1
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Mikami N, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune kidney diseases and transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:544-557. [PMID: 37400628 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) are naturally present in the immune system and have roles in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune system and tissue homeostasis. Treg cells suppress T cell activation, expansion and effector functions by various mechanisms, particularly by controlling the functions of antigen-presenting cells. They can also contribute to tissue repair by suppressing inflammation and facilitating tissue regeneration, for example, via the production of growth factors and the promotion of stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Monogenic anomalies of Treg cells and genetic variations of Treg cell functional molecules can cause or predispose patients to the development of autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory disorders, including kidney diseases. Treg cells can potentially be utilized or targeted to treat immunological diseases and establish transplantation tolerance, for example, by expanding natural Treg cells in vivo using IL-2 or small molecules or by expanding them in vitro for adoptive Treg cell therapy. Efforts are also being made to convert antigen-specific conventional T cells into Treg cells and to generate chimeric antigen receptor Treg cells from natural Treg cells for adoptive Treg cell therapies with the aim of achieving antigen-specific immune suppression and tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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2
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Cao JZ, Yao GS, Liu F, Tang YM, Li PJ, Feng ZH, Luo JH, Wei JH. TP53/BRAF mutation as an aid in predicting response to immune-checkpoint inhibitor across multiple cancer types. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2868-2879. [PMID: 35344507 PMCID: PMC9004558 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1/PD-L1 blockage, is becoming standard of practice for an increasing number of cancer types. However, the response rate is only 10%-40%. Thus, identifying biomarkers that could accurately predict the ICI-therapy response is critically important. We downloaded somatic mutation data for 46,697 patients and tumor-infiltrating immune cells levels data for 11070 patients, then combined TP53 and BRAF mutation status into a biomarker model and found that the predict ability of TP53/BRAF mutation model is more powerful than some past models. Commonly, patients with high-TMB status have better response to ICI therapy than patients with low-TMB status. However, the genotype of TP53MUTBRAFWT in high-TMB status cohort have poorer response to ICI therapy than the genotype of BRAFMUTTP53WT in low-TMB status (Median, 18 months vs 47 month). Thus, TP53/BRAF mutation model can add predictive value to TMB in identifying patients who benefited from ICI treatment, which can enable more informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gao-Sheng Yao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Ju Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Hao Feng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Hang Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Huan Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Latour S. Inherited immunodeficiencies associated with proximal and distal defects in T cell receptor signaling and co-signaling. Biomed J 2022; 45:321-333. [PMID: 35091087 PMCID: PMC9250091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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4
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Tao Z, Jiang Y, Xia S. Regulation of thymic T regulatory cell differentiation by TECs in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13094. [PMID: 34780092 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The thymus produces self-limiting and self-tolerant T cells through the interaction between thymocytes and thymus epithelial cells (TECs), thereby generating central immune tolerance. The TECs are composed of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells, which regulate the positive and negative selection of T cells, respectively. During the process of negative selection, thymocytes with self-reactive ability are deleted or differentiated into regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are a subset of suppressor T cells that are important for maintaining immune homeostasis. The differentiation and development of Tregs depend on the development of TECs and other underlying molecular mechanisms. Tregs regulated by thymic epithelial cells are closely related to human health and are significant in autoimmune diseases, thymoma and pregnancy. In this review, we summarize the current molecular and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms by which TECs affect the development and function of thymic Tregs. We also review the pathophysiological models of thymic epithelial cells regulating thymic Tregs in human diseases and specific physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Tao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yalan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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5
