-0) on a C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and subsequent flushing of gaseous [11C]Methyl triflate(MeOTf) through the Sep-Pak for carbon-11 (11C) N-methylation. Starting with 92.5 GBq [11C]CO2, [11C]PiB synthesis was completed in approximately 25 min after cyclotron end of bombardment with an injectable dose >7.0 GBq at end of the synthesis. The radiopharmaceutical product met all quality control criteria and specifications for use in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Josef Myburgh
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Michael David Moore
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | | | - Laura Rose Grace
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Zhao Q, Du X, Chen W, Zhang T, Xu Z. Advances in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using 11C-PIB- PET/CT and common neuropsychological tests. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1216215. [PMID: 37492405 PMCID: PMC10363609 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1216215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a critical health issue worldwide that has a negative impact on patients' quality of life, as well as on caregivers, society, and the environment. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and neuropsychological scales can be used to identify AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) early, provide a differential diagnosis, and offer early therapies to impede the course of the illness. However, there are few reports of large-scale 11C-PIB-PET/CT investigations that focus on the pathology of AD and MCI. Therefore, further research is needed to determine how neuropsychological test scales and PET/CT measurements of disease progression interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinxin Du
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhong Chen
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Rehabilitation Therapeutics, School of Nursing of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Govindarajan K, Kar S. Detection of β-amyloid aggregates/plaques in 5xFAD mice by labelled native PLGA nanoparticles: implication in the diagnosis of alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:216. [PMID: 37424018 PMCID: PMC10332042 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that increased level/aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, together with enhanced phosphorylation/aggregation of tau protein, play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. At present, AD diagnosis is based primarily on cognitive assessment, neuroimaging, and immunological assays to detect altered levels/deposition of Aβ peptides and tau protein. While measurement of Aβ and tau in the cerebrospinal fluid/blood can indicate disease status, neuroimaging of aggregated Aβ and tau protein in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET) enable to monitor the pathological changes in AD patients. With advancements in nanomedicine, several nanoparticles, apart from drug-delivery, have been used as a diagnostic agent to identify more accurately changes in AD patients. Recently, we reported that FDA approved native PLGA nanoparticles can interact with Aβ to inhibit its aggregation/toxicity in cellular and animal models of AD. Here, we reveal that fluorescence labelled native PLGA following acute intracerebellar injection can identify majority of the immunostained Aβ as well as Congo red labelled neuritic plaques in the cortex of 5xFAD mice. Labelling of plaques by PLGA is apparent at 1 h, peak around 3 h and then start declining by 24 h after injection. No fluorescent PLGA was detected in the cerebellum of 5xFAD mice or in any brain regions of wild-type control mice following injection. These results provide the very first evidence that native PLGA nanoparticles can be used as a novel nano-theragnostic agent in the treatment as well as diagnosis of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthivashan Govindarajan
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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Willuweit A, Humpert S, Schöneck M, Endepols H, Burda N, Gremer L, Gering I, Kutzsche J, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Neumaier B, Willbold D, Drzezga A. Evaluation of the 18F-labeled analog of the therapeutic all-D-enantiomeric peptide RD2 for amyloid β imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106421. [PMID: 36889654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with radiotracers that bind to fibrillary amyloid β (Aβ) deposits is an important tool for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and for the recruitment of patients into clinical trials. However, it has been suggested that rather than the fibrillary Aβ deposits, it is smaller, soluble Aβ aggregates that exert a neurotoxic effect and trigger AD pathogenesis. The aim of the current study is to develop a PET probe that is capable of detecting small aggregates and soluble Aβ oligomers for improved diagnosis and therapy monitoring. An 18F-labeled radioligand was prepared based on the Aβ-binding d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a therapeutic agent to dissolve Aβ oligomers. 18F-labeling was carried out using palladium-catalyzed S-arylation of RD2 with 2-[18F]fluoro-5-iodopyridine ([18F]FIPy). Specific binding of [18F]RD2-cFPy to brain material from transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice and AD patients was demonstrated with in vitro autoradiography. In vivo uptake and biodistribution of [18F]RD2-cFPy were evaluated using PET analyses in wild-type and transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Although brain penetration and brain wash-out kinetics of the radioligand were low, this study provides proof of principle for a PET probe based on a d-enantiomeric peptide binding to soluble Aβ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
| | - Swen Humpert
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Nicole Burda
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; JARA - Brain - Translational Medicine, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
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Sarabia-Vallejo Á, López-Alvarado P, Menéndez JC. Small-molecule theranostics in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115382. [PMID: 37141706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains one of the most challenging health-related issues for our society. It is becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in developed countries, due to the rising life expectancy and, moreover, represents a considerable economic burden worldwide. All efforts at the discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the last decades have invariably met with failure, making AD an incurable illness and underscoring the need for new approaches. In recent years, theranostic agents have emerged as an interesting strategy. They are molecules able to simultaneously provide diagnostic information and deliver therapeutic activity, allowing for the assessment of the molecule activity, the organism response and the pharmacokinetics. This makes these compounds promising for streamlining research on AD drugs and for their application in personalized medicine. We review here the field of small-molecule theranostic agents as promising tools for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic resources against AD, highlighting the positive and significant impact that theranostics can be expected to have in the near future in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sarabia-Vallejo
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Alvarado
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Hoenig MC, Drzezga A. Clear-headed into old age: Resilience and resistance against brain aging-A PET imaging perspective. J Neurochem 2023; 164:325-345. [PMID: 35226362 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the advances in modern medicine and the adaptation towards healthier lifestyles, the average life expectancy has doubled since the 1930s, with individuals born in the millennium years now carrying an estimated life expectancy of around 100 years. And even though many individuals around the globe manage to age successfully, the prevalence of aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease has never been as high as nowadays. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is anticipated to triple by 2050, increasing the societal and economic burden tremendously. Despite all efforts, there is still no available treatment defeating the accelerated aging process as seen in this disease. Yet, given the advances in neuroimaging techniques that are discussed in the current Review article, such as in positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pivotal insights into the heterogenous effects of aging-associated processes and the contribution of distinct lifestyle and risk factors already have and are still being gathered. In particular, the concepts of resilience (i.e. coping with brain pathology) and resistance (i.e. avoiding brain pathology) have more recently been discussed as they relate to mechanisms that are associated with the prolongation and/or even stop of the progressive brain aging process. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of resilience and resistance may one day, hopefully, support the identification of defeating mechanism against accelerating aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle C Hoenig
- Research Center Juelich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine II, Molecular Organization of the Brain, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Research Center Juelich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine II, Molecular Organization of the Brain, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn/Cologne, Germany
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Rischel EB, Gejl M, Brock B, Rungby J, Gjedde A. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid beta accumulation is a protective mechanism that ultimately fails. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:771-783. [PMID: 35673950 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS AND PREDICTIONS Here, we claim that amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation is a protective mechanism that ultimately fails. We predict that more Aβ accumulates in regions with higher rates of glucose metabolism, reaching a maximum followed by progression of pathology. BACKGROUND Aβ accumulation is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the accumulation does not correlate with cognitive decline, unlike the rates of glucose metabolism. STRATEGY We compared averaged and individual estimates of regional binding potentials of [11 C]Pittsburgh compound B to regionally averaged and individual values of metabolism of [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose in brain regions of volunteers with AD. SIGNIFICANCE The claim explains the cognitive decline in some patients at a significantly lower level of Aβ deposition than in other patients, as well as the presence of cognitively healthy individuals with high Aβ accumulation. With further support of the hypothesis, the significance of Aβ accumulation in brains of patients with AD may require revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Brøchner Rischel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gejl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Brock
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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New Advanced Imaging Parameters and Biomarkers—A Step Forward in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of TTR Cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092360. [PMID: 35566485 PMCID: PMC9101617 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is an infiltrative disorder characterized by extracellular myocardial deposits of amyloid fibrils, with poor outcome, leading to heart failure and death, with significant treatment expenditure. In the era of a novel therapeutic arsenal of disease-modifying agents that target a myriad of pathophysiological mechanisms, timely and accurate diagnosis of ATTR-CM is crucial. Recent advances in therapeutic strategies shown to be most beneficial in the early stages of the disease have determined a paradigm shift in the screening, diagnostic algorithm, and risk classification of patients with ATTR-CM. The aim of this review is to explore the utility of novel specific non-invasive imaging parameters and biomarkers from screening to diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, and monitoring of the response to therapy. We will summarize the knowledge of the most recent advances in diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment tailoring parameters for early recognition, prediction of outcome, and better selection of therapeutic candidates in ATTR-CM. Moreover, we will provide input from different potential pathways involved in the pathophysiology of ATTR-CM, on top of the amyloid deposition, such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, and myocardial fibrosis, and their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications.
