1
|
Yamada A, Nishi Y, Noguchi M, Watanabe K, Oshiro M, Sakai K, Tashiro Y. Isolated hair bacteria reveal different isolation possibilities under various conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:290-300. [PMID: 39033053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms are assumed to inhabit various environments and organisms, including the human body. The presence of more than 700 bacterial species on scalp hair has been reported through rRNA gene amplicon analysis. However, the biological properties of bacteria on the scalp hair (hair bacteria) and their functions are poorly understood as few hair bacteria have been isolated from hair in previous studies. This study aimed to isolate hair bacteria using standard media under 24 different conditions (including medium components, component concentrations, gelling agents, and atmospheric environments). Furthermore, we evaluated the possibility of isolating strains under these isolation conditions and examined the carbon metabolic ability of several predominantly isolated strains. A total of 63 bacterial species belonging to 27 genera were isolated from hair under 24 isolation conditions. The predominant bacterial species isolated from human hair in this study showed different carbon metabolic capabilities than those of the reference strains. In addition, isolation possibility was newly proposed to systematically evaluate the number of isolation conditions that could cultivate a bacterial species. Based on isolation possibility, the isolates were categorized into groups with a high number of isolation conditions (e.g., ≥25%; such as Staphylococcus) and those with a low number (e.g., ≤25%; such as Brachybacterium). These findings indicate the existence of easily isolated microorganisms and difficultly isolated microorganism from human hair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Yamada
- Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuri Nishi
- Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mei Noguchi
- Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Mugihito Oshiro
- Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tashiro
- Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng Y, Ye L, Du J, Huang L, Lun M, He M, Xiao G, Du W, Liu C, Chen L. Changes in the microbial community of semen exposed to different simulated forensic situations. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0012524. [PMID: 38980015 PMCID: PMC11302308 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00125-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Semen is one of the common body fluids in sexual crime cases. The current methods of semen identification have certain limitations, so it is necessary to search for other methods. In addition, there are few reports of microbiome changes in body fluids under simulated crime scenes. It is essential to further reveal the changes in semen microbiomes after exposure to various simulated crime scenes. Semen samples from eight volunteers were exposed in closed plastic bags, soil, indoor, cotton, polyester, and wool fabrics. A total of 68 samples (before and after exposure) were collected, detected by 16S rDNA sequencing, and analyzed for the microbiome signature. Finally, a random forest model was constructed for body fluid identification. After exposure, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus changed dramatically in almost all groups. In addition, the treatment with the closed plastic bags or soil groups had a greater impact on the semen microbiome. According to the Shannon indices, the alpha diversity of the closed plastic bags and soil groups was much lower than that of the other groups. Attention should be given to the above two scenes in practical work of forensic medicine. In this study, the accuracy of semen recognition was 100%. The exposed semen can still be correctly identified as semen based on its microbiota characteristics. In summary, semen microbiomes exposed to simulated crime scenes still have good application potential for body fluid identification. IMPORTANCE In this study, the microbiome changes of semen exposed to different environments were observed, and the exposed semen microbiome still has a good application potential in body fluid identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Homy Genetics Incorporation, Foshan, China
| | - Linying Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieyu Du
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Litao Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaoqiang Lun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiyun He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guichao Xiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weian Du
- Guangdong Homy Genetics Incorporation, Foshan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Guangdong Regional Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baker CL, Seo KS, Park N, Rutter JK, Thornton JA, Pruett SB, Park JY. L-arginine supplementation abrogates hypoxia-induced virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in a murine diabetic pressure wound model. mSphere 2024; 9:e0077423. [PMID: 38426801 PMCID: PMC10964415 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00774-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are the most common complications of diabetes resulting from hyperglycemia leading to ischemic hypoxic tissue and nerve damage. