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Bonnefille B, Arpin-Pont L, Gomez E, Fenet H, Courant F. Metabolic profiling identification of metabolites formed in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) after diclofenac exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:257-268. [PMID: 28108094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing concern on the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, few studies have been conducted on their metabolism in marine organisms. In this study, a non-targeted strategy based on the generation of chemical profiles generated by liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to highlight metabolite production by the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) after diclofenac exposure. This method allowed revealing the production of 13 metabolites in mussel tissues. Three of them were phase I metabolites, including 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac and 5-hydroxy-diclofenac. The remaining 10 were phase II metabolites, including sulfate and amino acids conjugates. Among all of the metabolites highlighted, 5 were reported for the first time in an aquatic organism exposed to diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénilde Bonnefille
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauren Arpin-Pont
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Olsen LR, Gabel-Jensen C, Wubshet SG, Kongstad KT, Janfelt C, Badolo L, Hansen SH. Characterization of midazolam metabolism in locusts: the role of a CYP3A4-like enzyme in the formation of 1'-OH and 4-OH midazolam. Xenobiotica 2015. [PMID: 26207435 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1051604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The metabolism of midazolam was investigated in vivo in locusts in order to evaluate the presence of an enzyme with functionality similar to human CYP3A4/5. 2. Hydroxylated metabolites of midazolam identical to human metabolites were detected in locusts and the apparent affinities (Km values) were in the same range as reported in humans (in locusts: 7-23 and 33-85 µM for the formation of the 1'-OH and 4-OH metabolites, respectively). 3. The formation of hydroxylated metabolites could successfully be inhibited by co-administration of ketoconazole, a known CYP3A4/5 inhibitor. 4. Besides phase I metabolites, a number of conjugated metabolites were detected using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The most abundant metabolites detected were structurally identified by (1)H NMR as two N-glucosides. NMR analysis strongly suggested that the glycosylation occurred at the two nitrogens (either one in each case) of the imidazole ring. 5. Distribution of midazolam and the glucose conjugates were successfully measured using desorption electrospray mass spectrometry imaging revealing time-dependent changes in distribution over time. 6. In conclusion, it appears that an enzyme with functionality similar to human CYP3A4/5 is present in locusts. However, it appears that conjugation with glucose is the main detoxification pathway of midazolam in locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet
- b Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark , and
| | - Kenneth Thermann Kongstad
- b Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark , and
| | | | - Lassina Badolo
- c Department of Discovery ADME , H. Lundbeck A/S , Valby , Denmark
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3
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Olsen LR, Gabel-Jensen C, Nielsen PA, Hansen SH, Badolo L. Identification of a Functional Homolog of the Mammalian CYP3A4 in Locusts. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1153-62. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Hietanen E, Vainio H. Interspecies variations in small intestinal and hepatic drug hydroxylation and glucuronidation. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 33:57-64. [PMID: 4204379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ahmad
- Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Cook College Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903
| | - Andrew J. Forgash
- Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Cook College Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903
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6
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Warren JT, Steiner B, Dorn A, Pak M, Gilbert LI. Metabolism of Ecdysteroids During the Embryogenesis ofManduca Sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918608076716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Deml R, Dettner K. Biodegradation and transfer of ingested 2,4-D herbicide by a polyphagous saturniid caterpillar. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 45:783-789. [PMID: 11695597 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A herbicide containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and related chemicals was fed to caterpillars of Eupackardia calleta, and the fate of the substances in the larvae and during further ontogenesis was followed by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The compounds were found in differing amounts in larval midgut, faeces, fat body/haemolymph, and even in an exocrine secretion produced by integumental glands. Furthermore, they were detected in samples from the resulting adult moths, indicating an intraindividual transfer. Since the individual development of E. calleta was distinctly accelerated by 2,4-D, possible impacts of the herbicide on the life history of the animals in the field are discussed. Based on the chemical data, hypothetical metabolic pathways for 2,4-D in E calleta larvae are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Deml
- Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie H, Universität Bayreuth, Germany.
