1
|
Sun S, Ma W, Mao P. Overexpression of protection of telomeres 1 (POT1), a single-stranded DNA-binding proteins in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), enhances seed vigor. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134300. [PMID: 39097069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Extensive bodies of research are dedicated to the study of seed aging with a particular focus on the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ensuing oxidative damage during storage, as a primary cause of seed vigor decreasing. ROS diffuse to the nucleus and damage the telomeres, resulting in a loss of genetic integrity. Protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) is a telomeric protein that binds to the telomere region, and plays an essential role in maintaining genomic stability in plants. In this study, there were totally four MsPOT1 genes obtained from alfalfa genome. Expression analysis of four MsPOT1 genes in germinated seed presented the different expressions. Four MsPOT1 genes displayed high expression levels at the early stage of seed germination, Among the four POT1 genes, it was found that MS. gene040108 was significantly up-regulated in the early germination stage of CK seeds, but down-regulated in aged seeds. RT-qPCR assays and RNA-seq data revealed that MsPOT1-X gene was significantly induced by seed aging treatment. Transgenic seeds overexpressing MsPOT1-X gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago trunctula exhibited enhanced seed vigor, telomere length, telomerase activity associated with reduced H2O2 content. These results would provide a new way to understand aging stress-responsive MsPOT1 genes for genetic improvement of seed vigor. Although a key gene regulating seed vigor was identified in this study, the specific mechanism of MsPOT1-X gene regulating seed vigor needs to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiang Sun
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wen Ma
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun S, Ma W, Mi C, Mao P. Telomerase reverse transcriptase, a telomere length maintenance protein in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), confers Arabidopsis thaliana seeds aging tolerance via modulation of telomere length. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134388. [PMID: 39116978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated seed aging, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species diffuse into the nucleus and damage telomeres, resulting in loss of genetic integrity. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays an essential role in maintaining plant genomic stability. Genome-wide analyses of TERT genes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) have not yet been conducted, leaving a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying seed aging associated with TERT genes. In this study, four MsTERT genes were identified in the alfalfa genome. The expression profiles of the four MsTERT genes during seed germination indicated that MS. gene79077 was significantly upregulated by seed aging. Transgenic seeds overexpressing MS. gene79077 in Arabidopsis exhibited enhanced tolerance to seed aging by reducing the levels of H2O2 and increasing telomere length and telomerase activity. Furthermore, transcript profiling of aging-treated Arabidopsis wild-type and overexpressing seeds showed an aging response in genes related to glutathione-dependent detoxification and antioxidant defense pathways. These results revealed that MS. gene79077 conferred Arabidopsis seed-aging tolerance via modulation of antioxidant defense and telomere homeostasis. This study provides a new way to understand stress-responsive MsTERT genes for the potential genetic improvement of seed vigor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiang Sun
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Ma
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunjiao Mi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin MH, Chou PC, Lee IC, Yang SF, Yu HS, Yu S. Inherited Reticulate Pigmentary Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1300. [PMID: 37372478 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulate pigmentary disorders (RPDs) are a group of inherited and acquired skin conditions characterized by hyperpigmented and/or hypopigmented macules. Inherited RPDs include dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura (RAK), Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome (NFJS), dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (DPR), and X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder. Although reticulate pattern of pigmentation is a common characteristic of this spectrum of disorders, the distribution of pigmentation varies among these disorders, and there may be clinical manifestations beyond pigmentation. DSH, DUH, and RAK are mostly reported in East Asian ethnicities. DDD is more common in Caucasians, although it is also reported in Asian countries. Other RPDs show no racial predilection. This article reviews the clinical, histological, and genetic variations of inherited RPDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Huei Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Chou
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Syuan-Fei Yang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi YJ, Kim MS, Rhoades JH, Johnson NM, Berry CT, Root S, Chen Q, Tian Y, Fernandez RJ, Cramer Z, Adams-Tzivelekidis S, Li N, Johnson FB, Lengner CJ. Patient-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatostellate Organoids Establish a Basis for Liver Pathologies in Telomeropathies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:451-472. [PMID: 37302654 PMCID: PMC10404563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a telomere biology disorder caused primarily by mutations in the DKC1 gene. Patients with DC and related telomeropathies resulting from premature telomere dysfunction experience multiorgan failure. In the liver, DC patients present with nodular hyperplasia, steatosis, inflammation, and cirrhosis. However, the mechanism responsible for telomere dysfunction-induced liver disease remains unclear. METHODS We used isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring a causal DC mutation in DKC1 or a CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9)-corrected control allele to model DC liver pathologies. We differentiated these iPSCs into hepatocytes (HEPs) or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) followed by generation of genotype-admixed hepatostellate organoids. Single-cell transcriptomics were applied to hepatostellate organoids to understand cell type-specific genotype-phenotype relationships. RESULTS Directed differentiation of iPSCs into HEPs and stellate cells and subsequent hepatostellate organoid formation revealed a dominant phenotype in the parenchyma, with DC HEPs becoming hyperplastic and also eliciting a pathogenic hyperplastic, proinflammatory response in stellate cells independent of stellate cell genotype. Pathogenic phenotypes in DKC1-mutant HEPs and hepatostellate organoids could be rescued via suppression of serine/threonine kinase AKT (protein kinase B) activity, a central regulator of MYC-driven hyperplasia downstream of DKC1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS Isogenic iPSC-derived admixed hepatostellate organoids offer insight into the liver pathologies in telomeropathies and provide a framework for evaluating emerging therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua H Rhoades
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolette M Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corbett T Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Root
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qijun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rafael J Fernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zvi Cramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Adams-Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gueiderikh A, Maczkowiak-Chartois F, Rosselli F. A new frontier in Fanconi anemia: From DNA repair to ribosome biogenesis. Blood Rev 2021; 52:100904. [PMID: 34750031 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Described by Guido Fanconi almost 100 years ago, Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease characterized by developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure (BMF) and cancer predisposition. The proteins encoded by FA-mutated genes (FANC proteins) and assembled in the so-called FANC/BRCA pathway have key functions in DNA repair and replication safeguarding, which loss leads to chromosome structural aberrancies. Therefore, since the 1980s, FA has been considered a genomic instability and chromosome fragility syndrome. However, recent findings have demonstrated new and unexpected roles of FANC proteins in nucleolar homeostasis and ribosome biogenesis, the alteration of which impacts cellular proteostasis. Here, we review the different cellular, biochemical and molecular anomalies associated with the loss of function of FANC proteins and discuss how these anomalies contribute to BMF by comparing FA to other major inherited BMF syndromes. Our aim is to determine the extent to which alterations in the DNA damage response in FA contribute to BMF compared to the consequences of the loss of function of the FANC/BRCA pathway on the other roles of the pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gueiderikh
- CNRS - UMR9019, Équipe labellisée "La Ligue contre le Cancer", 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Frédérique Maczkowiak-Chartois
- CNRS - UMR9019, Équipe labellisée "La Ligue contre le Cancer", 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS - UMR9019, Équipe labellisée "La Ligue contre le Cancer", 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Graniel JV, Bisht K, Friedman A, White J, Perkey E, Vanderbeck A, Moroz A, Carrington LJ, Brandstadter JD, Allen F, Shami AN, Thomas P, Crayton A, Manzor M, Mychalowych A, Chase J, Hammoud SS, Keegan CE, Maillard I, Nandakumar J. Differential impact of a dyskeratosis congenita mutation in TPP1 on mouse hematopoiesis and germline. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/1/e202101208. [PMID: 34645668 PMCID: PMC8548261 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A TPP1 mutation known to cause telomere shortening and bone marrow failure in humans recapitulates telomere loss but results in severe germline defects in mice without impacting murine hematopoiesis. Telomerase extends chromosome ends in somatic and germline stem cells to ensure continued proliferation. Mutations in genes critical for telomerase function result in telomeropathies such as dyskeratosis congenita, frequently resulting in spontaneous bone marrow failure. A dyskeratosis congenita mutation in TPP1 (K170∆) that specifically compromises telomerase recruitment to telomeres is a valuable tool to evaluate telomerase-dependent telomere length maintenance in mice. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate a mouse knocked in for the equivalent of the TPP1 K170∆ mutation (TPP1 K82∆) and investigated both its hematopoietic and germline compartments in unprecedented detail. TPP1 K82∆ caused progressive telomere erosion with increasing generation number but did not induce steady-state hematopoietic defects. Strikingly, K82∆ caused mouse infertility, consistent with gross morphological defects in the testis and sperm, the appearance of dysfunctional seminiferous tubules, and a decrease in germ cells. Intriguingly, both TPP1 K82∆ mice and previously characterized telomerase knockout mice show no spontaneous bone marrow failure but rather succumb to infertility at steady-state. We speculate that telomere length maintenance contributes differently to the evolutionary fitness of humans and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Graniel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kamlesh Bisht
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Oncology Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James White
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Perkey
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Vanderbeck
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alina Moroz
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Léolène J Carrington
