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Food intake behaviors change as a function of maternal diet and time-restricted feeding. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:419-427. [PMID: 36880723 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION changes in dietary/energetic composition during the critical period of development (pregnancy/lactation) or even during meal times may contribute to changes in metabolic and behavioral parameters such as feeding behavior. OBJECTIVE the study aimed to examine the repercussions of time-restricted feeding on feeding behavior and on some parameters of glycemic and lipemic metabolism of the offspring of adult rats whose mothers were fed a westernized diet during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS initially, 43 male Wistar rats were used. At 60 days of life, the rats were divided into 4 groups: C: control group; RC: control group with time-restricted feeding; W: westernized diet during pregnancy/lactation group; RW: westernized diet group during pregnancy/lactation group with time-restricted feeding. The following parameters were evaluated: behavioral sequence of satiety (BSS), biochemical parameters, and abdominal fat. RESULTS findings highlighted a high level of abdominal fat in the groups whose mothers were submitted to a westernized diet, as well as hypertriglyceridemia, and clear differences in feed rate and meal length. This study showed that the westernized diet ingested by mothers during pregnancy and lactation induced hyperlipidemia and changes in the feeding behavior of their adult offspring. CONCLUSIONS these changes may be responsible for eating disorders and risk factors for metabolism disturbance-related diseases.
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What Role Does the Endocannabinoid System Play in the Pathogenesis of Obesity? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020373. [PMID: 33530406 PMCID: PMC7911032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signaling system formed by specific receptors (cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2)), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS, centrally and peripherally, is involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of energy balance, promotion of metabolic process, food intake, weight gain, promotion of fat accumulation in adipocytes, and regulation of body homeostasis; thus, its overactivity may be related to obesity. In this review, we try to explain the role of the ECS and the impact of genetic factors on endocannabinoid system modulation in the pathogenesis of obesity, which is a global and civilizational problem affecting the entire world population regardless of age. We also emphasize that the search for potential new targets for health assessment, treatment, and the development of possible therapies in obesity is of great importance.
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Hartzell AL, Martyniuk KM, Brigidi GS, Heinz DA, Djaja NA, Payne A, Bloodgood BL. NPAS4 recruits CCK basket cell synapses and enhances cannabinoid-sensitive inhibition in the mouse hippocampus. eLife 2018; 7:35927. [PMID: 30052197 PMCID: PMC6105310 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent expression of immediate-early gene transcription factors (IEG-TFs) can transiently change the transcriptome of active neurons and initiate persistent changes in cellular function. However, the impact of IEG-TFs on circuit connectivity and function is poorly understood. We investigate the specificity with which the IEG-TF NPAS4 governs experience-dependent changes in inhibitory synaptic input onto CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs). We show that novel sensory experience selectively enhances somatic inhibition mediated by cholecystokinin-expressing basket cells (CCKBCs) in an NPAS4-dependent manner. NPAS4 specifically increases the number of synapses made onto PNs by individual CCKBCs without altering synaptic properties. Additionally, we find that sensory experience-driven NPAS4 expression enhances depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), a short-term form of cannabinoid-mediated plasticity expressed at CCKBC synapses. Our results indicate that CCKBC inputs are a major target of the NPAS4-dependent transcriptional program in PNs and that NPAS4 is an important regulator of plasticity mediated by endogenous cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Hartzell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Kelly M Martyniuk
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - G Stefano Brigidi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Daniel A Heinz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Nathalie A Djaja
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Anja Payne
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Brenda L Bloodgood
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Abstract
The maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive. Th e body weight depends on the balance between the energy intake and energy expenditure. Increased food intake over the energy expenditure of prolonged time period results in an obesity. Th e obesity has become an important worldwide health problem, even at low levels. The obesity has an evil effect on the health and is associated with a shorter life expectancy. A complex of central and peripheral physiological signals is involved in the control of the food intake. Centrally, the food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus, the brainstem, and endocannabinoids and peripherally by the satiety and adiposity signals. Comprehension of the signals that control food intake and energy balance may open a new therapeutic approaches directed against the obesity and its associated complications, as is the insulin resistance and others. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the current knowledge about the complex system of the peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of food intake and their potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of obesity.