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Lévy R, Langlais D, Béziat V, Rapaport F, Rao G, Lazarov T, Bourgey M, Zhou YJ, Briand C, Moriya K, Ailal F, Avery DT, Markle J, Lim AI, Ogishi M, Yang R, Pelham S, Emam M, Migaud M, Deswarte C, Habib T, Saraiva LR, Moussa EA, Guennoun A, Boisson B, Belkaya S, Martinez-Barricarte R, Rosain J, Belkadi A, Breton S, Payne K, Benhsaien I, Plebani A, Lougaris V, Di Santo JP, Neven B, Abel L, Ma CS, Bousfiha AA, Marr N, Bustamante J, Liu K, Gros P, Geissmann F, Tangye SG, Casanova JL, Puel A. Inherited human c-Rel deficiency disrupts myeloid and lymphoid immunity to multiple infectious agents. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150143. [PMID: 34623332 DOI: 10.1172/jci150143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied a child with severe viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases, who was homozygous for a loss-of-function mutation of REL, encoding c-Rel, which is selectively expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cells. The patient had low frequencies of NK, effector memory cells reexpressing CD45RA (Temra) CD8+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells, including Th1 and Th1*, Tregs, and memory B cells, whereas the counts and proportions of other leukocyte subsets were normal. Functional deficits of myeloid cells included the abolition of IL-12 and IL-23 production by conventional DC1s (cDC1s) and monocytes, but not cDC2s. c-Rel was also required for induction of CD86 expression on, and thus antigen-presenting cell function of, cDCs. Functional deficits of lymphoid cells included reduced IL-2 production by naive T cells, correlating with low proliferation and survival rates and poor production of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines by memory CD4+ T cells. In naive CD4+ T cells, c-Rel is dispensable for early IL2 induction but contributes to later phases of IL2 expression. The patient's naive B cells displayed impaired MYC and BCL2L1 induction, compromising B cell survival and proliferation and preventing their differentiation into Ig-secreting plasmablasts. Inherited c-Rel deficiency disrupts the development and function of multiple myeloid and lymphoid cells, compromising innate and adaptive immunity to multiple infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Franck Rapaport
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Yu J Zhou
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Coralie Briand
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Kunihiko Moriya
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Janet Markle
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon Pelham
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mehdi Emam
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Bertrand Boisson
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Belkadi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Breton
- Pediatric Radiology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Alessandro Plebani
- University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Bénédicte Neven
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Nico Marr
- Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Kang Liu
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Jakhmola S, Indari O, Kashyap D, Varshney N, Das A, Manivannan E, Jha HC. Mutational analysis of structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06572. [PMID: 33778179 PMCID: PMC7980187 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility is higher than that of other human coronaviruses; therefore, it poses a threat to the populated communities. We investigated mutations among envelope (E), membrane (M), and spike (S) proteins from different isolates of SARS-CoV-2 and plausible signaling influenced by mutated virus in a host. We procured updated protein sequences from the NCBI virus database. Mutations were analyzed in the retrieved sequences of the viral proteins through multiple sequence alignment. Additionally, the data was subjected to ScanPROSITE to analyse if the mutations generated a relevant sequence for host signaling. Unique mutations in E, M, and S proteins resulted in modification sites like PKC phosphorylation and N-myristoylation sites. Based on structural analysis, our study revealed that the D614G mutation in the S protein diminished the interaction with T859 and K854 of adjacent chains. Moreover, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 consists of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide sequence, which could potentially interact with various members of integrin family receptors. RGD sequence in S protein might aid in the initial virus attachment. We speculated crucial host pathways which the mutated isolates of SARS-CoV-2 may alter like PKC, Src, and integrin mediated signaling pathways. PKC signaling is known to influence the caveosome/raft pathway which is critical for virus entry. Additionally, the myristoylated proteins might activate NF-κB, a master molecule of inflammation. Thus the mutations may contribute to the disease pathogenesis and distinct lung pathophysiological changes. Further the frequently occurring mutations in the protein can be studied for possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jakhmola
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Dharmendra Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Nidhi Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | | | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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7
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Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S. Transcriptional and epigenetic basis of Treg cell development and function: its genetic anomalies or variations in autoimmune diseases. Cell Res 2020; 30:465-474. [PMID: 32367041 PMCID: PMC7264322 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally arising regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the transcription factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a T-cell subpopulation specialized for immune suppression, playing a key role in maintaining immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. FoxP3 is required for Treg function, especially for its suppressive activity. However, FoxP3 expression per se is not necessary for Treg cell lineage commitment in the thymus and insufficient for full Treg-type gene expression in mature Treg cells. It is Treg-specific epigenetic changes such as CpG demethylation and histone modification that can confer a stable and heritable pattern of Treg type gene expression on developing Treg cells in a FoxP3-independent manner. Anomalies in the formation of Treg-specific epigenome, in particular, Treg-specific super-enhancers, which largely include Treg-specific DNA demethylated regions, are indeed able to cause autoimmune diseases in rodents. Furthermore, in humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms in Treg-specific DNA demethylated regions associated with Treg signature genes, such as IL2RA (CD25) and CTLA4, can affect the development and function of naïve Treg cells rather than effector T cells. Such genetic variations are therefore causative of polygenic common autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis via affecting endogenous natural Treg cells. These findings on the transcription factor network with FoxP3 at a key position as well as Treg-specific epigenetic landscape facilitate our understanding of Treg cell development and function, and can be exploited to prepare functionally stable FoxP3-expressing Treg cells from antigen-specific conventional T cells to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naganari Ohkura