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Brandstadter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrienne Niederriter Shami
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peedikayil Thomas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aniela Crayton
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariel Manzor
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Chase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saher S Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayakrishnan Nandakumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benyelles M, O'Donohue MF, Kermasson L, Lainey E, Borie R, Lagresle-Peyrou C, Nunes H, Cazelles C, Fourrage C, Ollivier E, Marcais A, Gamez AS, Morice-Picard F, Caillaud D, Pottier N, Ménard C, Ba I, Fernandes A, Crestani B, de Villartay JP, Gleizes PE, Callebaut I, Kannengiesser C, Revy P. NHP2 deficiency impairs rRNA biogenesis and causes pulmonary fibrosis and Høyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:907-922. [PMID: 31985013 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures at the end of chromosomes. The telomerase complex, constituted of the catalytic subunit TERT, the RNA matrix hTR and several cofactors, including the H/ACA box ribonucleoproteins Dyskerin, NOP10, GAR1, NAF1 and NHP2, regulates telomere length. In humans, inherited defects in telomere length maintenance are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical premature aging manifestations including pulmonary fibrosis (PF), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), bone marrow failure and predisposition to cancer. NHP2 mutations have been so far reported only in two patients with DC. Here, we report the first case of Høyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, the severe form of DC, caused by biallelic missense mutations in NHP2. Additionally, we identified three unrelated patients with PF carrying NHP2 heterozygous mutations. Strikingly, one of these patients acquired a somatic mutation in the promoter of TERT that likely conferred a selective advantage in a subset of blood cells. Finally, we demonstrate that a functional deficit of human NHP2 affects ribosomal RNA biogenesis. Together, our results broaden the functional consequences and clinical spectrum of NHP2 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maname Benyelles
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Françoise O'Donohue
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laëtitia Kermasson
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Lainey
- Hematology Laboratory, Robert DEBRE Hospital-APHP and INSERM UMR 1131-Hematology University Institute-Denis Diderot School of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Borie
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, DHU FIRE, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 1152, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hilario Nunes
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires rares, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, INSERM 1272, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Clarisse Cazelles
- Service d'hématologie adulte, Hôpital Necker- Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fourrage
- INSERM UMR 1163, Genomics platform, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Genomic Core Facility, Imagine Institute-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Ollivier
- INSERM UMR 1163, Genomics platform, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Genomic Core Facility, Imagine Institute-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Ambroise Marcais
- Service d'hématologie Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France, Laboratoire d'onco-hématologie, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- Service de Dermatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Reference des Maladies Rares de la Peau, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Denis Caillaud
- Service de Pneumologie-Allergologie, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Pottier
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Ménard
- APHP Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ibrahima Ba
- APHP Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Fernandes
- Biological Resources Center, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24, CNRS UMS3633, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Kannengiesser
- APHP Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Revy
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chronowski C, Akhanov V, Chan D, Catic A, Finegold M, Sahin E. Fructose Causes Liver Damage, Polyploidy, and Dysplasia in the Setting of Short Telomeres and p53 Loss. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060394. [PMID: 34204343 PMCID: PMC8234056 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and model systems have established an important role of short telomeres in predisposing to liver fibrosis through pathways that are incompletely understood. Recent studies have shown that telomere dysfunction impairs cellular metabolism, but whether and how these metabolic alterations contribute to liver fibrosis is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether short telomeres change the hepatic response to metabolic stress induced by fructose, a sugar that is highly implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We find that telomere shortening in telomerase knockout mice (TKO) imparts a pronounced susceptibility to fructose as reflected in the activation of p53, increased apoptosis, and senescence, despite lower hepatic fat accumulation in TKO mice compared to wild type mice with long telomeres. The decreased fat accumulation in TKO is mediated by p53 and deletion of p53 normalizes hepatic fat content but also causes polyploidy, polynuclearization, dysplasia, cell death, and liver damage. Together, these studies suggest that liver tissue with short telomers are highly susceptible to fructose and respond with p53 activation and liver damage that is further exacerbated when p53 is lost resulting in dysplastic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chronowski
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Viktor Akhanov
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Doug Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Andre Catic
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Milton Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ergün Sahin
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.C.); (V.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-6685; Fax: +1-713-798-4146
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grill S, Padmanaban S, Friedman A, Perkey E, Allen F, Tesmer VM, Chase J, Khoriaty R, Keegan CE, Maillard I, Nandakumar J. TPP1 mutagenesis screens unravel shelterin interfaces and functions in hematopoiesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:138059. [PMID: 33822766 PMCID: PMC8262337 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase catalyzes chromosome end replication in stem cells and other long-lived cells. Mutations in telomerase or telomere-related genes result in diseases known as telomeropathies. Telomerase is recruited to chromosome ends by the ACD/TPP1 protein (TPP1 hereafter), a component of the shelterin complex that protects chromosome ends from unwanted end joining. TPP1 facilitates end protection by binding shelterin proteins POT1 and TIN2. TPP1 variants have been associated with telomeropathies but remain poorly characterized in vivo. Disease variants and mutagenesis scans provide efficient avenues to interrogate the distinct physiological roles of TPP1. Here, we conduct mutagenesis in the TIN2- and POT1-binding domains of TPP1 to discover mutations that dissect TPP1's functions. Our results extend current structural data to reveal that the TPP1-TIN2 interface is more extensive than previously thought and highlight the robustness of the POT1-TPP1 interface. Introduction of separation-of-function mutants alongside known TPP1 telomeropathy mutations in mouse hematopoietic stem cells (mHSCs) lacking endogenous TPP1 demonstrated a clear phenotypic demarcation. TIN2- and POT1-binding mutants were unable to rescue mHSC failure resulting from end deprotection. In contrast, TPP1 telomeropathy mutations sustained mHSC viability, consistent with their selectively impacting end replication. These results highlight the power of scanning mutagenesis in revealing structural interfaces and dissecting multifunctional genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn Grill
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Ann Friedman
- Life Sciences Institute,,Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Eric Perkey
- Life Sciences Institute,,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, and,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Chase
- Life Sciences Institute,,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Internal Medicine,,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Catherine E. Keegan
- Department of Pediatrics, and,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute,,Department of Internal Medicine,,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology,,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carrascoso-Rubio C, Zittersteijn HA, Pintado-Berninches L, Fernández-Varas B, Lozano ML, Manguan-Garcia C, Sastre L, Bueren JA, Perona R, Guenechea G. Generation of dyskeratosis congenita-like hematopoietic stem cells through the stable inhibition of DKC1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:92. [PMID: 33514435 PMCID: PMC7844988 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare telomere biology disorder, which results in different clinical manifestations, including severe bone marrow failure. To date, the only curative treatment for the bone marrow failure in DC patients is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, due to the toxicity associated to this treatment, improved therapies are recommended for DC patients. Here, we aimed at generating DC-like human hematopoietic stem cells in which the efficacy of innovative therapies could be investigated. Because X-linked DC is the most frequent form of the disease and is associated with an impaired expression of DKC1, we have generated DC-like hematopoietic stem cells based on the stable knock-down of DKC1 in human CD34+ cells with lentiviral vectors encoding for DKC1 short hairpin RNAs. At a molecular level, DKC1-interfered CD34+ cells showed a decreased expression of TERC, as well as a diminished telomerase activity and increased DNA damage, cell senescence, and apoptosis. Moreover, DKC1-interfered human CD34+ cells showed defective clonogenic ability and were incapable of repopulating the hematopoiesis of immunodeficient NSG mice. The development of DC-like hematopoietic stem cells will facilitate the understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of this inherited bone marrow failure syndrome and will serve as a platform to evaluate the efficacy of new hematopoietic therapies for DC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carrascoso-Rubio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hidde A Zittersteijn
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pintado-Berninches
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Varas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luz Lozano
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Manguan-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Sastre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Bueren
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Guenechea
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins in plant telomeres. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1463-1467. [PMID: 32998016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Telomere single-stranded DNA-binding proteins bind to the terminal single-stranded DNA of telomeres, maintaining and protecting the chromosomal end in eukaryotes. This paper focuses on the protective mechanism of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins in plant telomeres. This review summarizes the roles of plant single-stranded DNA-binding proteins and their influence on telomere length and telomerase. This review provides insights into the mechanism and development of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins in plants.