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11
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Kim NH, Huh Y, Kim D. Benzo[
g
]
coumarin‐benzothiazole
hybrid: A fluorescent probe for the detection of amyloid‐beta aggregates. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, Biomedical Science Institute Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- KHU‐KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
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12
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Deinde F, Kotecha J, Lau LSL, Bhattacharyya S, Velayudhan L. A Review of Functional Neuroimaging in People with Down Syndrome with and without Dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2021; 11:324-332. [PMID: 35111192 PMCID: PMC8787537 DOI: 10.1159/000520880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk of dementia which is difficult to diagnose in DS. Neuroimaging has been identified as a potential tool to aid diagnosis by detecting changes in brain function. We carried out a review comparing functional neuroimaging in DS individuals with and without dementia. Summary A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant studies. In DS subjects with dementia, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET) studies showed glucose hypometabolism particularly in the parietal and/or temporal regions whilst magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies showed increased myoinositol and decreased N-acetylaspartate. Ligand-based PET studies revealed significant Pittsburgh compound B binding in DS subjects over the age of 40, particularly if they had dementia. Key Messages Neuroimaging may aid the early detection of dementia in DS; however, further longitudinal studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmi Deinde
- Department of Psychological Medicine, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Kotecha
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Jay Kotecha,
| | - Lilian Suh Lih Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Mansfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Academic Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Latha Velayudhan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Academic Psychiatry Division, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Willuweit A, Schöneck M, Schemmert S, Lohmann P, Bremen S, Honold D, Burda N, Jiang N, Beer S, Ermert J, Willbold D, Shah NJ, Langen KJ. Comparison of the Amyloid Load in the Brains of Two Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models Quantified by Florbetaben Positron Emission Tomography. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699926. [PMID: 34671235 PMCID: PMC8520975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which can be mimicked by transgenic mouse models. Here, we report on the characterization of amyloid load in the brains of two transgenic amyloidosis models using positron emission tomography (PET) with florbetaben (FBB), an 18F-labeled amyloid PET tracer routinely used in AD patients. Young, middle-aged, and old homozygous APP/PS1 mice (ARTE10), old hemizygous APPswe/PS1ΔE9, and old wild-type control mice were subjected to FBB PET using a small animal PET/computed tomography scanner. After PET, brains were excised, and ex vivo autoradiography was performed. Plaque pathology was verified on brain sections with histological methods. Amyloid plaque load increased progressively with age in the cortex and hippocampus of ARTE10 mice, which could be detected with both in vivo FBB PET and ex vivo autoradiography. FBB retention showed significant differences to wild-type controls already at 9 months of age by both in vivo and ex vivo analyses. An excellent correlation between data derived from PET and autoradiography could be obtained (r Pearson = 0.947, p < 0.0001). Although amyloid load detected by FBB in the brains of old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice was as low as values obtained with young ARTE10 mice, statistically significant discrimination to wild-type animals was reached (p < 0.01). In comparison to amyloid burden quantified by histological analysis, FBB retention correlated best with total plaque load and number of congophilic plaques in the brains of both mouse models. In conclusion, the homozygous ARTE10 mouse model showed superior properties over APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice for FBB small animal amyloid PET imaging. The absolute amount of congophilic dense-cored plaques seems to be the decisive factor for feasibility of amyloidosis models for amyloid PET analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saskia Bremen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicole Burda
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Beer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-Brain-Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, and INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Dartora CM, Borelli WV, Koole M, Marques da Silva AM. Cognitive Decline Assessment: A Review From Medical Imaging Perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:704661. [PMID: 34489675 PMCID: PMC8416532 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.704661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that involves changes at both molecular and morphological levels. However, our understanding of how aging affects brain anatomy and function is still poor. In addition, numerous biomarkers and imaging markers, usually associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been clinically used to study cognitive decline. However, the path of cognitive decline from healthy aging to a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage has been studied only marginally. This review presents aspects of cognitive decline assessment based on the imaging differences between individuals cognitively unimpaired and in the decline spectrum. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between imaging markers and the change in their patterns with aging by using neuropsychological tests. Our goal is to delineate how aging has been studied by using medical imaging tools and further explore the aging brain and cognitive decline. We find no consensus among the biomarkers to assess the cognitive decline and its relationship with the cognitive decline trajectory. Brain glucose hypometabolism was found to be directly related to aging and indirectly to cognitive decline. We still need to understand how to quantify an expected hypometabolism during cognitive decline during aging. The Aβ burden should be longitudinally studied to achieve a better consensus on its association with changes in the brain and cognition decline with aging. There exists a lack of standardization of imaging markers that highlight the need for their further improvement. In conclusion, we argue that there is a lot to investigate and understand cognitive decline better and seek a window for a suitable and effective treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Machado Dartora
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wyllians Vendramini Borelli
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, BraIns, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Maria Marques da Silva
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, BraIns, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Image Computing Laboratory, School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Pivtoraiko VN, Racic T, Abrahamson EE, Villemagne VL, Handen BL, Lott IT, Head E, Ikonomovic MD. Postmortem Neocortical 3H-PiB Binding and Levels of Unmodified and Pyroglutamate Aβ in Down Syndrome and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:728739. [PMID: 34489686 PMCID: PMC8416541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.728739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a genetic predisposition for amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction and earlier onset of Aβ deposits compared to patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) detects fibrillar Aβ pathology in living people with DS and AD, but its relationship with heterogeneous Aβ forms aggregated within amyloid deposits is not well understood. We performed quantitative in vitro3H-PiB binding assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of fibrillar (insoluble) unmodified Aβ40 and Aβ42 forms and N-terminus truncated and pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and AβNpE3-42 forms in postmortem frontal cortex and precuneus samples from 18 DS cases aged 43–63 years and 17 late-onset AD cases aged 62–99 years. Both diagnostic groups had frequent neocortical neuritic plaques, while the DS group had more severe vascular amyloid pathology (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CAA). Compared to the AD group, the DS group had higher levels of Aβ40 and AβNpE3-40, while the two groups did not differ by Aβ42 and AβNpE3-42 levels. This resulted in lower ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 in the DS group compared to the AD group. Correlations of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 ratios with CAA severity were strong in DS cases and weak in AD cases. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ levels were lower than unmodified Aβ levels in both diagnostic groups, but within group proportions of both pyroglutamate-modified Aβ forms relative to both unmodified Aβ forms were lower in the DS group but not in the AD group. The two diagnostic groups did not differ by 3H-PiB binding levels. These results demonstrate that compared to late-onset AD cases, adult DS individuals with similar severity of neocortical neuritic plaques and greater CAA pathology have a preponderance of both pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and unmodified Aβ40 forms. Despite the distinct molecular profile of Aβ forms and greater vascular amyloidosis in DS cases, cortical 3H-PiB binding does not distinguish between diagnostic groups that are at an advanced level of amyloid plaque pathology. This underscores the need for the development of CAA-selective PET radiopharmaceuticals to detect and track the progression of cerebral vascular amyloid deposits in relation to Aβ plaques in individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta N Pivtoraiko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamara Racic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Sumit, Kumar A, Mishra AK. Advancement in Pharmacological Activities of Benzothiazole and its Derivatives: An Up to Date Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:314-335. [PMID: 32819243 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200820133252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiazole is a heterocyclic aromatic and bicyclic compound in which, benzene ring is attached with thiazole ring. This nucleus is established in marine as well as terrestrial natural compounds. The benzothiazole skeleton is established in a broad variety of bioactive heterocycles and natural products. The benzothiazole nucleus is considered as the principle moiety in several biologically active compounds. Over the decade, chemists are paying more attention towards the revision of the biological and therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antitubercular, antiviral and antioxidant of benzothiazole containing compounds. The molecular structures of a number of potent drugs including Frentizole, Pramipexole, Thioflavin T and Riluzole etc., are based on benzothiazole skeleton. The present work is the compilation and presentation of all available information in a systematic manner with an aim to present the findings in a way, which may be beneficial for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit
- Drug Design Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, 244001, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Drug Design Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, 244001, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Drug Design Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, 244001, India
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17
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Nuclear Imaging for the Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis in 2021. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060996. [PMID: 34070853 PMCID: PMC8228334 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of misfolded protein fibrils into the extracellular space of the heart. The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis remains challenging because of the heterogeneous manifestations of the disease. There are many different types of amyloidosis with light-chain (AL) amyloidosis and transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis being the most common types of cardiac amyloidosis. Endomyocardial biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis and differentiating amyloid subtypes, but its use is limited because of the invasive nature of the procedure, with risks for complications and the need for specialized training and centers to perform the procedure. Radionuclide cardiac imaging has recently become the most commonly performed test for the diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis but is of limited value for the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis. Positron emission tomography has been increasingly used for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis and its applications are expected to expand in the future. Imaging protocols are under refinement to achieve better quantification of the disease burden and prediction of prognosis.
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18
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van Oostveen WM, de Lange ECM. Imaging Techniques in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Applications in Early Diagnosis and Longitudinal Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042110. [PMID: 33672696 PMCID: PMC7924338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting many individuals worldwide with no effective treatment to date. AD is characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, followed by neurodegeneration, which leads to cognitive decline and eventually death. INTRODUCTION In AD, pathological changes occur many years before disease onset. Since disease-modifying therapies may be the most beneficial in the early stages of AD, biomarkers for the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of disease progression are essential. Multiple imaging techniques with associated biomarkers are used to identify and monitor AD. AIM In this review, we discuss the contemporary early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of AD with imaging techniques regarding their diagnostic utility, benefits and limitations. Additionally, novel techniques, applications and biomarkers for AD research are assessed. FINDINGS Reduced hippocampal volume is a biomarker for neurodegeneration, but atrophy is not an AD-specific measure. Hypometabolism in temporoparietal regions is seen as a biomarker for AD. However, glucose uptake reflects astrocyte function rather than neuronal function. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the earliest hallmark of AD and can be measured with positron emission tomography (PET), but Aβ accumulation stagnates as disease progresses. Therefore, Aβ may not be a suitable biomarker for monitoring disease progression. The measurement of tau accumulation with PET radiotracers exhibited promising results in both early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring, but large-scale validation of these radiotracers is required. The implementation of new processing techniques, applications of other imaging techniques and novel biomarkers can contribute to understanding AD and finding a cure. CONCLUSIONS Several biomarkers are proposed for the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of AD with imaging techniques, but all these biomarkers have their limitations regarding specificity, reliability and sensitivity. Future perspectives. Future research should focus on expanding the employment of imaging techniques and identifying novel biomarkers that reflect AD pathology in the earliest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke M. van Oostveen
- Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-6330
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19
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Erickson CM, Chin NA, Johnson SC, Gleason CE, Clark LR. Disclosure of preclinical Alzheimer's disease biomarker results in research and clinical settings: Why, how, and what we still need to know. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12150. [PMID: 33665341 PMCID: PMC7896633 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disclosure of personal disease-related information to asymptomatic adults has been debated over the last century in medicine and research. Recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been conceptualized as a continuum that begins with a "preclinical" stage in which biomarkers are present in the absence of cognitive impairment. Studies have begun assessing the safety, psychological, and behavioral effects of disclosing both AD-related genetic and biomarker information to cognitively unimpaired older adults. Yet, debate continues over the appropriate circumstances and methods for returning such information. This article outlines concerns with and rationale for AD biomarker disclosure and summarizes findings from prior studies. Overall, this article aims to describe and respond to key questions concerning disclosure of amyloid positron emission tomography scan results to asymptomatic adults in a research setting. Moving forward, such conditions are important to consider as interventions target the preclinical phase of AD and normalize disclosing biomarker information to cognitively unimpaired persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Erickson
- Neuroscience & Public Policy ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Nathaniel A. Chin
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carey E. Gleason
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lindsay R. Clark
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
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20
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Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) PET imaging has now been available for over 15 years. The ability to detect Aβ in vivo has greatly improved the clinical and research landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Aβ imaging provides very reliable, accurate, and reproducible measurements of regional and global Aβ burden in the brain. It has proved invaluable in anti-Aβ therapy trials, and is now recognized as a powerful diagnostic tool. The appropriate use of Aβ PET, when combined with comprehensive clinical evaluation by a dementia-trained specialist, can improve the accuracy of a clinical diagnosis of AD and substantially alter management. It can assist in differentiating AD from other neurodegenerative conditions, often by its ability to rule out the presence of Aβ. When combined with tau imaging, further increase in specificity for the diagnosis of AD can be achieved. The integration of Aβ PET, in conjunction with biomarkers of tau, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, into large, longitudinal, observational cohort studies continues to increase our understanding of the development of AD. Its incorporation into clinical trials has been pivotal in defining the most effective anti-Aβ biological therapies and optimal dosing so that effective disease modifying therapy now appears imminent. Aβ deposition is a gradual and protracted process, permitting a wide treatment window for anti-Aβ therapies and Aβ PET has made trials in this preclinical AD period feasible. Continuing improvement in Aβ tracer target to background ratio is allowing trials in earlier AD that tailor drug dosage to Aβ level. The quest to standardize quantification and define universally applicable thresholds for all Aβ tracers has produced the Centiloid method. Centiloid values that correlate well with neuropathologic findings and prognosis have been identified. Rapid cloud-based automated individual scan analysis is now possible and does not require MRI. Challenges remain, particularly around cross camera standardized uptake value ratio variation that need to be addressed. This review will compare available Aβ radiotracers, discuss approaches to quantification, as well as the clinical and research applications of Aβ PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Krishnadas