- Experimental immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Tuovinen EA, Grönholm J, Öhman T, Pöysti S, Toivonen R, Kreutzman A, Heiskanen K, Trotta L, Toiviainen-Salo S, Routes JM, Verbsky J, Mustjoki S, Saarela J, Kere J, Varjosalo M, Hänninen A, Seppänen MRJ. Novel Hemizygous IL2RG p.(Pro58Ser) Mutation Impairs IL-2 Receptor Complex Expression on Lymphocytes Causing X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:503-514. [PMID: 32072341 PMCID: PMC7142052 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic IL2RG mutations may lead to milder phenotypes than X-SCID, named variably as atypical X-SCID or X-CID. We report an 11-year-old boy with a novel c. 172C>T;p.(Pro58Ser) mutation in IL2RG, presenting with atypical X-SCID phenotype. We also review the growing number of hypomorphic IL2RG mutations causing atypical X-SCID. We studied the patient's clinical phenotype, B, T, NK, and dendritic cell phenotypes, IL2RG and CD25 cell surface expression, and IL-2 target gene expression, STAT tyrosine phosphorylation, PBMC proliferation, and blast formation in response to IL-2 stimulation, as well as protein-protein interactions of the mutated IL2RG by BioID proximity labeling. The patient suffered from recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis, and reactive arthritis. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T and B cells subpopulations, with very low numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Surface expression of IL2RG was reduced on his lymphocytes. This led to impaired STAT tyrosine phosphorylation in response to IL-2 and IL-21, reduced expression of IL-2 target genes in patient CD4+ T cells, and reduced cell proliferation in response to IL-2 stimulation. BioID proximity labeling showed aberrant interactions between mutated IL2RG and ER/Golgi proteins causing mislocalization of the mutated IL2RG to the ER/Golgi interface. In conclusion, IL2RG p.(Pro58Ser) causes X-CID. Failure of IL2RG plasma membrane targeting may lead to atypical X-SCID. We further identified another carrier of this mutation from newborn SCID screening, lost to closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Tuovinen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raine Toivonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kreutzman
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Heiskanen
- Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Trotta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toiviainen-Salo
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John M Routes
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James Verbsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janna Saarela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical Genetics, Helsinki Central University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Sakaguchi S, Mikami N, Wing JB, Tanaka A, Ichiyama K, Ohkura N. Regulatory T Cells and Human Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38:541-566. [PMID: 32017635 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which specifically express the transcription factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a functionally distinct T cell subpopulation actively engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Recent studies have facilitated our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of their generation, function, phenotypic and functional stability, and adaptability. It is under investigation in humans how functional or numerical Treg anomalies, whether genetically determined or environmentally induced, contribute to immunological diseases such as autoimmune diseases. Also being addressed is how Tregs can be targeted to control physiological and pathological immune responses, for example, by depleting them to enhance tumor immunity or by expanding them to treat immunological diseases. This review discusses our current understanding of Treg immunobiology in normal and disease states, with a perspective on the realization of Treg-targeting therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; .,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - James B Wing
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Kenji Ichiyama
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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10
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Notarangelo LD, Uzel G, Rao VK. Primary immunodeficiencies: novel genes and unusual presentations. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2019; 2019:443-448. [PMID: 31808899 PMCID: PMC6913429 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2019000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics have greatly expanded the spectrum of primary immune deficiencies (PIDs). Along with the identification of pathogenic variants in novel genes, distinct phenotypes have been associated with different variants in the same gene. Although PIDs have been historically defined based on increased susceptibility to infections, immune dysregulation has emerged as a frequent and in some cases, predominant phenotype. Autoimmune cytopenias with onset in childhood, lasting longer than 12 months, and affecting multiple lineages should raise the suspicion of a possible PID with monogenic origin. Characterization of the various molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these unusual manifestations of PIDs, although at times resource intensive, may allow for targeted intervention in many of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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11