Collapse
|
12
|
Palka C, Forino NM, Hentschel J, Das R, Stone MD. Folding heterogeneity in the essential human telomerase RNA three-way junction. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:1787-1800. [PMID: 32817241 PMCID: PMC7668248 DOI: 10.1261/rna.077255.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres safeguard the genome by suppressing illicit DNA damage responses at chromosome termini. To compensate for incomplete DNA replication at telomeres, most continually dividing cells, including many cancers, express the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Telomerase maintains telomere length by catalyzing de novo synthesis of short DNA repeats using an internal telomerase RNA (TR) template. TRs from diverse species harbor structurally conserved domains that contribute to RNP biogenesis and function. In vertebrate TRs, the conserved regions 4 and 5 (CR4/5) fold into a three-way junction (TWJ) that binds directly to the telomerase catalytic protein subunit and is required for telomerase function. We have analyzed the structural properties of the human TR (hTR) CR4/5 domain using a combination of in vitro chemical mapping, secondary structural modeling, and single-molecule structural analysis. Our data suggest the essential P6.1 stem-loop within CR4/5 is not stably folded in the absence of the telomerase reverse transcriptase in vitro. Rather, the hTR CR4/5 domain adopts a heterogeneous ensemble of conformations. Finally, single-molecule FRET measurements of CR4/5 and a mutant designed to stabilize the P6.1 stem demonstrate that TERT binding selects for a structural conformation of CR4/5 that is not the dominant state of the TERT-free in vitro RNA ensemble.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Palka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Nicholas M Forino
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Jendrik Hentschel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Rhiju Das
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Stone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grill S, Bisht K, Tesmer VM, Shami AN, Hammoud SS, Nandakumar J. Two Separation-of-Function Isoforms of Human TPP1 Dictate Telomerase Regulation in Somatic and Germ Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3511-3521.e7. [PMID: 31216472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase replicates chromosome ends in germ and somatic stem cells to facilitate their continued proliferation. Telomerase action depends on the telomeric protein TPP1, which recruits telomerase to telomeres and facilitates processive DNA synthesis. Here, we identify separation-of-function long (TPP1-L) and short (TPP1-S) isoforms of TPP1 that appear to be generated from separate transcripts and differ only in 86 amino acids at their N terminus. Although both isoforms retain the ability to recruit telomerase, only TPP1-S facilitates efficient telomere synthesis. We find that TPP1-S is the predominant isoform in somatic cells, and strikingly, TPP1-L is the major isoform in differentiated male germ cells. We observed that TERT expression persists in these germ cells, suggesting that TPP1-L could restrain telomerase in this context. We show how differential expression of TPP1 isoforms determines telomerase function and demonstrate how alternative transcription start sites allow one gene to perform distinct functions in different biological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn Grill
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kamlesh Bisht
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Valerie M Tesmer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Saher S Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jayakrishnan Nandakumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smith EM, Pendlebury DF, Nandakumar J. Structural biology of telomeres and telomerase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:61-79. [PMID: 31728577 PMCID: PMC6986361 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are protein-DNA complexes that protect chromosome ends from illicit ligation and resection. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA to counter telomere shortening. Human telomeres are composed of complexes between telomeric DNA and a six-protein complex known as shelterin. The shelterin proteins TRF1 and TRF2 provide the binding affinity and specificity for double-stranded telomeric DNA, while the POT1-TPP1 shelterin subcomplex coats the single-stranded telomeric G-rich overhang that is characteristic of all our chromosome ends. By capping chromosome ends, shelterin protects telomeric DNA from unwanted degradation and end-to-end fusion events. Structures of the human shelterin proteins reveal a network of constitutive and context-specific interactions. The shelterin protein-DNA structures reveal the basis for both the high affinity and DNA sequence specificity of these interactions, and explain how shelterin efficiently protects chromosome ends from genome instability. Several protein-protein interactions, many provided by the shelterin component TIN2, are critical for upholding the end-protection function of shelterin. A survey of these protein-protein interfaces within shelterin reveals a series of "domain-peptide" interactions that allow for efficient binding and adaptability towards new functions. While the modular nature of shelterin has facilitated its part-by-part structural characterization, the interdependence of subunits within telomerase has made its structural solution more challenging. However, the exploitation of several homologs in combination with recent advancements in cryo-EM capabilities has led to an exponential increase in our knowledge of the structural biology underlying telomerase function. Telomerase homologs from a wide range of eukaryotes show a typical retroviral reverse transcriptase-like protein core reinforced with elements that deliver telomerase-specific functions including recruitment to telomeres and high telomere-repeat addition processivity. In addition to providing the template for reverse transcription, the RNA component of telomerase provides a scaffold for the catalytic and accessory protein subunits, defines the limits of the telomeric repeat sequence, and plays a critical role in RNP assembly, stability, and trafficking. While a high-resolution definition of the human telomerase structure is only beginning to emerge, the quick pace of technical progress forecasts imminent breakthroughs in this area. Here, we review the structural biology surrounding telomeres and telomerase to provide a molecular description of mammalian chromosome end protection and end replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Devon F Pendlebury
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jayakrishnan Nandakumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodriguez-Centeno J, Manguán-García C, Perona R, Sastre L. Structure of Dictyostelium discoideum telomeres. Analysis of possible replication mechanisms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222909. [PMID: 31550289 PMCID: PMC6759168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleo-protein structures that protect the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They are not completely synthesized during DNA replication and are elongated by specific mechanisms. The structure of the telomeres and the elongation mechanism have not been determined in Dictyostelium discoideum. This organism presents extrachromosomal palindromic elements containing two copies of the rDNA, also present at the end of the chromosomes. In this article the structure of the terminal region of the rDNA is shown to consist of repetitions of the A(G)n sequence where the number of Gs is variable. These repeats extend as a 3’ single stranded region. The G-rich region is preceded by four tandem repetitions of two different DNA motifs. D. discoideum telomere reverse transcriptase homologous protein (TERTHP) presented RNase-sensitive enzymatic activity and was required to maintain telomere structure since terthp-mutant strains presented reorganizations of the DNA terminal regions. These modifications were different in several terthp-mutants and changed with their prolonged culture and subcloning. However, the terthp gene is not essential for D. discoideum proliferation. Telomeres could be maintained in terthp-mutant strains by homologous recombination mechanisms such as ALT (Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres) or HAATI (heterochromatin amplification-mediated and telomerase-independent). In agreement with this hypothesis, the expression of mRNAs coding for several proteins involved in homologous recombination was induced in terthp-mutant strains. Extrachromosomal rDNA could serve as substrate in these DNA homologous recombination reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodriguez-Centeno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier, IdiPaz, C/Pedro Rico, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Manguán-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier, IdiPaz, C/Pedro Rico, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier, IdiPaz, C/Pedro Rico, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Sastre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier, IdiPaz, C/Pedro Rico, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Benyelles M, Episkopou H, O'Donohue M, Kermasson L, Frange P, Poulain F, Burcu Belen F, Polat M, Bole‐Feysot C, Langa‐Vives F, Gleizes P, de Villartay J, Callebaut I, Decottignies A, Revy P. Impaired telomere integrity and rRNA biogenesis in PARN-deficient patients and knock-out models. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10201. [PMID: 31273937 PMCID: PMC6609912 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PARN, poly(A)-specific ribonuclease, regulates the turnover of mRNAs and the maturation and stabilization of the hTR RNA component of telomerase. Biallelic PARN mutations were associated with Høyeraal-Hreidarsson (HH) syndrome, a rare telomere biology disorder that, because of its severity, is likely not exclusively due to hTR down-regulation. Whether PARN deficiency was affecting the expression of telomere-related genes was still unclear. Using cells from two unrelated HH individuals carrying novel PARN mutations and a human PARN knock-out (KO) cell line with inducible PARN complementation, we found that PARN deficiency affects both telomere length and stability and down-regulates the expression of TRF1, TRF2, TPP1, RAP1, and POT1 shelterin transcripts. Down-regulation of dyskerin-encoding DKC1 mRNA was also observed and found to result from p53 activation in PARN-deficient cells. We further showed that PARN deficiency compromises ribosomal RNA biogenesis in patients' fibroblasts and cells from heterozygous Parn KO mice. Homozygous Parn KO however resulted in early embryonic lethality that was not overcome by p53 KO. Our results refine our knowledge on the pleiotropic cellular consequences of PARN deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maname Benyelles