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Zhou JP, Wang F, Yi XQ, Wang XY, Jiang YS, Geng Y, Wang JJ. [Effects of embryonic lead exposure on food intake and bowel movement in offspring rats and possible mechanisms]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:463-469. [PMID: 28407837 PMCID: PMC7389659 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of embryonic lead exposure on food intake and bowel movement in offspring rats and possible mechanisms. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0.1% (low-dose lead exposure group) or 0.2% (high-dose lead exposure group) lead acetate freely during pregnancy to establish an animal model of embryonic lead exposure. A blank control group was also established. The male offspring rats were enrolled in the study, and 10 male offspring rats from each group were selected to observe the changes in food intake, bowel movement, gastric emptying, intestine propulsion, and pathological inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa. Eight offspring rats were selected from each group, and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the changes in the ultrastructure of jejunal microvilli and cell junction and the expression of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) and motilin (MTL) in the feeding center, in order to reveal the possible mechanisms for abnormal gastrointestinal motility in offspring rats induced by embryonic lead exposure. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the low- and high-dose lead exposure groups had a significant reduction in daily food intake, a significant increase in water content of feces, a significant reduction in fecal pellet weight, and a significant increase in small intestine propulsion (P<0.05). The high-dose lead exposure group had a significant reduction in gastric emptying ability compared with the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the lead exposure groups had significantly greater pathological inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa (P<0.05), significant reductions in the number and length of the jejunal microvilli and the number of epithelial desmosome junctions (P<0.05), a significant increase in the macula densa gap (P<0.05), and significant increases in the expression of MTL and CCK-8 in the feeding center (P<0.05), in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The degree of gastrointestinal structural injury and expression levels of MTL and CCK-8 in the feeding center are lead dose-dependent, which may be important mechanisms for changes in food intake, bowel movement, and digestive functions in offspring rats induced by embryonic lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
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Ramírez-López MT, Arco R, Decara J, Vázquez M, Noemí Blanco R, Alén F, Suárez J, Gómez de Heras R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Exposure to a Highly Caloric Palatable Diet during the Perinatal Period Affects the Expression of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System in the Brain, Liver and Adipose Tissue of Adult Rat Offspring. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165432. [PMID: 27806128 PMCID: PMC5091916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked gestational exposure to highly caloric diets with a disrupted endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS). In the present study, we have extended these studies by analyzing the impact of the exposure to a palatable diet during gestation and lactation on a) the adult expression of endocannabinoid-related behaviors, b) the metabolic profile of adult offspring and c) the mRNA expression of the signaling machinery of the ECS in the hypothalamus, the liver and the adipose tissue of adult offspring of both sexes. Exposure to a palatable diet resulted in a) sex-dimorphic and perinatal diet specific feeding behaviors, including the differential response to the inhibitory effects of the cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist AM251, b) features of metabolic syndrome including increased adiposity, hyperleptinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia and c) tissue and sex-specific changes in the expression of both CB1 and CB2 receptors and in that of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes FAAH and MAGL, being the adipose tissue the most affected organ analyzed. Since the effects were observed in adult animals that were weaned while consuming a normal diet, the present results indicate that the ECS is one of the targets of maternal programming of the offspring energy expenditure. These results clearly indicate that the maternal diet has long-term effects on the development of pups through multiple alterations of signaling homeostatic pathways that include the ECS. The potential relevance of these alterations for the current obesity epidemic is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Ramírez-López
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas s/n, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mariam Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosario Noemí Blanco
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas s/n, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez de Heras
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas s/n, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