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Roussel L, Landekic M, Golizeh M, Gavino C, Zhong MC, Chen J, Faubert D, Blanchet-Cohen A, Dansereau L, Parent MA, Marin S, Luo J, Le C, Ford BR, Langelier M, King IL, Divangahi M, Foulkes WD, Veillette A, Vinh DC. [Loss of human ICOSLG results in combined immunodeficiency]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:625-628. [PMID: 31532372 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Roussel
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marija Landekic
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Makan Golizeh
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christina Gavino
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratoire d'oncologie moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratoire d'oncologie moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse et protéomique, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Blanchet-Cohen
- Bio-informatiques, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Dansereau
- Département de médecine interne, Hôpital de l'Archipel, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Parent
- Département de médecine familiale, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Marin
- Hôpital de l'Archipel, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Julia Luo
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Le
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brinley R Ford
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Langelier
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Laboratoires Meakins-Christie, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Laboratoires Meakins-Christie, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Département de médecine génétique, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de génétique humaine, Université McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratoire d'oncologie moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Le Programme en maladies infectieuses et immunité en santé mondiale, Centre universitaire de santé McGill, Institut de recherche, 1001 Decarie, H4A3J1 Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Laboratoire d'oncologie moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de médecine, Université McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada. - Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Roussel L, Landekic M, Golizeh M, Gavino C, Zhong MC, Chen J, Faubert D, Blanchet-Cohen A, Dansereau L, Parent MA, Marin S, Luo J, Le C, Ford BR, Langelier M, King IL, Divangahi M, Foulkes WD, Veillette A, Vinh DC. Loss of human ICOSL results in combined immunodeficiency. J Exp Med 2019; 215:3151-3164. [PMID: 30498080 PMCID: PMC6279397 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies represent naturally occurring experimental models to decipher human immunobiology. We report a patient with combined immunodeficiency, marked by recurrent respiratory tract and DNA-based viral infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and panlymphopenia. He also developed moderate neutropenia but without prototypical pyogenic infections. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous mutation in the inducible T cell costimulator ligand gene (ICOSLG; c.657C>G; p.N219K). Whereas WT ICOSL is expressed at the cell surface, the ICOSLN219K mutation abrogates surface localization: mutant protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus, which is predicted to result from deleterious conformational and biochemical changes. ICOSLN219K diminished B cell costimulation of T cells, providing a compelling basis for the observed defect in antibody and memory B cell generation. Interestingly, ICOSLN219K also impaired migration of lymphocytes and neutrophils across endothelial cells, which normally express ICOSL. These defects likely contributed to the altered adaptive immunity and neutropenia observed in the patient, respectively. Our study identifies human ICOSLG deficiency as a novel cause of a combined immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Roussel
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marija Landekic
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Makan Golizeh
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christina Gavino
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Proteomics Discovery Platform, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Blanchet-Cohen
- Bioinformatics, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Dansereau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de l'Archipel, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Parent
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre intégé de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Marin
- Hôpital de l'Archipel, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Julia Luo
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Le
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brinley R Ford
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Langelier
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada .,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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13