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| | | | - Marie‐Françoise O'Donohue
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire EucaryoteCentre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI)CNRS, UPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Laëtitia Kermasson
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| | - Pierre Frange
- EA 7327, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris‐CitéParisFrance
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique & Unité d'ImmunologieHématologie et Rhumatologie PédiatriquesAP‐HP, Hôpital Necker, Enfants MaladesParisFrance
| | - Florian Poulain
- de Duve InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Fatma Burcu Belen
- Pediatric HematologyFaculty of MedicineBaskent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Meltem Polat
- Pediatric Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesPamukkale University Medical FacultyDenizliTurkey
| | - Christine Bole‐Feysot
- INSERM, UMR 1163Genomics platform, Imagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité UniversityParisFrance
- Genomic Core FacilityImagine Institute‐Structure Fédérative de Recherche NeckerINSERM U1163ParisFrance
| | | | - Pierre‐Emmanuel Gleizes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire EucaryoteCentre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI)CNRS, UPSUniversité de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jean‐Pierre de Villartay
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR CNRS 7590Institut de Minéralogiede Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMCSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Patrick Revy
- Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune SystemINSERM, UMR 1163ParisFrance
- Laboratoire labellisé LigueImagine InstituteParis Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cite UniversityParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hosseini M, Larti F, Fattahi Z, Najmabadi H, Kahrizi K. A splice-altering variant in LARP7 gene leads to exon exclusion. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Grill S, Tesmer VM, Nandakumar J. The N Terminus of the OB Domain of Telomere Protein TPP1 Is Critical for Telomerase Action. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1132-1140. [PMID: 29386102 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase recruitment to telomeres and enzymatic processivity are mediated by TPP1, an essential component of telomere integrity and telomerase function. A surface on the OB domain of TPP1 called the TEL patch is critical for TPP1's telomerase-associated functions. Here, we identify a separate region in the N terminus of the OB domain (termed NOB) of TPP1 that, like the TEL patch, is essential for telomerase repeat addition processivity in vitro as well as telomerase recruitment to telomeres and telomere lengthening in cells. Although well-conserved among most mammalian TPP1 homologs, the NOB region in mice is distinct. Swapping the sequence of human NOB into mouse TPP1 allows it to stimulate human telomerase, qualifying NOB as an important determinant of species specificity for TPP1-telomerase interaction. Our studies show that TPP1 NOB is critical for telomerase function and demonstrate that the telomerase interaction surface on TPP1 is more elaborate than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn Grill
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Valerie M Tesmer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jayakrishnan Nandakumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Arias-Salgado EG, Galvez E, Planas-Cerezales L, Pintado-Berninches L, Vallespin E, Martinez P, Carrillo J, Iarriccio L, Ruiz-Llobet A, Catalá A, Badell-Serra I, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Martín-Nalda A, Martínez-Gallo M, Galera-Miñarro A, Rodríguez-Vigil C, Bastos-Oreiro M, Perez de Nanclares G, Leiro-Fernández V, Uria ML, Diaz-Heredia C, Valenzuela C, Martín S, López-Muñiz B, Lapunzina P, Sevilla J, Molina-Molina M, Perona R, Sastre L. Genetic analyses of aplastic anemia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with short telomeres, possible implication of DNA-repair genes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:82. [PMID: 30995915 PMCID: PMC6471801 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures present at the terminal region of the chromosomes. Mutations in genes coding for proteins involved in telomere maintenance are causative of a number of disorders known as telomeropathies. The genetic origin of these diseases is heterogeneous and has not been determined for a significant proportion of patients. Methods This article describes the genetic characterization of a cohort of patients. Telomere length was determined by Southern blot and quantitative PCR. Nucleotide variants were analyzed either by high-resolution melting analysis and Sanger sequencing of selected exons or by massive sequencing of a panel of genes. Results Forty-seven patients with telomere length below the 10% of normal population, affected with three telomeropathies: dyskeratosis congenita (4), aplastic anemia (22) or pulmonary fibrosis (21) were analyzed. Eighteen of these patients presented known pathogenic or novel possibly pathogenic variants in the telomere-related genes TERT, TERC, RTEL1, CTC1 and ACD. In addition, the analyses of a panel of 188 genes related to haematological disorders indicated that a relevant proportion of the patients (up to 35%) presented rare variants in genes related to DNA repair or in genes coding for proteins involved in the resolution of complex DNA structures, that participate in telomere replication. Mutations in some of these genes are causative of several syndromes previously associated to telomere shortening. Conclusion Novel variants in telomere, DNA repair and replication genes are described that might indicate the contribution of variants in these genes to the development of telomeropathies. Patients carrying variants in telomere-related genes presented worse evolution after diagnosis than the rest of patients analyzed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-1046-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Arias-Salgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Medical Projects, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Galvez
- Hospital Niño Jesús, Hematología y Hemoterapia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lurdes Planas-Cerezales
- ILD Unit Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pintado-Berninches
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Medical Projects, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespin
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martinez
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Iarriccio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Medical Projects, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Ruiz-Llobet
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Catalá
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrea Martín-Nalda
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Gallo
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Virginia Leiro-Fernández
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, NeumoVigoI+i Research Group, Vigo Biomedical Research Institute (IBIV), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Luz Uria
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Diaz-Heredia
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sara Martín
- ILD Unit Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Sevilla
- Hospital Niño Jesús, Hematología y Hemoterapia, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Molina-Molina
- ILD Unit Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Sastre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anitha A, Thanseem I, Vasu MM, Viswambharan V, Poovathinal SA. Telomeres in neurological disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 90:81-132. [PMID: 31122612 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ever since their discovery, the telomeres and the telomerase have been topics of intensive research, first as a mechanism of cellular aging and later as an indicator of health and diseases in humans. By protecting the chromosome ends, the telomeres play a vital role in preserving the information in our genome. Telomeres shorten with age and the rate of telomere erosion provides insight into the proliferation history of cells. The pace of telomere attrition is known to increase at the onset of several pathological conditions. Telomere shortening has been emerging as a potential contributor in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression. The rate of telomere attrition in the brain is slower than that of other tissues owing to the low rate of cell proliferation in brain. Telomere maintenance is crucial for the functioning of stem cells in brain. Taking together the studies on telomere attrition in various neurological disorders, an association between telomere shortening and disease status has been demonstrated in schizophrenia, AD and depression, in spite of a few negative reports. But, studies in ASD and PD have failed to produce conclusive results. The cause-effect relationship between TL and neurological disorders is yet to be elucidated. The factors responsible for telomere erosion, which have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, need to be explored in detail. Telomerase activation is now being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India.