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated bacteria from DFUs and causes severe necrotic infections leading to amputations with a poor 5-year survival rate. However, very little is known about the mechanisms by which S. aureus dominantly colonizes and causes severe disease in DFUs. Herein, we utilized a pressure wound model in diabetic TALLYHO/JngJ mice to reproduce ischemic hypoxic tissue damage seen in DFUs and demonstrated that anaerobic fermentative growth of S. aureus significantly increased the virulence and the severity of disease by activating two-component regulatory systems leading to expression of virulence factors. Our in vitro studies showed that supplementation of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor promotes anaerobic respiration and suppresses the expression of S. aureus virulence factors through inactivation of two-component regulatory systems, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits by promoting anaerobic nitrate respiration. Our in vivo studies revealed that dietary supplementation of L-arginine (L-Arg) significantly attenuated the severity of disease caused by S. aureus in the pressure wound model by providing nitrate. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of anaerobic fermentative growth in S. aureus pathogenesis and the potential of dietary L-Arg supplementation as a therapeutic to prevent severe S. aureus infection in DFUs.IMPORTANCES. aureus is the most common cause of infection in DFUs, often resulting in lower-extremity amputation with a distressingly poor 5-year survival rate. Treatment for S. aureus infections has largely remained unchanged for decades and involves tissue debridement with antibiotic therapy. With high levels of conservative treatment failure, recurrence of ulcers, and antibiotic resistance, a new approach is necessary to prevent lower-extremity amputations. Nutritional aspects of DFU treatment have largely been overlooked as there has been contradictory clinical trial evidence, but very few in vitro and in vivo modelings of nutritional treatment studies have been performed. Here we demonstrate that dietary supplementation of L-Arg in a diabetic mouse model significantly reduced duration and severity of disease caused by S. aureus. These findings suggest that L-Arg supplementation could be useful as a potential preventive measure against severe S. aureus infections in DFUs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Baker
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nogi Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jaime K. Rutter
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Justin A. Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Stephen B. Pruett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ying JP, Wu G, Zhang YM, Zhang QL. Proteomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus exposed to bacteriocin XJS01 and its bio-preservative effect on raw pork loins. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109258. [PMID: 37379704 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial mechanism of bacteriocins against foodborne S. aureus is still to be explored, particularly in proteomics, and a deep and comprehensive study on application of bacteriocins for preservation of raw pork is required. Here, proteomic mechanism of Lactobacillus salivarius bacteriocin XJS01 against foodborne S. aureus 2612:1606BL1486 (S. aureus_26) and its preservation effect on raw pork loins stored at 4 °C for 12 days was investigated. The results showed that 301 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified between XJS01-treated and -free groups (control group) using Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology, which were primarily involved in amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism, cytolysis, defense response, cell apoptosis, cell killing, adhesion, and oxygen utilization of S. aureus_26. Bacterial secretion system (SRP) and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance may be key pathways to maintain protein secretion and counteract the deleterious effects on S. aureus_26 caused by XJS01. In addition, XJS01 could significantly improve the preservation of raw pork loins by the evaluation results of sensory and antibacterial activity on the meat surface. Overall, this study showed that XJS01 induced a complex organism response in S. aureus, and it could be potential pork preservative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Ying
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Neurology, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wisal A, Ullah A, Anwar W, Morel CM, Hassan SS. Whole genomic sequencing of Staphylococcus aureus strain RMI-014804 isolated from pulmonary patient sputum via next-generation sequencing technology. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e34. [PMID: 37813630 PMCID: PMC10584650 DOI: 10.5808/gi.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections, commonly referred to as healthcare-associated infections, are illnesses that patients get while hospitalized and are typically either not yet manifest or may develop. One of the most prevalent nosocomial diseases in hospitalized patients is pneumonia, among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens cause pneumonia. More severe introductions commonly included Staphylococcus aureus, which is at the top of bacterial infections, per World Health Organization reports. The staphylococci, S. aureus, strain RMI-014804, mesophile, on-sporulating, and non-motile bacterium, was isolated from the sputum of a pulmonary patient in Pakistan. Many characteristics of S. aureus strain RMI-014804 have been revealed in this paper, with complete genome sequence and annotation. Our findings indicate that the genome is a single circular 2.82 Mbp long genome with 1,962 protein-coding genes, 15 rRNA, 49 tRNA, 62 pseudogenes, and a GC content of 28.76%. As a result of this genome sequencing analysis, researchers will fully understand the genetic and molecular basis of the virulence of the S. aureus bacteria, which could help prevent the spread of nosocomial infections like pneumonia. Genome analysis of this strain was necessary to identify the specific genes and molecular mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity, allowing for a more in-depth investigation of its pathogenesis to develop new treatments and preventive measures against infections caused by this bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Wisal