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Latour S, Winter S. Inherited Immunodeficiencies With High Predisposition to Epstein-Barr Virus-Driven Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1103. [PMID: 29942301 PMCID: PMC6004768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpes virus that infects 90% of humans without any symptoms in most cases, but has an oncogenic potential, especially in immunocompromised individuals. In the past 30 years, several primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) associated with a high risk to develop EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), essentially consisting of virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, non-malignant and malignant B-cell LPDs including non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin’s types of B lymphomas have been characterized. Among them are SH2D1A (SAP), XIAP, ITK, MAGT1, CD27, CD70, CTPS1, RASGRP1, and CORO1A deficiencies. Penetrance of EBV infection ranges from 50 to 100% in those PIDs. Description of large cohorts and case reports has refined the specific phenotypes associated with these PIDs helping to the diagnosis. Specific pathways required for protective immunity to EBV have emerged from studies of these PIDs. SLAM-associated protein-dependent SLAM receptors and MAGT1-dependent NKG2D pathways are important for T and NK-cell cytotoxicity toward EBV-infected B-cells, while CD27–CD70 interactions are critical to drive the expansion of EBV-specific T-cells. CTPS1 and RASGRP1 deficiencies further strengthen that T-lymphocyte expansion is a key step in the immune response to EBV. These pathways appear to be also important for the anti-tumoral immune surveillance of abnormal B cells. Monogenic PIDs should be thus considered in case of any EBV-associated LPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe de Recherche Labéllisée, Ligue National contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Winter
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe de Recherche Labéllisée, Ligue National contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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14
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Winter S, Martin E, Boutboul D, Lenoir C, Boudjemaa S, Petit A, Picard C, Fischer A, Leverger G, Latour S. Loss of RASGRP1 in humans impairs T-cell expansion leading to Epstein-Barr virus susceptibility. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:188-199. [PMID: 29282224 PMCID: PMC5801500 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited CTPS1, CD27, and CD70 deficiencies in humans have revealed key factors of T-lymphocyte expansion, a critical prerequisite for an efficient immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. RASGRP1 is a T-lymphocyte-specific nucleotide exchange factor known to activate the pathway of MAP kinases (MAPK). A deleterious homozygous mutation in RASGRP1 leading to the loss RASGRP1 expression was identified in two siblings who both developed a persistent EBV infection leading to Hodgkin lymphoma. RASGRP1-deficient T cells exhibited defective MAPK activation and impaired proliferation that was restored by expression of wild-type RASGRP1. Similar defects were observed in T cells from healthy individuals when RASGRP1 was downregulated. RASGRP1-deficient T cells also exhibited decreased CD27-dependent proliferation toward CD70-expressing EBV-transformed B cells, a crucial pathway required for expansion of antigen-specific T cells during anti-EBV immunity. Furthermore, RASGRP1-deficient T cells failed to upregulate CTPS1, an important enzyme involved in DNA synthesis. These results show that RASGRP1 deficiency leads to susceptibility to EBV infection and demonstrate the key role of RASGRP1 at the crossroad of pathways required for the expansion of activated T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Winter
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
- Imagine Institut, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Lenoir
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sabah Boudjemaa
- Department of Pathology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Petit
- Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
- Imagine Institut, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre d'Etude des Déficits Immunitaires, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Imagine Institut, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
- Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Guy Leverger
- Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
- Imagine Institut, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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15
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Pai SY, Notarangelo LD. Congenital Disorders of Lymphocyte Function. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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16
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Wang J, Li Z, Gao L, Qi Y, Zhu H, Qin X. The regulation effect of AMPK in immune related diseases. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 61:523-533. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Concise overview of the field of anticytokine autoantibodies with a focus on recent developments. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in particular in the analysis of autoantibodies to IFNγ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and type I IFN are presented. The target epitope for anti-IFNγ autoantibodies has been found to have high homology to a protein from Aspergillus suggesting molecular mimicry as a mechanism of breaking self-tolerance. A treatment strategy using a recombinant, epitope-depleted version of IFNγ is suggested. Autoantibodies to GM-CSF are associated with disseminated Crytococcus and Nocardia infections thus expanding the spectrum of associated diseases beyond pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Detailed analysis of anti-GM-CSF autoantibody clones derived from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis patients show evidence of high somatic mutation suggesting T cell-dependent affinity maturation; full GM-CSF neutralization is achieved by synergistic binding of antibodies targeting various distinct noncross-reactive epitopes and leading to antigen sequestration and Fc-mediated clearance. Single mAbs in contrast may lead to higher GM-CSF bioavailability. Anti type I IFN-specific autoantibodies derived from autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I patients are of extreme high affinity and negatively correlate with the incidence of type I diabetes and may be thus considered to be protective. Hypomorphic severe combined immune deficiency may be associated with complex anticytokine patterns and the emergence of anti type I IFN autoantibodies correlates with severe viral infection histories. SUMMARY Anticytokine autoantibodies may cause susceptibility to infections. In autoimmune/autoinflammatory conditions, anticytokine autoantibodies may be protective or promote disease.