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Ramírez-López MT, Vázquez M, Bindila L, Lomazzo E, Hofmann C, Blanco RN, Alén F, Antón M, Decara J, Arco R, Ouro D, Orio L, Suárez J, Lutz B, Gómez de Heras R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Maternal Caloric Restriction Implemented during the Preconceptional and Pregnancy Period Alters Hypothalamic and Hippocampal Endocannabinoid Levels at Birth and Induces Overweight and Increased Adiposity at Adulthood in Male Rat Offspring. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:208. [PMID: 27847471 PMCID: PMC5088205 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to inadequate nutritional conditions in critical windows of development has been associated to disturbances on metabolism and behavior in the offspring later in life. The role of the endocannabinoid system, a known regulator of energy expenditure and adaptive behaviors, in the modulation of these processes is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the impact of exposing rat dams to diet restriction (20% less calories than standard diet) during pre-gestational and gestational periods on: (a) neonatal outcomes; (b) endocannabinoid content in hypothalamus, hippocampus and olfactory bulb at birth; (c) metabolism-related parameters; and (d) behavior in adult male offspring. We found that calorie-restricted dams tended to have a reduced litter size, although the offspring showed normal weight at birth. Pups from calorie-restricted dams also exhibited a strong decrease in the levels of anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in the hypothalamus at birth. Additionally, pups from diet-restricted dams displayed reduced levels of AEA in the hippocampus without significant differences in the olfactory bulb. Moreover, offspring exhibited increased weight gain, body weight and adiposity in adulthood as well as increased anxiety-related responses. We propose that endocannabinoid signaling is altered by a maternal caloric restriction implemented during the preconceptional and pregnancy periods, which might lead to modifications of the hypothalamic and hippocampal circuits, potentially contributing to the long-term effects found in the adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Ermelinda Lomazzo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Clementine Hofmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosarío Noemí Blanco
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - María Antón
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Arco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Ouro
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Raquel Gómez de Heras
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
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Abstract
As the most significant cause of death worldwide, obesity has become one of the world's most important public health problems, but approved anti-obesity drugs are extremely limited. This article summarizes the feeding control circuits and regulators involved in obesity development, highlight the hypothalamus, melanocortin system and brain-gut peptide actions in this process, and the five US FDA approved anti-obesity medications in long term use, namely phentermine/topiramate, lorcaserin, naltrexone/bupropion, liraglutide and orlistat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Pharmacy Department, PLA General Hospital
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Ramírez-López MT, Vázquez M, Bindila L, Lomazzo E, Hofmann C, Blanco RN, Alén F, Antón M, Decara J, Ouro D, Orio L, Suarez J, Lutz B, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Gómez de Heras R. Exposure to a Highly Caloric Palatable Diet During Pregestational and Gestational Periods Affects Hypothalamic and Hippocampal Endocannabinoid Levels at Birth and Induces Adiposity and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Male Rat Offspring. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:339. [PMID: 26778987 PMCID: PMC4701936 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to unbalanced diets during pre-gestational and gestational periods may result in long-term alterations in metabolism and behavior. The contribution of the endocannabinoid system to these long-term adaptive responses is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the impact of female rat exposure to a hypercaloric-hypoproteic palatable diet during pre-gestational, gestational and lactational periods on the development of male offspring. In addition, the hypothalamic and hippocampal endocannabinoid contents at birth and the behavioral performance in adulthood were investigated. Exposure to a palatable diet resulted in low weight offspring who exhibited low hypothalamic contents of arachidonic acid and the two major endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) at birth. Palmitoylethanolamide, but not oleoylethanolamide, also decreased. Additionally, pups from palatable diet-fed dams displayed lower levels of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide in the hippocampus. The low-weight male offspring, born from palatable diet exposed mothers, gained less weight during lactation and although they recovered weight during the post-weaning period, they developed abdominal adiposity in adulthood. These animals exhibited anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze and open field test and a low preference for a chocolate diet in a food preference test, indicating that maternal exposure to a hypercaloric diet induces long-term behavioral alterations in male offspring. These results suggest that maternal diet alterations in the function of the endogenous cannabinoid system can mediate the observed phenotype of the offspring, since both hypothalamic and hippocampal endocannabinoids regulate feeding, metabolic adaptions to caloric diets, learning, memory, and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Ermelinda Lomazzo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Clementine Hofmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosario Noemí Blanco
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - María Antón
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Ouro
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez de Heras