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Mahesh Mundalil Vasu
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Vijitha Viswambharan
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh A Poovathinal
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Posttranscriptional modulation of TERC by PAPD5 inhibition rescues hematopoietic development in dyskeratosis congenita. Blood 2019; 133:1308-1312. [PMID: 30728146 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-885368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of TERC, the telomerase RNA component, cause dyskeratosis congenita (DC) in patients harboring mutations in TERC, PARN, NOP10, NHP2, NAF1, or DKC1. Inhibition of the noncanonical poly(A) polymerase PAPD5, or the exosome RNA degradation complex, partially restores TERC levels in immortalized DKC1 mutant cells, but it remains unknown if modulation of posttranscriptional processing of TERC could improve hematopoietic output in DC. We used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a common dyskerin mutation (DKC1_A353V), which have defective telomere maintenance and reduced definitive hematopoietic potential, to understand the effects of reducing EXOSC3 activity, or silencing PAPD5-mediated oligoadenylation, on hematopoietic progenitor specification and function in DC. Reduction of EXOSC3 or PAPD5 levels in DKC1 mutant hESCs led to functional improvements in TERC levels and telomerase activity, with concomitant telomere elongation and reduced levels of DNA damage signaling. Interestingly, the silencing of PAPD5, but not EXOSC3, significantly restored definitive hematopoietic potential in DKC1 mutant cells. Mechanistically, we show that PAPD5 inhibition is sustained in differentiated CD34+ cells, with a concomitant increase in mature, functional, forms of TERC, indicating that regulation of PAPD5 is a potential strategy to reverse hematologic dysfunction in DC patients.
Collapse
|
22
|
Laberthonnière C, Magdinier F, Robin JD. Bring It to an End: Does Telomeres Size Matter? Cells 2019; 8:E30. [PMID: 30626097 PMCID: PMC6356554 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are unique nucleoprotein structures. Found at the edge of each chromosome, their main purpose is to mask DNA ends from the DNA-repair machinery by formation of protective loops. Through life and cell divisions, telomeres shorten and bring cells closer to either cell proliferation crisis or senescence. Beyond this mitotic clock role attributed to the need for telomere to be maintained over a critical length, the very tip of our DNA has been shown to impact transcription by position effect. TPE and a long-reach counterpart, TPE-OLD, are mechanisms recently described in human biology. Still in infancy, the mechanism of action of these processes and their respective genome wide impact remain to be resolved. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on telomere dynamics, TPE, TPE-OLD, and lessons learnt from model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédérique Magdinier
- Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics U1251, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Jérôme D Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics U1251, 13385 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Understanding the evolving phenotype of vascular complications in telomere biology disorders. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:95-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
24
|
Homozygous OB-fold variants in telomere protein TPP1 are associated with dyskeratosis congenita-like phenotypes. Blood 2018; 132:1349-1353. [PMID: 30064976 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-837799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
25
|
Li JSZ, Denchi EL. How stem cells keep telomeres in check. Differentiation 2018; 100:21-25. [PMID: 29413749 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, regulation of telomere length in pluripotent stem cells is critical to ensure organism development and survival. Telomeres consist of repetitive DNA that are progressively lost with each cellular division. When telomeres become critically short, they activate a DNA damage response that results in cell cycle arrest. To counteract telomere attrition, pluripotent stem cells are equipped with telomere elongation mechanisms that ensure prolonged proliferation capacity and self-renewal capacity. Excessive telomere elongation can also be deleterious and is counteracted by a rapid telomere deletion mechanism termed telomere trimming. While the consequences of critically short telomeres are well established, we are only beginning to understand the mechanisms that counteract excessive telomere elongation. The balance between telomere elongation and shortening determine the telomere length set point in pluripotent stem cells and ensures sustained proliferative potential without causing chromosome instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Su Zhou Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eros Lazzerini Denchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fiorini E, Santoni A, Colla S. Dysfunctional telomeres and hematological disorders. Differentiation 2018; 100:1-11. [PMID: 29331736 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Telomere biology disorders, which are characterized by telomerase activity haploinsufficiency and accelerated telomere shortening, most commonly manifest as degenerative diseases. Tissues with high rates of cell turnover, such as those in the hematopoietic system, are particularly vulnerable to defects in telomere maintenance genes that eventually culminate in bone marrow (BM) failure syndromes, in which the BM cannot produce sufficient new blood cells. Here, we review how telomere defects induce degenerative phenotypes across multiple organs, with particular focus on how they impact the hematopoietic stem and progenitor compartment and affect hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation. We also discuss how both the increased risk of myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematological malignancies that is associated with telomere disorders and the discovery of cancer-associated somatic mutations in the shelterin components challenge the conventional interpretation that telomere defects are cancer-protective rather than cancer-promoting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fiorini
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea Santoni
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simona Colla
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Giri N, Reed HD, Stratton P, Savage SA, Alter BP. Pregnancy outcomes in mothers of offspring with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:10.1002/pbc.26757. [PMID: 28801981 PMCID: PMC7408308 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFSs) may be symptomatic in utero, resulting in maternal and fetal problems during the pregnancy. Subsequent pregnancies by their mothers should be considered "high risk". METHODS We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of 575 pregnancies in 165 unaffected mothers of offspring with Fanconi anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) for events noted during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. We compared outcomes of pregnancies with affected and unaffected offspring within each group of mothers and with the general population. RESULTS The rates of miscarriage (12-20%), elective abortion (5-10%), and live birth (68-78%) among mothers of all IBMFS groups were similar and comparable with general population rates but recurrent miscarriages (≥2) were significantly more common in mothers of offspring with DBA and SDS. Offspring with FA were more frequently born small for gestational age (SGA) than unaffected babies (39% vs. 4%) and had fetal malformations (46%) with 18% having three or more, often necessitating early delivery and surgery; offspring with DC had higher rates of SGA (39% vs. 8%) and fetal distress (26% vs. 3%); and offspring with DBA had fetal hypoxia (19% vs. 1%) leading to preterm and emergency cesarean deliveries (26% vs. 6%). Offspring with early-onset severe phenotypes had the most prenatal and peripartum adverse events. CONCLUSION We identified the high-risk nature of pregnancies in mothers with IBMFS-affected fetuses, suggesting the need for prepregnancy counseling and monitoring of subsequent pregnancies by high-risk fetal-maternal specialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Giri
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Helen D Reed
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Pamela Stratton
- Office of the Clinical Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Blanche P Alter
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