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18
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Wang Y, Ma CS, Ling Y, Bousfiha A, Camcioglu Y, Jacquot S, Payne K, Crestani E, Roncagalli R, Belkadi A, Kerner G, Lorenzo L, Deswarte C, Chrabieh M, Patin E, Vincent QB, Müller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, Ailal F, Quintana-Murci L, Fraitag S, Alyanakian MA, Leruez-Ville M, Picard C, Puel A, Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Malissen M, Malissen B, Abel L, Hovnanian A, Notarangelo LD, Jouanguy E, Tangye SG, Béziat V, Casanova JL. Dual T cell- and B cell-intrinsic deficiency in humans with biallelic RLTPR mutations. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2413-2435. [PMID: 27647349 PMCID: PMC5068239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In two complementary papers, Casanova, Malissen, and collaborators report the discovery of human RLTPR deficiency, the first primary immunodeficiency of the human CD28 pathway in T cells. Together, the two studies highlight the important and largely (but not completely) overlapping roles of RLTPR in T and B cells of humans and mice. Combined immunodeficiency (CID) refers to inborn errors of human T cells that also affect B cells because of the T cell deficit or an additional B cell–intrinsic deficit. In this study, we report six patients from three unrelated families with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in RLTPR, the mouse orthologue of which is essential for CD28 signaling. The patients have cutaneous and pulmonary allergy, as well as a variety of bacterial and fungal infectious diseases, including invasive tuberculosis and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Proportions of circulating regulatory T cells and memory CD4+ T cells are reduced. Their CD4+ T cells do not respond to CD28 stimulation. Their CD4+ T cells exhibit a "Th2" cell bias ex vivo and when cultured in vitro, contrasting with the paucity of "Th1," "Th17," and T follicular helper cells. The patients also display few memory B cells and poor antibody responses. This B cell phenotype does not result solely from the T cell deficiency, as the patients’ B cells fail to activate NF-κB upon B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation. Human RLTPR deficiency is a CID affecting at least the CD28-responsive pathway in T cells and the BCR-responsive pathway in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yun Ling
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Casablanca Children's Hospital, Ibn Rochd Medical School, King Hassan II University, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Yildiz Camcioglu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serge Jacquot
- Immunology Unit, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen Normandy University, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Elena Crestani
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Aziz Belkadi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gaspard Kerner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Patin
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 3012, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Quentin B Vincent
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Müller-Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Casablanca Children's Hospital, Ibn Rochd Medical School, King Hassan II University, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 3012, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Department of Pathology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian
- Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- Virology Laboratory, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité-EA 36-20, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marie Malissen
- Center for Immunology Marseille-Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases: from Disease Mechanism to Therapies, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France .,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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19
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Combined immunodeficiencies: twenty years experience from a single center in Turkey. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:107-15. [PMID: 27095930 PMCID: PMC4829808 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.56168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs) include a group of inherited monogenic disorders. CIDs are characterized by defective cellular and humoral immunities that lead to severe infections. CIDs can be classified according to immunologic phenotypes as T–B–NK– CID, T–B–NK+ CID, T–B+NK– CID and T–B+NK+ CID. In a 20-year period, from 1994 to 2014, a total of 40 CID patients were diagnosed at the Pediatric Immunology of Erciyes University Medical Faculty in Kayseri, Turkey. The gender ratio (F/M) was 3/5. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 2 months (range, 15 days – 15 years). Of the 14 T–B–NK– CIDs, 6, 2 (siblings), 1, 1 and 4 had a mutation in the ADA, PNP, Artemis, RAG1 genes and unknown genetic diagnosis respectively. Of the 15 T–B–NK+ CIDs, 3, 2 (siblings) and 10 had a mutation in the RAG1, XLF/Cernunnos genes and unknown genetic diagnosis respectively. Of the 9 T–B+NK– CIDs, 2 siblings, 1, 1 and 5 had a mutation in the ZAP70, IL2RG, DOCK8 genes and unknown genetic diagnosis respectively. Of the 2 T–B+NK+ CIDs, 2 had a mutation in the MAGT1 and ZAP70 genes respectively. Of the 40 CIDs, 26 (65%) were died and 14 (35%) are alive. Eight patients received HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) with 62.5% survival rate. As a result, patients presented with severe infections in the first months of life have to be examined for CIDs. Shortening time of diagnosis would increase chance of HSCT as life-saving treatment in the CID patients.