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Baiula M, Bedini A, Spampinato SM. Role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ in thermoregulation. Neuropeptides 2015; 50:51-6. [PMID: 25812480 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17-amino acid peptide that binds to the nociceptin receptor (NOP). N/OFQ and NOP receptors are expressed in numerous brain areas. The generation of specific agonists, antagonists and receptor-deficient mice or rats has enabled progress in elucidating the biological functions of N/OFQ. These tools have been employed to identify the biological significance of the N/OFQ system and how it interacts with other endogenous systems to regulate several body functions. The present review focuses on the role of N/OFQ in the regulation of body temperature and its relationship with energy balance. Critical evaluation of the literature data suggests that N/OFQ, acting through the NOP receptor, may cause hypothermia by influencing the complex thermoregulatory system that operates as a federation of independent thermoeffector loops to control body temperature at the hypothalamic level. Furthermore, N/OFQ counteracts hyperthermia elicited by cannabinoids or µ-opioid agonists. N/OFQ-induced hypothermia is prevented by ω-conotoxin GVIA, an N-type calcium channel blocker. Hypothermia induced by N/OFQ is considered within the framework of the complex action that this neuropeptide exerts on energy balance. Energy stores are regulated through the complex neural controls exerted on both food intake and energy expenditure. In laboratory rodents, N/OFQ stimulates consummatory behavior and decreases energy expenditure. Taken together, these studies support the idea that N/OFQ contributes to the regulation of energy balance by acting as an "anabolic" neuropeptide as it elicits effects similar to those produced in the hypothalamus by other neuropeptides such as orexins and neuropeptide Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Lage R, Parisi C, Seoane-Collazo P, Fernø J, Mazza R, Bosch F, Seoane LM, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Quarta C, López M. Lack of Hypophagia in CB1 Null Mice is Associated to Decreased Hypothalamic POMC and CART Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv011. [PMID: 25655433 PMCID: PMC4576512 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative data indicate that the endocannabinoid system plays a major role in feeding behavior and energy balance. Genetic silencing of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) reduces body weight gain, independently of food intake. METHODS In this work, we investigated whether the hypothalamic neuropeptide expression pattern supports the absence of the anorexigenic response observed under constitutive CB1 ablation, by using neuronal CB1 conditional null mice (CamK-CB1-KO) and whole body CB1 null mice (CB1-KO). RESULTS Our data showed that both CB1 null models display a marked decrease in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). CONCLUSIONS This evidence suggests that a lack of hypophagia is associated with the suppression of ARC anorexigenic neuropeptides and that behavioral changes in food intake (or lack thereof) after constitutive CB1 ablation are likely mediated by impaired melanocortin and CART signaling in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lage
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain (Drs Lage, Parisi, Seoane-Collazo, Fernø, Nogueiras, Diéguez, and López); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain (Drs Lage, Seoane-Collazo, Seoane, Nogueiras, Diéguez, and López); Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain (Drs Lage and Bosch); Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy (Drs Parisi, Mazza, and Quarta); Department of Clinical Science, K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5020, Norway (Dr Fernø); Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain (Dr Seoane).
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Bowers ME, Ressler KJ. Interaction between the cholecystokinin and endogenous cannabinoid systems in cued fear expression and extinction retention. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:688-700. [PMID: 25176168 PMCID: PMC4289957 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to develop, in part, from improper inhibition of fear. Accordingly, one of the most effective treatment strategies for PTSD is exposure-based psychotherapy. Ideally, neuroscience would inform adjunct therapies that target the neurotransmitter systems involved in extinction processes. Separate studies have implicated the cholecystokinin (CCK) and endocannabinoid systems in fear; however, there is a high degree of anatomical colocalization between the cannabinoid 1 receptor (Cnr1) and CCK in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region critical for emotion regulation. Although most research has focused on GABA and GABAergic plasticity as the mechanism by which Cnr1 mediates fear inhibition, we hypothesize that a functional interaction between Cnr1 and CCKB receptor (CCKBR) is critical for fear extinction processes. In this study, systemic pharmacological manipulation of the cannabinoid system modulated cued fear expression in C57BL/6J mice after consolidation of auditory fear conditioning. Knockout of the CCKBR, however, had no effect on fear- or anxiety-like behaviors. Nonetheless, administration of a Cnr1 antagonist increased freezing behavior during a cued fear expression test in wild-type subjects, but had no effect on freezing behavior in CCKBR knockout littermates. In addition, we found that Cnr1-positive fibers form perisomatic clusters around CCKBR-positive cell bodies in the BLA. These CCKBR-positive cells comprise a molecularly heterogenous population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These findings provide novel evidence that Cnr1 contributes to cued fear expression via an interaction with the CCK system. Dysfunctional Cnr1-CCKBR interactions might contribute to the etiology of, or result from, fear-related psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory E Bowers
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Yerkes Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Yerkes Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Yerkes Research Center, 954 Gatewood Dr, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, USA, Tel: +1 404 727 7739, Fax: +1 404 727 8070, E-mail:
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