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Anwar
- Department of Pulmonology, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, KP 25000, Pakistan
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building "Expansão", 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000, Pakistan
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building "Expansão", 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361, Brazil
- Jamil–ur–Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Párraga Solórzano PK, Shupe AC, Kehl-Fie TE. The Sensor Histidine Kinase ArlS Is Necessary for Staphylococcus aureus To Activate ArlR in Response to Nutrient Availability. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0042221. [PMID: 34606376 PMCID: PMC8604075 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00422-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile opportunistic pathogen whose success is driven by its ability to adapt to diverse environments and host-imposed stresses. Two-component signal transduction systems, such as ArlRS, often mediate these adaptations. Loss of ArlRS or the response regulator ArlR alone impairs the ability of S. aureus to respond to host-imposed manganese starvation and glucose limitation. As sensor histidine kinases and response regulators frequently work as pairs, it has been assumed that ArlS senses and activates ArlR in response to these stimuli. However, recent work suggests that the sensor histidine kinase GraS can also activate ArlR, calling the contribution of ArlS in responding to manganese and glucose availability into question. The results of current studies reveal that ArlS is necessary to activate ArlR in response to manganese sequestration by the host immune effector calprotectin and glucose limitation. Although the loss of ArlS does not completely eliminate ArlR activity, this response regulator is no longer responsive to manganese or glucose availability in the absence of its cognate histidine kinase. Despite the residual activity of ArlR in the absence of ArlS, ArlR phosphorylation by ArlS is required for S. aureus to resist calprotectin-imposed metal starvation. Cumulatively, these findings contribute to the understanding of S. aureus signal transduction in response to nutritional immunity and support the previous observation indicating that ArlRS is activated by a common signal derived from host-imposed manganese and glucose limitation. IMPORTANCE The ability of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, to sense and adapt to diverse environments partially relies on two-component systems, such as ArlRS. Recent work revealed that the response regulator ArlR can be cross-activated by the sensor histidine kinase GraS, rendering the role of its cognate partner, ArlS, in response to manganese and glucose limitation uncertain. The results of this study reveal that ArlS is necessary for the activation of ArlR in response to calprotectin and glucose limitation. Although a low level of ArlR activity remains in the absence of ArlS, ArlS phosphotransfer to ArlR is required for S. aureus to overcome calprotectin-induced nutritional stress. Collectively, this study provides fundamental information to understand how ArlRS mediates staphylococcal adaptation during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela C. Shupe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas E. Kehl-Fie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu S, Liu Y, Lei L, Zhang H. Antisense yycG modulates the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to hydrogen peroxide via the sarA. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 34053439 PMCID: PMC8165985 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is primarily associated with osteomyelitis. Hydrogen peroxide drainage is an effective antimicrobial treatment that has been adopted to combat S. aureus infections. Previous investigations have indicated that the antisense RNA (asRNA) strategy negatively modulates S. aureus YycFG TCS, and it significantly disrupts biofilm formation. However, the effects of the antisense yycG RNA (ASyycG) strategy on the susceptibility of biofilm-producing S. aureus to hydrogen peroxide and the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been elucidated to date. Results Overexpression of ASyycG inhibited the transcription of biofilm formation-related genes, including sarA and icaA. Additionally, the CFU counts and the live bacterial ratios of ASyycG biofilm-producing S. aureus treated with H2O2 were notably reduced across the groups. Notably, the predicted promoter regions of the sarA and icaA genes were directly regulated by YycF. Conclusions ASyycG was observed to sensitize biofilm-producing S. aureus to H2O2 intervention synergistically via the sarA and thus may represent a supplementary strategy for managing osteomyelitis. However, future in-depth studies should attempt to replicate our findings in animal models, such as the rat osteomyelitis model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02218-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,, Sichuan University, NO.14 Third Section, Renmin South Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin J, Luo X, Gänzle MG, Luo L. Characterization of the two nonidentical ArgR regulators of Tetragenococcus halophilus and their regulatory effects on arginine metabolism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8775-8787. [PMID: 32880693 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The halophilic lactic acid bacterium Tetragenococcus halophilus has been widely used in high-salinity fermentation processes of food. Previous studies have indicated that the catabolism of arginine may contribute to the osmotic stress adaptation of T. halophilus. Unusually, in the chromosome of T. halophilus, preceding the arginine deiminase (ADI) operon, locate two co-transcribed genes, both encoding an ArgR regulator; similar structure was rarely