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8
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Leszczynski B, Matok M, Dixon AFG. Detoxification of cereal plant allelochemicals by aphids: Activity and molecular weights of glutathioneS-transferase in three species of cereal aphids. J Chem Ecol 1994; 20:387-94. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02064445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1993] [Accepted: 10/12/1993] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Leszczynski B, Matok H, Dixon AFG. Resistance of cereals to aphids: The interaction between hydroxamic acids and UDP-glucose transferases in the aphidSitobion avenue (Homoptera: Aphididae). J Chem Ecol 1992; 18:1189-200. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00980073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1991] [Accepted: 03/04/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Kajbaf M, Jahanshahi M, Lamb JH, Gorrod JW, Naylor S. Bioanalytical applications of tandem mass spectrometry in the in vitro metabolism of the anticholinergic drug cimetropium bromide to detect differences in species metabolism. Xenobiotica 1992; 22:641-55. [PMID: 1441588 DOI: 10.3109/00498259209053127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. In vitro metabolism of the anticholinergic drug, cimetropium bromide, was investigated using four different animal hepatic microsomal incubates derived from rat, hamster, guinea pig, and mouse livers. 2. Constant neutral loss (CNL) tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect the presence of the N-methylenecyclopropyl-scopine functionality by monitoring loss of 54 daltons (corresponding to loss of methylenecyclopropane) in microsomal incubates. 3. A CNL loss of 46 daltons was used to screen for the presence of ester hydrolysis products. 4. A comparison of the daughter ion spectra obtained on ions detected by CNL scanning, with daughter ion spectra of synthetic standards, determined the presence of ten metabolites of cimetropium bromide. 5. Hydroxylation of the aromatic ring in the ester side-chain was found to be the major metabolic pathway, and ester bond hydrolysis was a minor metabolic pathway. 6. N-Demethylation of the bridgehead nitrogen was observed only in rat and hamster incubates. 7. Using the method of CNL scanning it was possible to screen different animal microsomal incubates without resorting to any major purification procedures such as h.p.l.c. 8. This scanning method revealed differences between species in the metabolic pathways of cimetropium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kajbaf
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Carshalton, Surrey, UK
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11
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Real MD, Ferré J, Chapa FJ. UDP-glucosyltransferase activity toward exogenous substrates in Drosophila melanogaster. Anal Biochem 1991; 194:349-52. [PMID: 1830726 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90239-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the capacity of Drosophila extracts to glucosylate exogenous substrates we have developed a fast and sensitive method for the detection of UDP-glucosyltransferase activity using 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, or 2-naphthol as substrates. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate and quantitate the reaction products, allowing detection of activities that produced as little as 1 pmol of 2-naphthol glucoside (fluorescence detection) or 16 pmol of 4-nitrophenol glucoside (absorbance detection). Optimal activity was found at 43 degrees C and alkaline pH. The affinity of the Drosophila enzyme was 250-fold higher for 1-naphthol or 2-naphthol (Km approximately 4 microM) than for 4-nitrophenol and UDP-glucose (Km approximately 1 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Real
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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12
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Real MD, Ferré J. Biosynthesis of xanthurenic acid 8-O-beta-D-glucoside in Drosophila. Characterization of the xanthurenic acid:UDP-glucosyltransferase activity. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Ngah WZ, Smith JN. Acidic conjugate of phenols in insects; glucoside phosphate and glucoside sulphate derivatives. Xenobiotica 1983; 13:383-9. [PMID: 6636834 DOI: 10.3109/00498258309052276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of p-nitrophenol in nine species of insects were identified by paper chromatography and ionophoresis as the glucoside, the sulphate, the phosphate and the glucoside phosphate. Metabolites with similar properties to the glucoside phosphates were also formed from 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1-naphthol and 4-methylumbelliferone in Tenebrio larvae. Tenebrio larvae also metabolized p-nitrophenol to a compound believed to be p-nitrophenyl glucoside-6-sulphate. None of the nine species of insect used was able to metabolize [14C]benzoic acid to a glucoside-phosphate or glucoside-sulphate conjugate.