McReynolds LJ, Savage SA. Pediatric leukemia susceptibility disorders: manifestations and management. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:242-250. [PMID: 29222262 PMCID: PMC6142612 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of inherited susceptibility to leukemia encompass a wide phenotypic range, including patients with certain congenital anomalies or early-onset myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and some with no obvious medical problems until they develop leukemia. Leukemia susceptibility syndromes occur as a result of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive inheritance, or de novo occurrence, of germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair, ribosome biogenesis, telomere biology, hematopoietic transcription factors, tumor suppressors, and other critical cellular processes. Children and adults with cytopenias, MDS, dysmorphic features, notable infectious histories, immunodeficiency, certain dermatologic findings, lymphedema, unusual sensitivity to radiation or chemotherapy, or acute leukemia with a family history of early-onset cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, or alveolar proteinosis should be thoroughly evaluated for a leukemia susceptibility syndrome. Genetic testing and other diagnostic modalities have improved our ability to identify these patients and to counsel them and their family members for subsequent disease risk, cancer surveillance, and therapeutic interventions. Herein, the leukemia susceptibility syndromes are divided into 3 groups: (1) those associated with an underlying inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, (2) disorders in which MDS precedes leukemia development, and (3) those with a risk primarily of leukemia. Although children are the focus of this review, it is important for clinicians to recognize that inherited susceptibility to cancer can present at any age, even in older adults; genetic counseling is essential and prompt referral to experts in each syndrome is strongly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J McReynolds
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aberrant telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in suicide completers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3176. [PMID: 28600518 PMCID: PMC5466636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short telomere length (TL) occurs in individuals under psychological stress, and with various psychiatric diseases. Recent studies have also reported mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) alterations under several neuropsychiatric conditions. However, no study has examined whether aberrant TL or mtDNAcn occur in completed suicide, one of the most serious outcomes of mental illnesses. TL and mtDNAcn in post-mortem samples from 528 suicide completers without severe physical illness (508 peripheral bloods; 20 brains) and 560 samples from control subjects (peripheral bloods from 535 healthy individuals; 25 post-mortem brains) were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Suicide completers had significantly shorter TL and higher mtDNAcn of peripheral bloods with sex/age-dependent differences (shorter TL was more remarkably in female/young suicides; higher mtDNAcn more so in male/elderly suicides). The normal age-related decline of TL and mtDNAcn were significantly altered in suicide completers. Furthermore, shorter TL and lower mtDNAcn of post-mortem prefrontal cortex were seen in suicide completers compared to controls. This study shows the first association of aberrant telomeres and mtDNA content with suicide completion. Our results indicate that further research on telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction may help elucidate the molecular underpinnings of suicide-related pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lobanova A, She R, Pieraut S, Clapp C, Maximov A, Denchi EL. Different requirements of functional telomeres in neural stem cells and terminally differentiated neurons. Genes Dev 2017; 31:639-647. [PMID: 28428263 PMCID: PMC5411705 DOI: 10.1101/gad.295402.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, Lobanova et al. examine the roles of telomeres at distinct stages of murine brain development by using lineage-specific genetic ablation of TRF2, an essential component of the shelterin complex that protects chromosome ends from the DNA damage response machinery. These results suggest that telomeres are dispensable in terminally differentiated neurons and provide mechanistic insight into cognitive abnormalities associated with aberrant telomere length in humans. Telomeres have been studied extensively in peripheral tissues, but their relevance in the nervous system remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the roles of telomeres at distinct stages of murine brain development by using lineage-specific genetic ablation of TRF2, an essential component of the shelterin complex that protects chromosome ends from the DNA damage response machinery. We found that functional telomeres are required for embryonic and adult neurogenesis, but their uncapping has surprisingly no detectable consequences on terminally differentiated neurons. Conditional knockout of TRF2 in post-mitotic immature neurons had virtually no detectable effect on circuit assembly, neuronal gene expression, and the behavior of adult animals despite triggering massive end-to-end chromosome fusions across the brain. These results suggest that telomeres are dispensable in terminally differentiated neurons and provide mechanistic insight into cognitive abnormalities associated with aberrant telomere length in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Lobanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert She
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Simon Pieraut
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Charlie Clapp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anton Maximov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Eros Lazzerini Denchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brown AL, Churpek JE, Malcovati L, Döhner H, Godley LA. Recognition of familial myeloid neoplasia in adults. Semin Hematol 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
32
|
Arora A, Beilstein MA, Shippen DE. Evolution of Arabidopsis protection of telomeres 1 alters nucleic acid recognition and telomerase regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9821-9830. [PMID: 27651456 PMCID: PMC5175356 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of telomeres (POT1) binds chromosome ends, recognizing single-strand telomeric DNA via two oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding folds (OB-folds). The Arabidopsis thaliana POT1a and POT1b paralogs are atypical: they do not exhibit telomeric DNA binding, and they have opposing roles in regulating telomerase activity. AtPOT1a stimulates repeat addition processivity of the canonical telomerase enzyme, while AtPOT1b interacts with a regulatory lncRNA that represses telomerase activity. Here, we show that OB1 of POT1a, but not POT1b, has an intrinsic affinity for telomeric DNA. DNA binding was dependent upon a highly conserved Phe residue (F65) that in human POT1 directly contacts telomeric DNA. F65A mutation of POT1aOB1 abolished DNA binding and diminished telomerase repeat addition processivity. Conversely, AtPOT1b and other POT1b homologs from Brassicaceae and its sister family, Cleomaceae, naturally bear a non-aromatic amino acid at this position. By swapping Val (V63) with Phe, AtPOT1bOB1 gained the capacity to bind telomeric DNA and to stimulate telomerase repeat addition processivity. We conclude that, in the context of DNA binding, variation at a single amino acid position promotes divergence of the AtPOT1b paralog from the ancestral POT1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark A Beilstein
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Dorothy E Shippen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Structural and functional consequences of a disease mutation in the telomere protein TPP1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13021-13026. [PMID: 27807141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605685113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase replicates chromosome ends to facilitate continued cell division. Mutations that compromise telomerase function result in stem cell failure diseases, such as dyskeratosis congenita (DC). One such mutation (K170Δ), residing in the telomerase-recruitment factor TPP1, provides an excellent opportunity to structurally, biochemically, and genetically dissect the mechanism of such diseases. We show through site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography that this TPP1 disease mutation deforms the conformation of two critical amino acids of the TEL [TPP1's glutamate (E) and leucine-rich (L)] patch, the surface of TPP1 that binds telomerase. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we demonstrate that introduction of this mutation in a heterozygous manner is sufficient to shorten telomeres in human cells. Our findings rule out dominant-negative effects of the mutation. Instead, these findings implicate reduced TEL patch dosage in causing telomere shortening. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into telomerase-deficiency diseases and encourage the development of gene therapies to counter such diseases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Walne AJ, Collopy L, Cardoso S, Ellison A, Plagnol V, Albayrak C, Albayrak D, Kilic SS, Patıroglu T, Akar H, Godfrey K, Carter T, Marafie M, Vora A, Sundin M, Vulliamy T, Tummala H, Dokal I. Marked overlap of four genetic syndromes with dyskeratosis congenita confounds clinical diagnosis. Haematologica 2016; 101:1180-1189. [PMID: 27612988 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.147769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita is a highly pleotropic genetic disorder. This heterogeneity can lead to difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis and delays in appropriate management. The aim of this study was to determine the underlying genetic basis in patients presenting with features of dyskeratosis congenita and who were negative for mutations in the classical dyskeratosis congenita genes. By whole exome and targeted sequencing, we identified biallelic variants in genes that are not associated with dyskeratosis congenita in 17 individuals from 12 families. Specifically, these were homozygous variants in USB1 (8 families), homozygous missense variants in GRHL2 (2 families) and identical compound heterozygous variants in LIG4 (2 families). All patients had multiple somatic features of dyskeratosis congenita but not the characteristic short telomeres. Our case series shows that biallelic variants in USB1, LIG4 and GRHL2, the genes mutated in poikiloderma with neutropenia, LIG4/Dubowitz syndrome and the recently recognized ectodermal dysplasia/short stature syndrome, respectively, cause features that overlap with dyskeratosis congenita. Strikingly, these genes also overlap in their biological function with the known dyskeratosis congenita genes that are implicated in telomere maintenance and DNA repair pathways. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the marked overlap of dyskeratosis congenita with four other genetic syndromes, confounding accurate diagnosis and subsequent management. This has important implications for establishing a genetic diagnosis when a new patient presents in the clinic. Patients with clinical features of dyskeratosis congenita need to have genetic analysis of USB1, LIG4 and GRHL2 in addition to the classical dyskeratosis congenita genes and telomere length measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Walne