found and the roles of the regulators have not been demonstrated. In the current study, regulatory roles of these two nonidentical ArgR regulators on the arginine metabolism of T. halophilus were investigated. The results show that these two regulators play different roles in arginine metabolism, ArgR1 acts as a negative regulator of the ADI pathway by binding to the promoter sequences and repressing the transcription of genes, and the addition of arginine or hyper-osmotic stress conditions can abolish the ArgR1 repression, whereas ArgR2 negatively regulates the genes involved in arginine biosynthesis. Our study found that despite the commonly known roles of the ArgR regulators as the activator of arginine catabolism and the repressor of arginine biosynthesis, which are found in most studied bacteria possessed one ArgR regulator, the two nonidentical ArgR regulators of T. halophilus both act as repressors, and the repression by which is regulated when sensing changes of environments. By revealing the regulation of arginine metabolism, the current study provides molecular insights and potential tools for future applications of halophiles in biotechnology. KEY POINTS: • The expression of the ADI pathway of T. halophilus is regulated by carbon sources and osmotic stress. • The arginine metabolism process of T. halophilus is fine-tuned by the two ArgR regulators. • The ADI pathway may contribute to the osmotic stress adaptation by generating more energy and accumulating citrulline which acts as compatible solute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Xiaotong Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Lixin Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Párraga Solórzano PK, Yao J, Rock CO, Kehl-Fie TE. Disruption of Glycolysis by Nutritional Immunity Activates a Two-Component System That Coordinates a Metabolic and Antihost Response by Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2019; 10:e01321-19. [PMID: 31387906 PMCID: PMC6686040 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01321-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, bacteria use two-component signal transduction systems to sense and adapt to the dynamic host environment. Despite critically contributing to infection, the activating signals of most of these regulators remain unknown. This also applies to the Staphylococcus aureus ArlRS two-component system, which contributes to virulence by coordinating the production of toxins, adhesins, and a metabolic response that enables the bacterium to overcome host-imposed manganese starvation. Restricting the availability of essential transition metals, a strategy known as nutritional immunity, constitutes a critical defense against infection. In this work, expression analysis revealed that manganese starvation imposed by the immune effector calprotectin or by the absence of glycolytic substrates activates ArlRS. Manganese starvation imposed by calprotectin also activated the ArlRS system even when glycolytic substrates were present. A combination of metabolomics, mutational analysis, and metabolic feeding experiments revealed that ArlRS is activated by alterations in metabolic flux occurring in the latter half of the glycolytic pathway. Moreover, calprotectin was found to induce expression of staphylococcal leukocidins in an ArlRS-dependent manner. These studies indicated that ArlRS is a metabolic sensor that allows S. aureus to integrate multiple environmental stresses that alter glycolytic flux to coordinate an antihost response and to adapt to manganese starvation. They also established that the latter half of glycolysis represents a checkpoint to monitor metabolic state in S. aureus Altogether, these findings contribute to understanding how invading pathogens, such as S. aureus, adapt to the host during infection and suggest the existence of similar mechanisms in other bacterial species.IMPORTANCE Two-component regulatory systems enable bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment during infection by altering gene expression and coordinating antihost responses. Despite the critical role of two-component systems in bacterial survival and pathogenesis, the activating signals for most of these regulators remain unidentified. This is exemplified by ArlRS, a Staphylococcus aureus global regulator that contributes to virulence and to resisting host-mediated restriction of essential nutrients, such as manganese. In this report, we demonstrate that manganese starvation and the absence of glycolytic substrates activate ArlRS. Further investigations revealed that ArlRS is activated when the latter half of glycolysis is disrupted, suggesting that S. aureus monitors flux through the second half of this pathway. Host-imposed manganese starvation also induced the expression of pore-forming toxins in an ArlRS-dependent manner. Cumulatively, this work reveals that ArlRS acts as a sensor that links nutritional status, cellular metabolism, and virulence regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola K Párraga Solórzano
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Jiangwei Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas E Kehl-Fie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balasubramanian D, Harper L, Shopsin B, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis in diverse host environments. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:ftx005. [PMID: 28104617 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an eminent human pathogen that can colonize the human host and cause severe life-threatening illnesses. This bacterium can reside in and infect a wide range of host tissues, ranging from superficial surfaces like the skin to deeper tissues such as in the gastrointestinal tract, heart and bones. Due to its multifaceted lifestyle, S. aureus uses complex regulatory networks to sense diverse signals that enable it to adapt to different environments and modulate virulence. In this minireview, we explore well-characterized environmental and host cues that S. aureus responds to and describe how this pathogen modulates virulence in response to these signals. Lastly, we highlight therapeutic approaches undertaken by several groups to inhibit both signaling and the cognate regulators that sense and transmit these signals downstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Balasubramanian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lamia Harper