- Florey Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Doré
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia; Health and Biosecurity Flagship, The Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia; The Australian Dementia Network (ADNeT), Melbourne, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Krasnovskaya O, Spector D, Zlobin A, Pavlov K, Gorelkin P, Erofeev A, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A. Metals in Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9190. [PMID: 33276505 PMCID: PMC7730413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma, which occurs 7-15 years before the onset of cognitive symptoms of the pathology. Timely diagnostics of amyloid formations allows identifying AD at an early stage and initiating inhibitor therapy, delaying the progression of the disease. However, clinically used radiopharmaceuticals based on 11C and 18F are synchrotron-dependent and short-lived. The design of new metal-containing radiopharmaceuticals for AD visualization is of interest. The development of coordination compounds capable of effectively crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) requires careful selection of a ligand moiety, a metal chelating scaffold, and a metal cation, defining the method of supposed Aβ visualization. In this review, we have summarized metal-containing drugs for positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of Alzheimer's disease. The obtained data allow assessing the structure-ability to cross the BBB ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Spector
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zlobin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Kirill Pavlov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (P.G.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Ploshchad’ 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Chang Y, Li C, Yang H, Wu Y, Xu B, Zhang J, Wang R. 18F-Florbetaben Amyloid PET Imaging: A Chinese Study in Cognitive Normal Controls, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:745. [PMID: 32848542 PMCID: PMC7405850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate amyloid-β deposition with 18F-florbetaben (FBB) PET imaging against 11C-PIB PET in cognitive normal controls (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Methods We recruited 45 subjects (15 in each group of NC, MCI, and mild/moderate AD) who had undergone dynamic 18F-FBB amyloid PET imaging. For comparison study, 17 participants, including six NC, five MCI, and six AD patients, also underwent 11C-PIB PET imaging on separate days. Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVR) were calculated using the cerebellar cortex as the reference region with regions of interest (ROI) manually defined on co-registered CT. Quantitative analysis of mean cortical uptake was calculated using global SUVR. Spearman correlation analysis between MMSE scores and SUVR of 18F-FBB and 11C-PIB images were calculated. Results One (7%) of the 15 NC participants, nine (60%) of 15 MCI patients, and 12 (80%) of 15 AD patients had amyloid-positive lesions on 18F-FBB PET images. In AD patients, global SUVR was significantly higher than those of MCI patients (1.73 ± 0.62 vs. 1.55 ± 0.11, P < 0.001) and NC subjects (1.73 ± 0.62 vs. 1.13 ± 0.43, P < 0.001). In the comparison study, one NC participant, five MCI patients, and five AD patients had amyloid-positive lesions on 11C-PIB PET images. There was a significant linear correlation (r2 = 0.81, P < 0.001) between 18F-FBB and PIB global SUVR values. MMSE scores had negative correlations with SUVR on 11C-PIB PET (r1 = –0.650, P = 0.005) or SUVR on 18F-FBB PET (r2 = –0.754, P < 0.0001). Conclusion Our study suggests that 18F-FBB is a useful tracer for the evaluation of amyloid-β deposition in vivo and that global SUVR of 18F-FBB PET might be a reliable tool in the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Baixuan Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Chotipanich C, Jantarato A, Kunawudhi A, Kongthai S, Promteangtrong C. 11C-Pittsburgh compound B and 18F-THK 5351 positron emission tomography brain imaging in cognitively normal individuals. World J Nucl Med 2020; 20:133-138. [PMID: 34321964 PMCID: PMC8286010 DOI: 10.4103/wjnm.wjnm_57_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein accumulation are the core pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease. However, the accumulation of these proteins is also common in cognitively normal elderly people. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the amyloid and tau accumulation in the cognitively normal population. A preliminary prospective study was conducted on 24 cognitively normal individuals who underwent Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PiB) and 18F-THK 5351 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography scans. The standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was used for quantitative analysis of the two tracers and comparisons between two age groups: ≤60 years and >60 years. Co-registration was applied between the dynamic acquisition PET and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to delineate various cortical regions. P-mod software with the automated anatomical labeling-merged atlas was employed to generate automatic volumes of interest for different brain regions. The posterior cingulate versus precuneus SUVRs of PiB uptake was 1.40 ± 0.07 and 1.38 ± 0.22 versus 1.17 ± 0.07 and 1.14 ± 0.18 in those aged ≤60 years and >60 years, respectively, whereas the SUVRs of THK5351 retention at brain stem versus inferior temporal SUVRs were 1.84 ± 0.06 and 1.91 ± 0.18 versus 1.37 ± 0.04 and 1.48 ± 0.21 in the age groups of ≤ 60 years and >60 years, respectively (P = 0.20). Our findings allow the determination of the preliminary optimal cutoff points for SUVRs in amyloid and tau PET studies. Ultimately, these values can be applied to normal databases in clinical use to improve quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanisa Chotipanich
- National Cyclotron and PET Centre, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Attapon Jantarato
- National Cyclotron and PET Centre, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchisa Kunawudhi
- National Cyclotron and PET Centre, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Kongthai
- National Cyclotron and PET Centre, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Heurling K, Smith R, Strandberg OT, Schain M, Ohlsson T, Hansson O, Schöll M. Regional times to equilibria and their impact on semi-quantification of [ 18F]AV-1451 uptake. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:2223-2232. [PMID: 30073880 PMCID: PMC6827127 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18791430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The semi-quantitative estimate standardised uptake value ratios (SUVR) correlate well with specific binding of the tracer expressed as distribution volume ratios (DVR) for the tau positron emission tomography tracer [18F]AV-1451 uptake and are therefore widely used as proxy for tracer binding. With regard to tracer kinetic modelling, there exists a time point when SUVR deviates minimally from DVR, occurring when the specific binding reaches a transient equilibrium. Here, we have investigated whether the time to equilibrium affects the agreement between SUVR and DVR across different brain regions. We show that the time required to reach equilibrium differs across brain regions, resulting in region-specific biases. However, even though the 80-100 min post-injection time window did not show the smallest bias numerically, the disagreement between SUVR and DVR varied least between regions during this time. In conclusion, our findings suggest a regional component to the bias of SUVR related to the time to transient equilibrium of the specific binding. [18F]AV-1451 uptake should consequently be interpreted with some caution when compared across brain regions using this method of quantification. The commonly used time window 80-100 min post-injection shows the most consistent bias across regions and is recommended for semi-quantification of [18F]AV-1451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Heurling
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruben Smith
- Department of Neurology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund/Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olof T Strandberg
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund/Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Schain
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Ohlsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund/Malmö, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund/Malmö, Sweden