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Collopy
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Shirleny Cardoso
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alicia Ellison
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Canan Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Davut Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Turkan Patıroglu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Erciyes University Medical Facility, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Haluk Akar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Erciyes University Medical Facility, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Keith Godfrey
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Southampton and University of Southampton, UK
| | - Tina Carter
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Makia Marafie
- Clinical Cancer and Community Genetics, Kuwait Medical Genetics Center, Al-Sabah Medical area, Kuwait
| | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Children's NHS foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Immunology/SCT, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Division of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vulliamy
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Hemanth Tummala
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Inderjeet Dokal
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts NHS Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Woo DH, Chen Q, Yang TLB, Glineburg MR, Hoge C, Leu NA, Johnson FB, Lengner CJ. Enhancing a Wnt-Telomere Feedback Loop Restores Intestinal Stem Cell Function in a Human Organotypic Model of Dyskeratosis Congenita. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:397-405. [PMID: 27545506 PMCID: PMC7900823 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with dyskeratosis congenita (DC) suffer from stem cell failure in highly proliferative tissues, including the intestinal epithelium. Few therapeutic options exist for this disorder, and patients are treated primarily with bone marrow transplantation to restore hematopoietic function. Here, we generate isogenic DC patient and disease allele-corrected intestinal tissue using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated gene correction in induced pluripotent stem cells and directed differentiation. We show that DC tissue has suboptimal Wnt pathway activity causing intestinal stem cell failure and that enhanced expression of the telomere-capping protein TRF2, a Wnt target gene, can alleviate DC phenotypes. Treatment with the clinically relevant Wnt agonists LiCl or CHIR99021 restored TRF2 expression and reversed gastrointestinal DC phenotypes, including organoid formation in vitro, and maturation of intestinal tissue and xenografted organoids in vivo. Thus, the isogenic DC cell model provides a platform for therapeutic discovery and identifies Wnt modulation as a potential strategy for treatment of DC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Woo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qijun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ting-Lin B Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Rebecca Glineburg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carla Hoge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Vagelos Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolae A Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee M, Napier CE, Yang SF, Arthur JW, Reddel RR, Pickett HA. Comparative analysis of whole genome sequencing-based telomere length measurement techniques. Methods 2016; 114:4-15. [PMID: 27565742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA at the ends of human chromosomes that function to maintain the integrity of the genome. Telomere attrition is associated with cellular ageing, whilst telomere maintenance is a prerequisite for malignant transformation. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) captures sequence information from the entire genome, including the telomeres, and is increasingly being applied in research and in the clinic. Several bioinformatics tools have been designed to determine telomere content and length from WGS data, and include Motif_counter, TelSeq, Computel, qMotif, and Telomerecat. These tools utilise different approaches to identify, quantify and normalise telomeric reads; however, it is not known how they compare to one another. Here we describe the details and utility of each tool, and directly compare WGS telomere length output with laboratory-based telomere length measurements. In addition, we evaluate the accessibility, practicality, speed, and additional features of each tool. Each tool was tested using a range of telomere read extraction criteria, to determine the optimal parameters for the specific WGS read length. The aim of this article is to improve the accessibility of WGS telomere length measurement tools, which have the potential to be applied to WGS cohorts for clinical as well as research benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lee
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine E Napier
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sile F Yang
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Arthur
- Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger R Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Robin JD, Magdinier F. Physiological and Pathological Aging Affects Chromatin Dynamics, Structure and Function at the Nuclear Edge. Front Genet 2016; 7:153. [PMID: 27602048 PMCID: PMC4993774 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamins are intermediate filaments that form a complex meshwork at the inner nuclear membrane. Mammalian cells express two types of Lamins, Lamins A/C and Lamins B, encoded by three different genes, LMNA, LMNB1, and LMNB2. Mutations in the LMNA gene are associated with a group of phenotypically diverse diseases referred to as laminopathies. Lamins interact with a large number of binding partners including proteins of the nuclear envelope but also chromatin-associated factors. Lamins not only constitute a scaffold for nuclear shape, rigidity and resistance to stress but also contribute to the organization of chromatin and chromosomal domains. We will discuss here the impact of A-type Lamins loss on alterations of chromatin organization and formation of chromatin domains and how disorganization of the lamina contributes to the patho-physiology of premature aging syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Robin
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stop pulling my strings - what telomeres taught us about the DNA damage response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:364-78. [PMID: 27165790 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved specialized mechanisms to sense and repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) to maintain genomic stability. However, in certain cases, the activity of these pathways can lead to aberrant DNA repair, genomic instability and tumorigenesis. One such case is DNA repair at the natural ends of linear chromosomes, known as telomeres, which can lead to chromosome-end fusions. Here, we review data obtained over the past decade and discuss the mechanisms that protect mammalian chromosome ends from the DNA damage response. We also discuss how telomere research has helped to uncover key steps in DSB repair. Last, we summarize how dysfunctional telomeres and the ensuing genomic instability drive the progression of cancer.
Collapse
|
39
|
Jones M, Bisht K, Savage SA, Nandakumar J, Keegan CE, Maillard I. The shelterin complex and hematopoiesis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1621-9. [PMID: 27135879 DOI: 10.1172/jci84547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian chromosomes terminate in stretches of repetitive telomeric DNA that act as buffers to avoid loss of essential genetic information during end-replication. A multiprotein complex known as shelterin prevents recognition of telomeric sequences as sites of DNA damage. Telomere erosion contributes to human diseases ranging from BM failure to premature aging syndromes and cancer. The role of shelterin telomere protection is less understood. Mutations in genes encoding the shelterin proteins TRF1-interacting nuclear factor 2 (TIN2) and adrenocortical dysplasia homolog (ACD) were identified in dyskeratosis congenita, a syndrome characterized by somatic stem cell dysfunction in multiple organs leading to BM failure and other pleiotropic manifestations. Here, we introduce the biochemical features and in vivo effects of individual shelterin proteins, discuss shelterin functions in hematopoiesis, and review emerging knowledge implicating the shelterin complex in hematological disorders.