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sánchez Mainar M, Matheuse F, De Vuyst L, Leroy F. Effects of glucose and oxygen on arginine metabolism by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:170-178. [PMID: 28399999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are not only part of the desirable microbiota of fermented meat products but also commonly inhabit skin and flesh wounds. Their proliferation depends on the versatility to use energy sources and the adaptation to fluctuating environmental parameters. In this study, the conversion of the amino acid arginine by two strains with arginine deiminase (ADI) activity (Staphylococcus carnosus 833 and S. pasteuri αs3-13) and a strain with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (S. haemolyticus G110) was modelled as a function of glucose and oxygen availability. Both factors moderately inhibited the ADI-based conversion kinetics, never leading to full repression. However, for NOS-driven conversion of arginine by S. haemolyticus G110, oxygen was an absolute requirement. When changing from microaerobic conditions to aerobiosis, a switch from homolactic fermentation to a combined formation of lactic acid, acetic acid, and acetoin was found in all cases, after which lactic acid and acetic acid were used as substrates. The kinetic model proposed provided a suitable description of the data of glucose and arginine co-metabolism as a function of oxygen levels and may serve as a tool to further analyse the behaviour of staphylococci in different ecosystems or when applying specific food processing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez Mainar
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fréderick Matheuse
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Exploring the metabolic heterogeneity of coagulase-negative staphylococci to improve the quality and safety of fermented meats: a review. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 247:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
Thänert R, Goldmann O, Beineke A, Medina E. Host-inherent variability influences the transcriptional response of Staphylococcus aureus during in vivo infection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14268. [PMID: 28155859 PMCID: PMC5296661 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance calls for alternative strategies to treat bacterial infections. One attractive strategy is to directly target bacterial virulence factors with anti-virulence drugs. The expression of virulence traits by pathogens is, however, not constitutive but rather induced by the level of stress encountered within the host. Here we use dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to show that intrinsic variability in the level of host resistance greatly affects the pathogen's transcriptome in vivo. Through analysis of the transcriptional profiles of host and pathogen during Staphylococcus aureus infection of two mouse strains, shown to be susceptible (A/J) or resistant (C57BL/6) to the pathogen, we demonstrate that the expression of virulence factors is dependent on the encountered host resistance. We furthermore provide evidence that this dependence strongly influences the efficacy of anti-virulence strategies, highlighting a potential limitation for the implementation of these strategies. Drugs inhibiting virulence factors of bacterial pathogens are under development. Here, Thänert et al. analyse the transcriptomes of host and pathogen during Staphylococcus aureus infection of two mouse strains, and show that virulence determinants are differentially expressed in different mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Thänert
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Staphylococcus aureus AirSR Two-Component System Mediates Reactive Oxygen Species Resistance via Transcriptional Regulation of Staphyloxanthin Production. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00838-16. [PMID: 27872240 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00838-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen and is the etiological agent of many hospital- and community-acquired infections. The golden pigment, staphyloxanthin, of S. aureus colonies distinguishes it from other staphylococci and related Gram-positive cocci. Staphyloxanthin is the product of a series of biosynthetic steps that produce a unique membrane-embedded C30 golden carotenoid and is an important antioxidant. We observed that a strain with an inducible airR overexpression cassette had noticeably increased staphyloxanthin production compared to the wild-type strain under aerobic culturing conditions. Further analysis revealed that depletion or overproduction of the AirR response regulator resulted in a corresponding decrease or increase in staphyloxanthin production and susceptibility to killing by hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Furthermore, the genetic elimination of staphyloxanthin during AirR overproduction abolished the protective phenotype of increased staphyloxanthin production in a whole-blood survival assay. Promoter reporter and gel shift assays determined that the AirR response regulator is a direct positive regulator of the staphyloxanthin-biosynthetic operon, crtOPQMN, but is epistatic to alternative sigma factor B. Taken together, these data indicate that AirSR positively regulates the staphyloxanthin-biosynthetic operon crtOPQMN, promoting survival of S. aureus in the presence of oxidants.