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Isaac RE, Phua KK, Rees HH. 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate synthesis and involvement in sulphotransferase reactions in the insect, Spodoptera littoralis. Biochem J 1982; 204:127-33. [PMID: 6956335 PMCID: PMC1158323 DOI: 10.1042/bj2040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
1. Synthesis of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate from ATP and 35SO4(-2) was demonstrated by homogenates of gut. Malpighian tubules and fat body of Spodoptera littoralis. 2. The enzyme system was most active in the gut tissue, and was primarily located in the cytosol fraction of the cell. Gut cytosol preparations were used as a source of the 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate generating system for more detailed studies. 3. Maximum synthesis required an incubation mixture containing Tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.5), ATP (20 mM), MgCl2 (13.0 mM) and K2SO4 (3 mM). 4. The specific activity of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate synthesizing activity in gut cytosol increased during development of the sixth instar larva, reaching a peak at day 4. A sudden fall in specific activity was observed in the prepupal stage. 5. 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate formation is the rate limiting process in the overall sulphation of p-nitrophenol in the gut cytosol preparations from S. littoralis. 6. It is concluded that the properties of the sulphate-activating system in this insect are similar to those reported for vertebrates.
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Schwen RJ, Mannering GJ. Hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems of the trout, frog and snake--II. Monooxygenase activities. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 71:437-43. [PMID: 6978229 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
1. Activities of hepatic monooxygenase systems (aminopyrine N-demethylase, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and p-nitrophenetole O-deethylase) of the brown trout (Salmo trutta), leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and garter snake (Thamnophis) were observed to be considerably lower than those of the rat. The specific activities of their P-450 cytochromes relative to rates of product formation were also much lower than those of the rat, except benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation by frog microsomes, in which case, the value was about the same as that for the rat. 2. The monooxygenase systems of the trout, frog and snake were identified as cytochrome P-450 systems by the inhibitory effects of carbon monoxide, SKF 535-A, alpha-naphthoflavone and by the requirement for NADPH. 3. NADH synergism of NADPH-supported monooxygenase activities of hepatic microsomes of the trout, frog and snake suggest the participation of cytochrome b5 in these reactions. For the trout, p-nitrophenetole metabolism was supported almost as well by NADH as by NADPH, which suggests that in this species, cytochrome b5 may play an important role in certain monooxygenase reactions. 4. Qualitative differences in the P-450 cytochromes of the trout, frog, snake and rat were indicated by differences in the inhibitory effects of SKF 525-A and alpha-naphthoflavone on monooxygenase activities.
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18
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Jordan T, Chang C, Smith J. Factors affecting the metabolism, distribution and excretion of aromatic acids in Periplaneta americana and Acanthoxyla intermedia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Idle JR, Millburn P, Williams RT. Taurine conjugates as metabolites of arylacetic acids in the ferret. Xenobiotica 1978; 8:253-64. [PMID: 347725 DOI: 10.3109/00498257809056147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The pattern of conjugation in the ferret of 8 arylacetic acids and, for comparison, benzoic acid and 4-nitrobenzoic acid was examined. 2. The arylacetic acids, phenylacetic, 4-chloro- and 4-nitro phenylacetic, alpha-methylphenylacetic (hydratropic), 1- and 2-naphthylacetic and indol-3-ylacetic acids, were excreted in the urine as taurine and glycine conjugates. Diphenylacetic acid did not form an amino acid conjugate and was excreted as a glucuronide. 3. The taurine conjugate was the major metabolite of 4-nitrophenylacetic, alpha-methylphenylacetic, 1- and 2-naphthylacetic and indol-3-ylacetic acids, whereas the glycine conjugate was the major metabolite of phenylacetic and 4-chlorophenylacetic acids. Taurine conjugation did not occur with benzoic and 4-nitrobenzoic acids which were excreted as glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates. 4. Phenacetylglutamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were minor urinary metabolites of phenylacetic in the ferret. 5. A number of taurine conjugates of aliphatic and aromatic acids were synthesized and their characterization and properties were studied. The role of taurine as an alternative to glycine in the metabolic conjugation of arylacetic acids is discussed.