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25
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Developing Trojan horses to induce, diagnose and suppress Alzheimer’s pathology. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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De P, Bhattacharyya D, Roy K. Application of multilayered strategy for variable selection in QSAR modeling of PET and SPECT imaging agents as diagnostic agents for Alzheimer’s disease. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Meyer PF, McSweeney M, Gonneaud J, Villeneuve S. AD molecular: PET amyloid imaging across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: From disease mechanisms to prevention. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 165:63-106. [PMID: 31481172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of amyloid-beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has transformed the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by enabling the quantification of cortical Aβ accumulation and propagation in vivo. This revolutionary tool has made it possible to measure direct associations between Aβ and other AD biomarkers, to identify factors that influence Aβ accumulation and to redefine entry criteria into clinical trials as well as measure drug target engagement. This chapter summarizes the main findings on the associations of Aβ with other biomarkers of disease progression across the AD spectrum. It discusses investigations of the timing at which Aβ pathology starts to accumulate, demonstrates the clinical utility of Aβ PET imaging and discusses some ethical implications. Finally, it presents genetic and potentially modifiable lifestyle factors that might influence Aβ accumulation and therefore be targets for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Meyer
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Melissa McSweeney
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada; McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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28
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Ali MH, Elsherbiny ME, Emara M. Updates on Aptamer Research. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2511. [PMID: 31117311 PMCID: PMC6566374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, different probing techniques have mainly relied on antibodies for molecular recognition. However, with the discovery of aptamers, this has changed. The science community is currently considering using aptamers in molecular targeting studies because of the many potential advantages they have over traditional antibodies. Some of these possible advantages are their specificity, higher binding affinity, better target discrimination, minimized batch-to-batch variation, and reduced side effects. Overall, these characteristics of aptamers have attracted scholars to use them as molecular probes in place of antibodies, with some aptamer-based targeting products being now available in the market. The present review is aimed at discussing the potential of aptamers as probes in molecular biology and in super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ali
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.
- current address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.
| | - Marwa E Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt.
| | - Marwan Emara
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.
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29
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La Joie R, Ayakta N, Seeley WW, Borys E, Boxer AL, DeCarli C, Doré V, Grinberg LT, Huang E, Hwang JH, Ikonomovic MD, Jack C, Jagust WJ, Jin LW, Klunk WE, Kofler J, Lesman-Segev OH, Lockhart SN, Lowe VJ, Masters CL, Mathis CA, McLean CL, Miller BL, Mungas D, O'Neil JP, Olichney JM, Parisi JE, Petersen RC, Rosen HJ, Rowe CC, Spina S, Vemuri P, Villemagne VL, Murray ME, Rabinovici GD. Multisite study of the relationships between antemortem [ 11C]PIB-PET Centiloid values and postmortem measures of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:205-216. [PMID: 30347188 PMCID: PMC6368897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to establish the relationships between standard postmortem measures of AD neuropathology and antemortem [11C]PIB-positron emission tomography ([11C]PIB-PET) analyzed with the Centiloid (CL) method, a standardized scale for Aβ-PET quantification. METHODS Four centers contributed 179 participants encompassing a broad range of clinical diagnoses, PET data, and autopsy findings. RESULTS CL values increased with each CERAD neuritic plaque score increment (median -3 CL for no plaques and 92 CL for frequent plaques) and nonlinearly with Thal Aβ phases (increases were detected starting at phase 2) with overlap between scores/phases. PET-pathology associations were comparable across sites and unchanged when restricting the analyses to the 56 patients who died within 2 years of PET. A threshold of 12.2 CL detected CERAD moderate-to-frequent neuritic plaques (area under the curve = 0.910, sensitivity = 89.2%, specificity = 86.4%), whereas 24.4 CL identified intermediate-to-high AD neuropathological changes (area under the curve = 0.894, sensitivity = 84.1%, specificity = 87.9%). DISCUSSION Our study demonstrated the robustness of a multisite Centiloid [11C]PIB-PET study and established a range of pathology-based CL thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud La Joie
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nagehan Ayakta
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewa Borys
- Department of Pathology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Doré
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Hye Hwang
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clifford Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Orit H Lesman-Segev
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel N Lockhart
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Catriona L McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James P O'Neil
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA; Biomedical Isotope Facility, MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
| | - John M Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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30
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Chen C, Liang Z, Zhou B, Li X, Lui C, Ip NY, Qu JY. In Vivo Near-Infrared Two-Photon Imaging of Amyloid Plaques in Deep Brain of Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3128-3136. [PMID: 30067906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition of brain amyloid is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The toxic extracellular amyloid plaques originating from the aberrant aggregation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein are considered to be the major cause of clinical deficits such as memory loss and cognitive impairment. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy provides high spatial resolution, minimal invasiveness, and long-term monitoring capability. TPEF imaging of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice models has greatly facilitated studies of the AD pathological mechanism. However, the imaging of deep cortical layers is still hampered by the conventional amyloid probes with short excitation/emission wavelength. In this work, we report that a near-infrared (NIR) probe, named CRANAD-3, is far superior for deep in vivo TPEF imaging of brain amyloid in comparison with the commonly used short-wavelength probe. Our findings show that the major interference for TPEF signal of the NIR probe is from the autofluorescence of lipofuscin, the "aging-pigment" in the brain. To eliminate the interference, we characterized the lipofuscin fluorescence in the aged brains of AD mice and found that it has unique broad emission and short lifetime. The lipofuscin signal can be clearly separated from the fluorescence of CRANAD-3 and fluorescent protein via a ratio-based unmixing method. Our results demonstrate the great advantages of NIR probes for in vivo deep-tissue imaging of amyloid plaques in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congping Chen
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Liang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Caleb Lui
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Y. Qu
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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31
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Femminella GD, Thayanandan T, Calsolaro V, Komici K, Rengo G, Corbi G, Ferrara N. Imaging and Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3702. [PMID: 30469491 PMCID: PMC6321449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is a significant burden for affected patients, carers, and health systems. Great advances have been made in understanding its pathophysiology, to a point that we are moving from a purely clinical diagnosis to a biological one based on the use of biomarkers. Among those, imaging biomarkers are invaluable in Alzheimer's, as they provide an in vivo window to the pathological processes occurring in Alzheimer's brain. While some imaging techniques are still under evaluation in the research setting, some have reached widespread clinical use. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used imaging biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, from molecular PET imaging to structural MRI, emphasising the concept that multimodal imaging would likely prove to be the optimal tool in the future of Alzheimer's research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Thayanandan
- Imperial Memory Unit, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK.