Collapse
|
40
|
Jullien L, Kannengiesser C, Kermasson L, Cormier-Daire V, Leblanc T, Soulier J, Londono-Vallejo A, de Villartay JP, Callebaut I, Revy P. Mutations of the RTEL1 Helicase in a Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson Syndrome Patient Highlight the Importance of the ARCH Domain. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:469-72. [PMID: 26847928 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA helicase RTEL1 participates in telomere maintenance and genome stability. Biallelic mutations in the RTEL1 gene account for the severe telomere biology disorder characteristic of the Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HH). Here, we report a HH patient (P4) carrying two novel compound heterozygous mutations in RTEL1: a premature stop codon (c.949A>T, p.Lys317*) and an intronic deletion leading to an exon skipping and an in-frame deletion of 25 amino-acids (p.Ile398_Lys422). P4's cells exhibit short and dysfunctional telomeres similarly to other RTEL1-deficient patients. 3D structure predictions indicated that the p.Ile398_Lys422 deletion affects a part of the helicase ARCH domain, which lines the pore formed with the core HD and the iron-sulfur cluster domains and is highly specific of sequences from the eukaryotic XPD family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jullien
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Labellisé Ligue.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Kannengiesser
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Génétique, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Kermasson
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Labellisé Ligue.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Necker enfants malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Leblanc
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Jean Soulier
- Institute of Hematology (IUH), INSERM UMR944/CNRS UMR7212, Saint-Louis Hospital and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, av Claude, Vellefaux, Paris, France
| | - Arturo Londono-Vallejo
- Telomeres and Cancer Laboratory, Labellisé Ligue, Department UMR3244, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Labellisé Ligue.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- IMPMC, Sorbonne Universités, UMR CNRS 7590, UPMC Univ Paris06, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD UMR 206, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Revy
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Labellisé Ligue.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
GSE4, a Small Dyskerin- and GSE24.2-Related Peptide, Induces Telomerase Activity, Cell Proliferation and Reduces DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress and Cell Senescence in Dyskerin Mutant Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142980. [PMID: 26571381 PMCID: PMC4646510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita is an inherited disease caused by mutations in genes coding for telomeric components. It was previously reported that expression of a dyskerin-derived peptide, GSE24.2, increases telomerase activity, regulates gene expression and decreases DNA damage and oxidative stress in dyskeratosis congenita patient cells. The biological activity of short peptides derived from GSE24.2 was tested and one of them, GSE4, that probed to be active, was further characterized in this article. Expression of this eleven amino acids long peptide increased telomerase activity and reduced DNA damage, oxidative stress and cell senescence in dyskerin-mutated cells. GSE4 expression also activated c-myc and TERT promoters and increase of c-myc, TERT and TERC expression. The level of biological activity of GSE4 was similar to that obtained by GSE24.2 expression. Incorporation of a dyskerin nuclear localization signal to GSE24.2 did not change its activity on promoter regulation and DNA damage protection. However, incorporation of a signal that increases the rate of nucleolar localization impaired GSE24.2 activity. Incorporation of the dyskerin nuclear localization signal to GSE4 did not alter its biological activity. Mutation of the Aspartic Acid residue that is conserved in the pseudouridine synthase domain present in GSE4 did not impair its activity, except for the repression of c-myc promoter activity and the decrease of c-myc, TERT and TERC gene expression in dyskerin-mutated cells. These results indicated that GSE4 could be of great therapeutic interest for treatment of dyskeratosis congenita patients.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lin KW, McDonald KR, Guise AJ, Chan A, Cristea IM, Zakian VA. Proteomics of yeast telomerase identified Cdc48-Npl4-Ufd1 and Ufd4 as regulators of Est1 and telomere length. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8290. [PMID: 26365526 PMCID: PMC4579843 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 400 genes affect yeast telomere length, including Est1, which is critical for recruitment and activation of telomerase. Here we use mass spectrometry to identify novel telomerase regulators by their co-purification with the telomerase holoenzyme. In addition to all known subunits, over 100 proteins are telomerase associated, including all three subunits of the essential Cdc48-Npl4-Ufd1 complex as well as three E3 ubiquitin ligases. The Cdc48 complex is evolutionarily conserved and targets ubiquitinated proteins for degradation. Est1 levels are ∼40-fold higher in cells with reduced Cdc48, yet, paradoxically, telomeres are shorter. Furthermore, Est1 is ubiquitinated and its cell cycle-regulated abundance is lost in Cdc48-deficient cells. Deletion of the telomerase-associated E3 ligase, Ufd4, in cdc48-3 cells further increases Est1 abundance but suppresses the telomere length phenotype of the single mutant. These data argue that, in concert with Ufd4, the Cdc48 complex regulates telomerase by controlling the level and activity of Est1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Wai Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, 08544 Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karin R McDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, 08544 Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amanda J Guise
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, 08544 Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Angela Chan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, 08544 Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, 08544 Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Virginia A Zakian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, 08544 Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Killedar A, Stutz MD, Sobinoff AP, Tomlinson CG, Bryan TM, Beesley J, Chenevix-Trench G, Reddel RR, Pickett HA. A Common Cancer Risk-Associated Allele in the hTERT Locus Encodes a Dominant Negative Inhibitor of Telomerase. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005286. [PMID: 26053551 PMCID: PMC4459975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The TERT-CLPTM1L region of chromosome 5p15.33 is a multi-cancer susceptibility locus that encodes the reverse transcriptase subunit, hTERT, of the telomerase enzyme. Numerous cancer-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs10069690, have been identified within the hTERT gene. The minor allele (A) at rs10069690 creates an additional splice donor site in intron 4 of hTERT, and is associated with an elevated risk of multiple cancers including breast and ovarian carcinomas. We previously demonstrated that the presence of this allele resulted in co-production of full length (FL)-hTERT and an alternatively spliced, INS1b, transcript. INS1b does not encode the reverse transcriptase domain required for telomerase enzyme activity, but we show here that INS1b protein retains its ability to bind to the telomerase RNA subunit, hTR. We also show that INS1b expression results in decreased telomerase activity, telomere shortening, and an increased telomere-specific DNA damage response (DDR). We employed antisense oligonucleotides to manipulate endogenous transcript expression in favor of INS1b, which resulted in a decrease in telomerase activity. These data provide the first detailed mechanistic insights into a cancer risk-associated SNP in the hTERT locus, which causes cell type-specific expression of INS1b transcript from the presence of an additional alternative splice site created in intron 4 by the risk allele. We predict that INS1b expression levels cause subtle inadequacies in telomerase-mediated telomere maintenance, resulting in an increased risk of genetic instability and therefore of tumorigenesis. Multiple cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk of a wide variety of cancers have been identified in the TERT-CLPTM1L region of 5p15.33, identifying this as a multi-cancer susceptibility locus. hTERT encodes the catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase, which is responsible for telomere length maintenance in the germline and in most immortalised cancer cells. To date, very little is known regarding the mechanisms by which specific hTERT SNPs predispose to cancer. In this study, we carried out detailed functional analyses on the intron 4 SNP rs10069690, which is associated with a small, but highly significant risk for many types of cancer. We show that the risk-associated minor allele of this SNP results in an hTERT mRNA splice variant, encoding a catalytically inactive protein which acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of telomerase activity and therefore decreases total telomerase activity. We propose that individuals who carry the rs10069690 minor allele have less telomerase activity in some cell types due to cell type-specific alternative splicing, which may result in slightly shorter telomeres, and hence an increased risk of genetic instability and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Killedar
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael D. Stutz
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander P. Sobinoff
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Tomlinson
- Cell Biology Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy M. Bryan
- Cell Biology Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roger R. Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hilda A. Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tummala H, Walne A, Collopy L, Cardoso S, de la Fuente J, Lawson S, Powell J, Cooper N, Foster A, Mohammed S, Plagnol V, Vulliamy T, Dokal I. Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease deficiency impacts telomere biology and causes dyskeratosis congenita. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2151-60. [PMID: 25893599 DOI: 10.1172/jci78963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) and related syndromes are inherited, life-threatening bone marrow (BM) failure disorders, and approximately 40% of cases are currently uncharacterized at the genetic level. Here, using whole exome sequencing (WES), we have identified biallelic mutations in the gene encoding poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) in 3 families with individuals exhibiting severe DC. PARN is an extensively characterized exonuclease with deadenylation activity that controls mRNA stability in part and therefore regulates expression of a large number of genes. The DC-associated mutations identified affect key domains within the protein, and evaluation of patient cells revealed reduced deadenylation activity. This deadenylation deficiency caused an early DNA damage response in terms of nuclear p53 regulation, cell-cycle arrest, and reduced cell viability upon UV treatment. Individuals with biallelic PARN mutations and PARN-depleted cells exhibited reduced RNA levels for several key genes that are associated with telomere biology, specifically TERC, DKC1, RTEL1, and TERF1. Moreover, PARN-deficient cells also possessed critically short telomeres. Collectively, these results identify a role for PARN in telomere maintenance and demonstrate that it is a disease-causing gene in a subset of patients with severe DC.
Collapse
|
45
|
Kratz C, Hanenberg H. Kongenitales Knochenmarkversagen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-014-3190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|