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20
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Douch PG, Buchanan LL. Glutathione conjugation of some xenobiotics by Ascaris suum and Moniezia expansa. Xenobiotica 1978; 8:171-6. [PMID: 654311 DOI: 10.3109/00498257809060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The cestode Moniezia expansa and the nematode Ascaris suum both possess enzymes catalysing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 2. The GSH-S-aryl transferase (GSH-S-transferase A) was present in the cytosol of the cestode proglottids and of the nematode intestinal epithelial cells. Other tissues did not contain measurable activity. The enzymes from both species had mol. wt. of about 37 000 and broad pH optima around pH 8.3. Both enzymes were inhibited by Cu2+, Fe3+ and Hg2+ at 1 mM and stimulated by Co2+. 3. Neither M. expansa nor A. suum possessed measurable DDT dehydrochlorinase activity. GSH-S-epoxide transferase (GSH-S-transferase E) activity was indicated in both species; neither species effected the conjugation of bromo- or chlorobenzene. 4. Halogenated anthelmintics were not metabolized to GSH conjugates in the helminths studied and did not inhibit GSH-S-aryltransferase activity towards chlorodinitrobenzene.
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Dykstra W, Dauterman W. Excretion, distribution and metabolism of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) glutathione in the American cockroach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Kaplan DL, Hartenstein R. Studies on monooxygenases and dioxygenases in soil macroinvertebrates and bacterial isolates from the gut of the terrestrial isopod, Oniscus asellus L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Elmamlouk T, Gessner T. Carbohydrate and sulfate conjugations of p-nitrophenol by hepatopancreas of Homarus americanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(78)90071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Wheldrake JF, Baudinette RV, Hewitt. The metabolism of phenol in a desert rodent Notomys alexis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1978; 61C:103-7. [PMID: 30567 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(78)90119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Hollingworth RM. Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals. Compr Physiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp090128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Willox S, Weatherby RP, Holder GM. Aniline metabolism in two species of Arachnida: water-soluble metabolites. Xenobiotica 1976; 6:565-73. [PMID: 983127 DOI: 10.3109/00498257609151669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The metabolism of [14C]aniline in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) at 40 and 300 mug per animal) and in the spider, Nephila plumipes (at 40 mug per 100 mg) were studied. 2. In both species hydroxylation occurred yielding both free and conjugated o-and p-aminophenols. 3. The water-soluble metabolites affording aniline on acid hydrolysis were examined, and gamma-glutamylanilide (23% of dose) was identified as a tick metabolite (40 mug dose). This metabolite was not found in extracts of dosed spiders.
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Elmamlouk TH, Gessner T. Mixed function oxidases and nitroreductases in hepatopancreas of Homarus americanus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 53:57-62. [PMID: 5238 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(76)90052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Idle JR, Millburn P, Williams RT. Benzoylglutamic acid, a metabolite of benzoic acid in Indian fruit bats. FEBS Lett 1975; 59:234-6. [PMID: 1227940 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Baggot JD. An introduction to principles of veterinary clinical pharmacology: the elimination of drugs. 2. Mechanisms of drug elimination. N Z Vet J 1974; 22:63-71. [PMID: 4211800 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1974.34136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Bodnaryk RP, Brunet PC. 3-O-hydrosulphato-4-hydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine 3-O-sulphate), a metabolite involved in the sclerotization of insect cuticle. Biochem J 1974; 138:463-9. [PMID: 4429543 PMCID: PMC1166232 DOI: 10.1042/bj1380463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine 3-O-sulphate (3-O-hydrosulphato-4-hydroxyphenethylamine) was isolated from newly ecdysed cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), and its structure established by chemical and physical techniques and by synthesis. Relatively high concentrations (about 1mumol/g wet. wt.) of dopamine 3-O-sulphate exist in the newly ecdysed insect, and these concentrations decrease sharply as sclerotization of the cuticle proceeds. At least 40% of the radioactivity of (14)C-labelled dopamine 3-O-sulphate injected into newly ecdysed nymphs was recovered in the sclerotized cuticle 7-12 days after the injection. However, less than 1% of the radioactivity of injected dopamine 3-O-[(35)S]sulphate was recovered, and this value was not appreciably different from that for the incorporation of Na(2) (35)SO(4). Apparently, little or none of the sulphate moiety of dopamine 3-O-sulphate is incorporated directly into the cuticle as the intact sulphate ester. These observations are discussed in relation to current concepts of cuticular sclerotization in insects.