| | - Valeria Calsolaro
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Klara Komici
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SPA-Società Benefit, IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy.
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SPA-Società Benefit, IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy.
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32
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Ashton NJ, Schöll M, Heurling K, Gkanatsiou E, Portelius E, Höglund K, Brinkmalm G, Hye A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Update on biomarkers for amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Med 2018; 12:799-812. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the center of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is the aberrant aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) into oligomers, fibrils and plaques. Effective monitoring of Aβ deposition directly in patients is essential to assist anti-Aβ therapeutics in target engagement and participant selection. In the advent of approved anti-Aβ therapeutics, biomarkers will become of fundamental importance in initiating treatments having disease modifying effects at the earliest stage. Two well-established Aβ biomarkers are widely utilized: Aβ-binding ligands for positron emission tomography and immunoassays to measure Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid. In this review, we will discuss the current clinical, diagnostic and research state of biomarkers for Aβ pathology. Furthermore, we will explore the current application of blood-based markers to assess Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ashton
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Heurling
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular & Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eleni Gkanatsiou
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kina Höglund
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Abdul Hye
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
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33
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Villemagne VL, Doré V, Burnham SC, Masters CL, Rowe CC. Imaging tau and amyloid-β proteinopathies in Alzheimer disease and other conditions. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:225-236. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2018.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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34
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Higashi T, Nishii R, Kagawa S, Kishibe Y, Takahashi M, Okina T, Suzuki N, Hasegawa H, Nagahama Y, Ishizu K, Oishi N, Kimura H, Watanabe H, Ono M, Saji H, Yamauchi H. 18F-FPYBF-2, a new F-18-labelled amyloid imaging PET tracer: first experience in 61 volunteers and 55 patients with dementia. Ann Nucl Med 2018; 32:206-216. [PMID: 29388083 PMCID: PMC5852179 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-018-1236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Recently, we developed a benzofuran derivative for the imaging of β-amyloid plaques, 5-(5-(2-(2-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)benzofuran-2-yl)-N-methylpyridin-2-amine (18F-FPYBF-2) (Ono et al., J Med Chem 54:2971–9, 2011). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of 18F-FPYBF-2 as an amyloid imaging PET tracer in a first clinical study with healthy volunteers and patients with various dementia and in comparative dual tracer study using 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB). Methods 61 healthy volunteers (age: 53.7 ± 13.1 years old; 19 male and 42 female; age range 24–79) and 55 patients with suspected dementia [Alzheimer’s Disease (AD); early AD: n = 19 and moderate stage AD: n = 8, other dementia: n = 9, mild cognitive impairment (MCI): n = 16, cognitively normal: n = 3] for first clinical study underwent static head PET/CT scan using 18F−FPYBF-2 at 50–70 min after injection. 13 volunteers and 14 patients also underwent dynamic PET scan at 0–50 min at the same instant. 16 subjects (volunteers: n = 5, patients with dementia: n = 11) (age: 66.3 ± 14.2 years old; 10 males and 6 females) were evaluated for comparative study (50–70 min after injection) using 18F-FPYBF-2 and 11C-PiB on separate days, respectively. Quantitative analysis of mean cortical uptake was calculated using Mean Cortical Index of SUVR (standardized uptake value ratio) based on the established method for 11C-PiB analysis using cerebellar cortex as control. Results Studies with healthy volunteers showed that 18F-FPYBF-2 uptake was mainly observed in cerebral white matter and that average Mean Cortical Index at 50–70 min was low and stable (1.066 ± 0.069) basically independent from age or gender. In patients with AD, 18F-FPYBF-2 uptake was observed both in cerebral white and gray matter, and Mean Cortical Index was significantly higher (early AD: 1.288 ± 0.134, moderate AD: 1.342 ± 0.191) than those of volunteers and other dementia (1.018 ± 0.057). In comparative study, the results of 18F-FPYBF-2 PET/CT were comparable with those of 11C-PiB, and the Mean Cortical Index (18F-FPYBF-2: 1.173 ± 0.215; 11C-PiB: 1.435 ± 0.474) showed direct proportional relationship with each other (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Our first clinical study suggest that 18F-FPYBF-2 is a useful PET tracer for the evaluation of β-amyloid deposition and that quantitative analysis of Mean Cortical Index of SUVR is a reliable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12149-018-1236-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Nishii
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Kagawa
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoko Okina
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Ishizu
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Oishi
- Research and Educational Unit of Leaders for Integrated Medical System, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Shokouhi S, Campbell D, Brill AB, Gwirtsman HE. Longitudinal Positron Emission Tomography in Preventive Alzheimer's Disease Drug Trials, Critical Barriers from Imaging Science Perspective. Brain Pathol 2018; 26:664-71. [PMID: 27327527 PMCID: PMC5958602 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent Alzheimer's trials have recruited cognitively normal people at risk for Alzheimer's dementia. Due to the lack of clinical symptoms in normal population, conventional clinical outcome measures are not suitable for these early trials. While several groups are developing new composite cognitive tests that could serve as potential outcome measures by detecting subtle cognitive changes in normal people, there is a need for longitudinal brain imaging techniques that can correlate with temporal changes in these new tests and provide additional objective measures of neuropathological changes in brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging procedure based on the measurement of annihilation photons after positron emission from radiolabeled molecules that allow tracking of biological processes in body, including the brain. PET is a well-established in vivo imaging modality in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and research due to its capability of detecting abnormalities in three major hallmarks of this disease. These include (1) amyloid beta plaques; (2) neurofibrillary tau tangles and (3) decrease in neuronal activity due to loss of nerve cell connection and death. While semiquantitative PET imaging techniques are commonly used to set discrete cut-points to stratify abnormal levels of amyloid accumulation and neurodegeneration, they are suboptimal for detecting subtle longitudinal changes. In this study, we have identified and discussed four critical barriers in conventional longitudinal PET imaging that may be particularly relevant for early Alzheimer's disease studies. These include within and across subject heterogeneity of AD-affected brain regions, PET intensity normalization, neuronal compensations in early disease stages and cerebrovascular amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Shokouhi
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Desmond Campbell
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Aaron B Brill
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Imaging. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chun H, Lee CJ. Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease: A double-edged sword. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:44-52. [PMID: 29225140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and fatal disease, in which neuronal damage at its late stage cannot be easily reversed. Because AD progression is caused by multiple factors including diverse cellular processes, studies on AD pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular level are challenging. Based on the lessons from unsuccessful neuron-focused research for an AD cure, non-cell autonomous mechanisms including brain inflammation and reactive astrocytes have recently been in the spotlight as potential therapeutic targets for AD. Studies have shown that reactive astrocytes are not only the result of inflammatory defense reactions, but also an active catabolic decomposer that acts by taking up amyloid beta toxins. Here, we give an overview of the characteristics of reactive astrocytes as pathological features of AD. Reactive astrocytes exert biphasic effects, that is, beneficial or detrimental depending on multiple factors. Many efforts have been put forth for defining and characterizing molecular signatures for the beneficial and detrimental reactive astrocytes. In the foreseeable future, manipulating and targeting each established molecular signature should have profound therapeutic implications for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Chun