Collapse
|
15
|
Appanna VP, Alhasawi AA, Auger C, Thomas SC, Appanna VD. Phospho-transfer networks and ATP homeostasis in response to an ineffective electron transport chain in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 606:26-33. [PMID: 27431058 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although oxidative stress is known to impede the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, the nutritionally-versatile microbe, Pseudomonas fluorescens has been shown to proliferate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrosative stress. In this study we demonstrate the phospho-transfer system that enables this organism to generate ATP was similar irrespective of the carbon source utilized. Despite the diminished activities of enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and in the electron transport chain (ETC), the ATP levels did not appear to be significantly affected in the stressed cells. Phospho-transfer networks mediated by acetate kinase (ACK), adenylate kinase (AK), and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) are involved in maintaining ATP homeostasis in the oxidatively-challenged cells. This phospho-relay machinery orchestrated by substrate-level phosphorylation is aided by the up-regulation in the activities of such enzymes like phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PEPS). The enhanced production of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate further fuel the synthesis of ATP. Taken together, this metabolic reconfiguration enables the organism to fulfill its ATP need in an O2-independent manner by utilizing an intricate phospho-wire module aimed at maximizing the energy potential of PEP with the participation of AMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V P Appanna
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - A A Alhasawi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - C Auger
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - S C Thomas
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - V D Appanna
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hall JW, Yang J, Guo H, Ji Y. The AirSR two-component system contributes to Staphylococcus aureus survival in human blood and transcriptionally regulates sspABC operon. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:682. [PMID: 26191060 PMCID: PMC4490255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, genes identified and transcriptionally regulated by the AirSR TCS have been involved in energy production and cellular homeostasis of the staphylococcal cell. It is well accepted that the state of cellular metabolism impacts the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus. For this reason, we conducted experiments to determine if the AirSR TCS contributes to the pathogenesis of S. aureus using an antisense RNA interference technology, an inducible overexpression system, and gene deletions. Depletion of AirSR by antisense RNA expression or deletion of the genes, results in significant decrease in bacterial survival in human blood. Conversely, overexpression of AirR significantly promotes survival of S. aureus in blood. AirR promotes the secretion of virulence factors that inhibits opsonin-based phagocytosis. This enhanced survival is partially linked to the transcriptional regulation of the sspABC operon, encoding V8 protease (SspA), staphopain B (SspB) and staphostatin B (SspC). SspA and SspB are known virulence factors which proteolytically digest opsonins and inhibit killing of S. aureus by professional phagocytes. This is the first evidence linking the AirSR TCS to pathogenesis of S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Junshu Yang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Haiyong Guo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Yinduo Ji
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Contribution of Lactococcus lactis reducing properties to the downregulation of a major virulence regulator in Staphylococcus aureus, the agr system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7028-35. [PMID: 25192992 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02287-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of food poisoning outbreaks associated with dairy products, because of the ingestion of preformed enterotoxins. The biocontrol of S. aureus using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) offers a promising opportunity to fight this pathogen while respecting the product ecosystem. We had previously established the ability of Lactococcus lactis, a lactic acid bacterium widely used in the dairy industry, to downregulate a major staphylococcal virulence regulator, the accessory gene regulator (agr) system, and, as a consequence, agr-controlled enterotoxins. In the present paper, we have shown that the oxygen-independent reducing properties of L. lactis contribute to agr downregulation. Neutralizing lactococcal reduction by adding potassium ferricyanide or maintaining the oxygen pressure constant at 50% released agr downregulation in the presence of L. lactis. This downregulation still occurred in an S. aureus srrA mutant, indicating that the staphylococcal respiratory response regulator SrrAB was not the only component in the signaling pathway. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates the ability of L. lactis reducing properties to interfere with the expression of S. aureus virulence, thus highlighting this general property of LAB as a lever to control the virulence expression of this major pathogen in a food context and beyond.
Collapse
|
18
|
Appanna VP, Auger C, Thomas SC, Omri A. Fumarate metabolism and ATP production in Pseudomonas fluorescens exposed to nitrosative stress. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 106:431-8. [PMID: 24923559 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although nitrosative stress is known to severely impede the ability of living systems to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation, there is limited information on how microorganisms fulfill their energy needs in order to survive reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this study we demonstrate an elaborate strategy involving substrate-level phosphorylation that enables the soil microbe Pseudomonas fluorescens to synthesize ATP in a defined medium with fumarate as the sole carbon source. The enhanced activities of such enzymes as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase coupled with the increased activities of phospho-transfer enzymes like adenylate kinase and nucleoside diphophate kinase provide an effective strategy to produce high energy nucleosides in an O2-independent manner. The alternate ATP producing machinery is fuelled by the precursors derived from fumarate with the aid of fumarase C and fumarate reductase. This metabolic reconfiguration is key to the survival of P. fluorescens and reveals potential targets against RNS-resistant organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun P Appanna
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E2C6, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|