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34
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Hietanen E, Hänninen O. Variable activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the gut of the rat after feeding with different pelleted diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-4035(74)80010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Holder GM, Willox S. Nitrobenzene reduction and reductive cleavage of azobenzenes in two species of Arachnida. Life Sci 1973; 13:391-400. [PMID: 4201712 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Bababunmi EA, Smith RL, Williams RT. The absence of hippuric acid synthesis in the Indian fruit bat. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 2: BIOCHEMISTRY, GENERAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 12:317-26. [PMID: 4700529 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Abstract
The mammalian glucoside-conjugation pathway was studied by using p-nitrophenol as the model substrate and mouse liver microsomal preparations as the source of enzyme. The microsomal preparations supplemented with UDP-glucose glucosylated p-nitrophenol; p-nitrophenyl glucoside was identified by chromatography in six solvent systems. The unsolubilized glucosyltransferase of fresh microsomal preparations did not follow the usual Michaelis-Menten kinetics and was easily inhibited by many steroids. All the steroids tested inhibited glucosylation of p-nitrophenol to a greater degree than glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol when assayed in the same microsomal preparations. The steroids inhibited glucosylation with the following decreasing effectiveness: pregnan-3alpha-ol-20beta-one (3alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-beta-one)>oestradiol-17beta 3-methyl ether>oestradiol-17beta>oestriol>pregnane-3alpha,20beta-diol>oestrone. Pregnan-3alpha-ol-20beta-one, pregnane-3alpha,20beta-diol and oestrone had negligible effect on glucuronidation.
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Minck K, Schupp RR, Illing HP, Kahl GF, Netter KJ. Interrelationship between demethylation of p-nitroanisole and conjugation of p-nitrophenol in rat liver. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1973; 279:347-60. [PMID: 4273712 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yang RS, Wilkinson CF. Enzymic sulphation of p-nitrophenol and steroids by larval gut tissues of the southern armyworm (Prodenia evidania Cramer). Biochem J 1972; 130:487-93. [PMID: 4268883 PMCID: PMC1174428 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. An enzyme system that catalyses the sulphation of p-nitrophenol, cholesterol, alpha-ecdysone, beta-sitosterol, dehydroepiandrosterone, oestrone and four other steroids of plant and insect origin was obtained from the soluble fraction of southern-armyworm gut tissues. 2. The enzyme system required ATP and inorganic sulphate, and activity was slightly enhanced in the presence of GSH. 3. The properties of this enzyme system with respect to pH, temperature, substrate and protein concentrations and various cofactors and reagents were studied. At -23 degrees C the enzyme preparation could be stored for 2 weeks without drastic loss of activity. At the end of storage for 1 month the loss of activity was approx. 21%. 4. The possible involvement of this enzyme system in insect endocrine control is discussed.
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Krieger RI, Feeny PP, Wilkinson CF. Detoxication enzymes in the guts of caterpillars: an evolutionary answer to plant defenses? Science 1971; 172:579-81. [PMID: 5555079 DOI: 10.1126/science.172.3983.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Higher activity of midgut microsomal oxidase enzymes in polyphagous than in monophagous species indicates that the natural function of these enzymes is to detoxify natural insecticides present in the larval food plants. Differing strategies of adaptation to plant defenses may partly account for the great diversity of insect herbivores.
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Krieger RI, Wilkinson CF. An endogenous inhibitor of microsomal mixed-function oxidases in homogenates of the southern armyworm (Prodenia eridania). Biochem J 1970; 116:781-9. [PMID: 5441367 PMCID: PMC1185499 DOI: 10.1042/bj1160781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. A potent inhibitor of microsomal mixed-function oxidation has been isolated from the gut contents of larvae of the southern armyworm (Prodenia eridania). 2. Progressive inhibition is associated with a soluble proteinase with a molecular weight of approx. 26000. 3. Although the proteolytic activity of the inhibitor can be reduced by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride and other reagents, these materials are only partially effective in protecting the microsomal enzymes. 4. Inhibitory activity is decreased in the presence of bovine serum albumin.
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