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Bio-Med, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Neale N, Padilla C, Fonseca LM, Holland T, Zaman S. Neuroimaging and other modalities to assess Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:263-271. [PMID: 29159043 PMCID: PMC5683343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) at higher rates and a younger age of onset compared to the general population. As the average lifespan of people with DS is increasing, AD is becoming an important health concern in this group. Neuroimaging is becoming an increasingly useful tool in understanding the pathogenesis of dementia development in relation to clinical symptoms. Furthermore, neuroimaging has the potential to play a role in AD diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutics. This review describes major recent findings from in vivo neuroimaging studies analysing DS and AD via ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET), [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET, structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Electroencephalography (EEG) and retinal imaging are also discussed as emerging modalities. The review is organized by neuroimaging method and assesses the relationship between cognitive decline and neuroimaging changes. We find that amyloid accumulation seen on PET occurs prior to dementia onset, possibly as a precursor to the atrophy and white matter changes seen in MRI studies. Future PET studies relating tau distribution to clinical symptoms will provide further insight into the role this protein plays in dementia development. Brain activity changes demonstrated by EEG and metabolic changes seen via FDG-PET may also follow predictable patterns that can help track dementia progression. Finally, newer approaches such as retinal imaging will hopefully overcome some of the limitations of neuroimaging and allow for detection of dementia at an earlier stage. We review recent neuroimaging findings in the field of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Review is organized by neuroimaging methodology. Correlation between cognitive decline and imaging findings is considered. Neuroimaging is a useful tool for studying and monitoring Alzheimer's disease in the Down syndrome population.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- Biomarkers
- DS, Down syndrome
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- Dementia
- Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- FDG, fluordexoyglucose
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- NFT, neurofibrillary tangles
- PET, positron emission tomography
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Neale
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Concepcion Padilla
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
| | - Luciana Mascarenhas Fonseca
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Old Age Research Group (PROTER), Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Rua da Reitoria, 374, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Tony Holland
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
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Walker LC, Jucker M. The Exceptional Vulnerability of Humans to Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:534-545. [PMID: 28483344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like many humans, non-human primates deposit copious misfolded Aβ protein in the brain as they age. Nevertheless, the complete behavioral and pathologic phenotype of Alzheimer's disease, including Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary (tau) tangles, and dementia, has not yet been identified in a non-human species. Recent research suggests that the crucial link between Aβ aggregation and tauopathy is somehow disengaged in aged monkeys. Understanding why Alzheimer's disease fails to develop in species that are biologically proximal to humans could disclose new therapeutic targets in the chain of events leading to neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Dupont AC, Santiago Ribeiro MJ, Guilloteau D, Arlicot N. β-amyloid PET neuroimaging: A review of radiopharmaceutical development. MEDECINE NUCLEAIRE-IMAGERIE FONCTIONNELLE ET METABOLIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mednuc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Rodell AB, O'Keefe G, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Gjedde A. Cerebral Blood Flow and Aβ-Amyloid Estimates by WARM Analysis of [ 11C]PiB Uptake Distinguish among and between Neurodegenerative Disorders and Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:321. [PMID: 28123366 PMCID: PMC5225115 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We report results of the novel Washout Allometric Reference Method (WARM) that uses estimates of cerebral blood flow and amyloid load from the same [11C]Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PiB) retention maps in brain to distinguish between patients with different forms dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, and healthy volunteers. The method introduces two approaches to the identification of brain pathology related to amyloid accumulation, (1) a novel analysis of amyloid binding based on the late washout of the tracer from brain tissue, and (2) the simultaneous estimation of absolute cerebral blood flow indices (sCBF) from the early accumulation of the tracer in brain tissue. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that a change of cerebral blood flow is correlated with the degree of tracer [11C]PiB retention, reflecting dendritic spine pathology and consequent inhibition of brain energy metabolism and reduction of blood flow by neurovascular coupling in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Previously reported images of [11C]PiB retention in brain of 29 subjects with cognitive impairment or dementia [16 Alzheimer's Disease (AD), eight subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), five patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), five patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 29 age-matched healthy control subjects (HC)], underwent analysis of PiB delivery and retention by means of WARM for quantitation of [11C]PiB's binding potentials (BPND) and correlated surrogate cerebral blood flow (sCBF) estimates, based on the [11C]PiB images, compared to estimates by conventional Standard Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) of [11C]PiB retention with cerebellum gray matter as reference. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) revealed the power of discrimination among estimates. Results: For AD, the discriminatory power of [11C]PiB binding potential (BPND) by WARM exceeded the power of SUVR that in turn exceeded the power of sCBF estimates. Differences of [11C]PiB binding and sCBF measures between AD and HC both were highly significant (p < 0.001). For all the dementia groups as a whole, sCBF estimates revealed the greatest discrimination between the patient and HC groups. WARM resolves a major issue of amyloid load quantification with [11C]PiB in human brain by determining absolute sCBF and amyloid load measures from the same images. The two parameter approach provides key discriminary information in AD for which [11C]PiB traditionally is used, as well as for the distinct flow deficits in FTLD, and the marked parietal and occipital lobe flow deficits in DLB. Conclusion: We conclude that WARM yields estimates of two important variables that together discriminate among patients with dementia, including AD, and healthy volunteers, with ROC that are superior to conventional methods of analysis. The distinction between estimates of flow and amyloid load from the same dynamic emission tomograms provides valuable pathogenetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders B Rodell
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, BrisbaneQLD, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Graeme O'Keefe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg VIC, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg VIC, Australia
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, MontréalQC, Canada; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, BaltimoreMD, USA; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz, Iran; Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
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Villemagne VL, Doré V, Bourgeat P, Burnham SC, Laws S, Salvado O, Masters CL, Rowe CC. Aβ-amyloid and Tau Imaging in Dementia. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:75-88. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Robinson RAS, Amin B, Guest PC. Multiplexing Biomarker Methods, Proteomics and Considerations for Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 974:21-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52479-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kooi Ong L, Rohan Walker F, Nilsson M. Is Stroke a Neurodegenerative Condition? A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration and Amyloid-beta Accumulation after Stroke. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2017.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Salerno M, Santo Domingo Porqueras D. Alzheimer's disease: The use of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging to detect amyloid beta peptide inside the brain. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Amyloid imaging: Past, present and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 30:95-106. [PMID: 26827784 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the gradual onset of dementia. The pathological hallmarks of the disease are Aβ amyloid plaques, and tau neurofibrillary tangles, along dendritic and synaptic loss and reactive gliosis. Functional and molecular neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) using functional and molecular tracers, in conjuction with other Aβ and tau biomarkers in CSF, are proving valuable in the differential diagnosis of AD, as well as in establishing disease prognosis. With the advent of new therapeutic strategies, there has been an increasing application of these techniques for the determination of Aβ burden in vivo in the patient selection, evaluation of target engagement and assessment of the efficacy of therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing Aβ in the brain.