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20
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Fischer A, Notarangelo LD, Neven B, Cavazzana M, Puck JM. Severe combined immunodeficiencies and related disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15061. [PMID: 27189259 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) comprise a group of rare, monogenic diseases that are characterized by an early onset and a profound block in the development of T lymphocytes. Given that adaptive immunity is abrogated, patients with SCID are prone to recurrent infections caused by both non-opportunistic and opportunistic pathogens, leading to early death unless immunity can be restored. Several molecular defects causing SCIDs have been identified, along with many other defects causing profound, albeit incomplete, T cell immunodeficiencies; the latter are referred to as atypical SCIDs or combined immunodeficiencies. The pathophysiology of many of these conditions has now been characterized. Early, accurate and precise diagnosis combined with the ongoing implementation of newborn screening have enabled major advances in the care of infants with SCID, including better outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Gene therapy is also becoming an effective option. Further advances and a progressive extension of the indications for gene therapy can be expected in the future. The assessment of long-term outcomes of patients with SCID is now a major challenge, with a view to evaluating the quality and sustainability of immune restoration, the risks of sequelae and the ability to relieve the non-haematopoietic syndromic manifestations that accompany some of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Fischer
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Antonioli L, Colucci R, Pellegrini C, Giustarini G, Sacco D, Tirotta E, Caputi V, Marsilio I, Giron MC, Németh ZH, Blandizzi C, Fornai M. The AMPK enzyme-complex: from the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis to a possible new molecular target in the management of chronic inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:179-91. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Omenn syndrome associated with a functional reversion due to a somatic second-site mutation in CARD11 deficiency. Blood 2015; 126:1658-69. [PMID: 26289640 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-631374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Omenn syndrome (OS) is a severe immunodeficiency associated with erythroderma, lymphoproliferation, elevated IgE, and hyperactive oligoclonal T cells. A restricted T-cell repertoire caused by defective thymic T-cell development and selection, lymphopenia with homeostatic proliferation, and lack of regulatory T cells are considered key factors in OS pathogenesis. We report 2 siblings presenting with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Pneumocystis jirovecii infections and recurrent sepsis; one developed all clinical features of OS. Both carried homozygous germline mutations in CARD11 (p.Cys150*), impairing NF-κB signaling and IL-2 production. A somatic second-site mutation reverting the stop codon to a missense mutation (p.Cys150Leu) was detected in tissue-infiltrating T cells of the OS patient. Expression of p.Cys150Leu in CARD11-deficient T cells largely reconstituted NF-κB signaling. The reversion likely occurred in a prethymic T-cell precursor, leading to a chimeric T-cell repertoire. We speculate that in our patient the functional advantage of the revertant T cells in the context of persistent CMV infection, combined with lack of regulatory T cells, may have been sufficient to favor OS. This first observation of OS in a patient with a T-cell activation defect suggests that severely defective T-cell development or homeostatic proliferation in a lymphopenic environment are not required for this severe immunopathology.
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23
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Caramalho Í, Nunes-Cabaço H, Foxall RB, Sousa AE. Regulatory T-Cell Development in the Human Thymus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:395. [PMID: 26284077 PMCID: PMC4522873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus generates a lineage-committed subset of regulatory T-cells (Tregs), best identified by the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3. The development of thymus-derived Tregs is known to require high-avidity interaction with MHC-self peptides leading to the generation of self-reactive Tregs fundamental for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Notwithstanding their crucial role in the control of immune responses, human thymic Treg differentiation remains poorly understood. In this mini-review, we will focus on the developmental stages at which Treg lineage commitment occurs, and their spatial localization in the human thymus, reviewing the molecular requirements, including T-cell receptor and cytokine signaling, as well as the cellular interactions involved. An overview of the impact of described thymic defects on the Treg compartment will be provided, illustrating the importance of these in vivo models to investigate human Treg development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris Caramalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Helena Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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24
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Hypomorphic mutation in TTC7A causes combined immunodeficiency with mild structural intestinal defects. Blood 2015; 125:1674-6. [PMID: 25745186 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) for severe T-cell lymphopenia/severe combined immunodeficiency using the T-cell receptor excision circle assay continues to expand in the USA and worldwide. Here, we will review why severe combined immunodeficiency is an excellent case for NBS, the outcomes of the first 6 years of screening, and dilemmas surrounding screening and management of infants detected by NBS. We will also discuss the future of NBS for primary immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky J Buelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 440, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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26
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Rose CD, Neven B, Wouters C. Granulomatous inflammation: The overlap of immune deficiency and inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:191-212. [PMID: 24974058 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric granulomatous diseases constitute a heterogenous group of conditions in terms of clinical phenotypes, pathogenic mechanisms, and outcomes. The common link is the presence of multinucleated giant cells in the inflammatory infiltrate. The clinical scenario in which a tissue biopsy shows granulomatous inflammation is not an uncommon one for practicing adult and pediatric rheumatologists. Our role as rheumatologists is to develop a diagnostic plan based on a rational differential diagnostic exercise tailored to the individual patient and based mainly on a detailed clinical assessment. This chapter presents a comprehensive differential diagnosis associated with a classification developed by the authors. We describe with some detail extrapulmonary sarcoidosis, Blau syndrome, and immunodeficiency associated granulomatous inflammation, which in our view are the paradigmatic primary forms of granulomatous diseases in childhood. The other entities are presented only as differential diagnoses listing their most relevant clinical features. This chapter shows that almost all granulomatous diseases seen in adults can be found in children and that there are some entities that are essentially pediatric at onset, namely Blau syndrome and most forms of immunodeficiency associated granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Rose
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803-3607, USA.
| | - Benedicte Neven
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803-3607, USA
| | - Carine Wouters
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803-3607, USA
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27
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Marrella V, Poliani PL, Notarangelo LD, Grassi F, Villa A. Rag defects and thymic stroma: lessons from animal models. Front Immunol 2014; 5:259. [PMID: 25076946 PMCID: PMC4114104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells (TECs) cross-talk is essential to support T cell development and preserve thymic architecture and maturation of TECs and Foxp3(+) natural regulatory T cells. Accordingly, disruption of thymic lymphostromal cross-talk may have major implications on the thymic mechanisms that govern T cell tolerance. Several genetic defects have been described in humans that affect early stages of T cell development [leading to severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)] or late stages in thymocyte maturation (resulting in combined immunodeficiency). Hypomorphic mutations in SCID-causing genes may allow for generation of a limited pool of T lymphocytes with a restricted repertoire. These conditions are often associated with infiltration of peripheral tissues by activated T cells and immune dysregulation, as best exemplified by Omenn syndrome (OS). In this review, we will discuss our recent findings on abnormalities of thymic microenvironment in OS with a special focus of defective maturation of TECs, altered distribution of thymic dendritic cells and impairment of deletional and non-deletional mechanisms of central tolerance. Here, taking advantage of mouse models of OS and atypical SCID, we will discuss how modifications in stromal compartment impact and shape lymphocyte differentiation, and vice versa how inefficient T cell signaling results in defective stromal maturation. These findings are instrumental to understand the extent to which novel therapeutic strategies should act on thymic stroma to achieve full immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marrella
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetics and Biomedic Research, National Research Council , Milan , Italy ; Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rozzano , Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | | | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna Villa
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetics and Biomedic Research, National Research Council , Milan , Italy ; Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rozzano , Italy
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28
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Albin S, Cunningham-Rundles C. An update on the use of immunoglobulin for the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1113-26. [PMID: 25428649 PMCID: PMC4324501 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with significant antibody deficiencies, immunoglobulin therapy is the mainstay of treatment as it significantly reduces both the frequency and severity of infections. The formulations and delivery methods of immunoglobulin have evolved over time, and continued improvements have allowed for increased access to this effective medication. This review is an update on the current status of immunoglobulin therapy in immunodeficiency disorders, and discusses the mechanisms, forms and dosing, and indications for immunoglobulin replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Albin
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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