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Shokouhi S, Mckay JW, Baker SL, Kang H, Brill AB, Gwirtsman HE, Riddle WR, Claassen DO, Rogers BP. Reference tissue normalization in longitudinal (18)F-florbetapir positron emission tomography of late mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016; 8:2. [PMID: 26768154 PMCID: PMC4714472 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semiquantitative methods such as the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) require normalization of the radiotracer activity to a reference tissue to monitor changes in the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques measured with positron emission tomography (PET). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reference tissue normalization in a test-retest (18)F-florbetapir SUVR study using cerebellar gray matter, white matter (two different segmentation masks), brainstem, and corpus callosum as reference regions. METHODS We calculated the correlation between (18)F-florbetapir PET and concurrent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ1-42 levels in a late mild cognitive impairment cohort with longitudinal PET and CSF data over the course of 2 years. In addition to conventional SUVR analysis using mean and median values of normalized brain radiotracer activity, we investigated a new image analysis technique-the weighted two-point correlation function (wS2)-to capture potentially more subtle changes in Aβ-PET data. RESULTS Compared with the SUVRs normalized to cerebellar gray matter, all cerebral-to-white matter normalization schemes resulted in a higher inverse correlation between PET and CSF Aβ1-42, while the brainstem normalization gave the best results (high and most stable correlation). Compared with the SUVR mean and median values, the wS2 values were associated with the lowest coefficient of variation and highest inverse correlation to CSF Aβ1-42 levels across all time points and reference regions, including the cerebellar gray matter. CONCLUSIONS The selection of reference tissue for normalization and the choice of image analysis method can affect changes in cortical (18)F-florbetapir uptake in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Shokouhi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA.
| | - John W Mckay
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA.
| | - Suzanne L Baker
- Center of Functional Imaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Avenue, 11th Floor, Suite 11000, Nashville, TN, 37203-1738, USA.
| | - Aaron B Brill
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA.
| | - Harry E Gwirtsman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
| | - William R Riddle
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA.
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, A-0118 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232-2551, USA.
| | - Baxter P Rogers
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA.
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Jang YK, Kwon H, Kim YJ, Jung NY, Lee JS, Lee J, Chin J, Im K, Jeon S, Lee JM, Seong JK, Kim JH, Kim S, Choe YS, Lee KH, Kim ST, Kim JS, Lee JH, Na DL, Seo SW, Kim HJ. Early- vs late-onset subcortical vascular cognitive impairment. Neurology 2016; 86:527-34. [PMID: 26764026 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences between early-onset subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (EO-SVCI) and late-onset subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (LO-SVCI) with regard to pathologic burden, structural changes, and cognitive function. METHODS We prospectively recruited 142 patients from a single referral center. Patients were divided into EO-SVCI (n = 30, age at onset <65 years) and LO-SVCI (n = 112, age at onset ≥ 65 years) groups. All patients underwent neuropsychological tests, 3T brain MRI, and [(11)C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET. We compared pathologic burden such as small vessel disease and amyloid burden; structural changes such as structural network, cortical thickness, and hippocampal volume; and cognitive function between EO-SVCI and LO-SVCI. RESULTS EO-SVCI patients had more lacunes, while LO-SVCI patients had higher PiB standardized uptake value ratios. EO-SVCI patients exhibited more severe structural network disruptions in the frontal area, while LO-SVCI patients exhibited more severe cortical and hippocampal atrophy. Although disease severity did not differ between the 2 groups, frontal-executive dysfunction was more severe in EO-SVCI patients. CONCLUSIONS EO-SVCI patients showed more vascular related factors, while LO-SVCI patients exhibited more Alzheimer disease-related characteristics. The greater number of lacunes in EO-SVCI might account for the more severe frontal network disruption and frontal-executive dysfunction, while the greater amyloid burden in LO-SVCI might account for the more severe cortical and hippocampal atrophy. Our findings suggest that the age at onset is a crucial factor that determines distinct features in SVCI patients, such as pathologic burden, structural changes, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyoung Jang
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunki Kwon
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Yeon Jung
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyoun Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhee Chin
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiho Im
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seun Jeon
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Kyoung Seong
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Nuclear Medicine (Y.S.C., K.-H.L.), and Radiology (S.T.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Center (Y.K.J., Y.J.K., J.S.L., J.L., J.C., D.L.N., S.W.S., H.J.K.), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering (H.K., J.M.L.), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology (N.Y.J.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea; Division of Newborn Medicine (K.I.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (S.J.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Biomedical Engineering (J.-K.S.) and Computer and Radio Communications Engineering (J.H.K.), Korea University; Biostatistics Team (S.K.), Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; and Departments of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.) and Neurology (J.H.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Amyloid Imaging With 11C-PIB in Patients With Cognitive Impairment in a Clinical Setting. Clin Nucl Med 2016; 41:e18-23. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Heurling K, Leuzy A, Zimmer ER, Lubberink M, Nordberg A. Imaging β-amyloid using [18F]flutemetamol positron emission tomography: from dosimetry to clinical diagnosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:362-373. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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