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Gil-Gil T, Berryhill BA, Manuel JA, Smith AP, McCall IC, Baquero F, Levin BR. The evolution of heteroresistance via small colony variants in Escherichia coli following long term exposure to bacteriostatic antibiotics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7936. [PMID: 39261449 PMCID: PMC11391013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, bacteriostatic antibiotics are agents able to arrest bacterial growth. Despite being traditionally viewed as unable to kill bacterial cells, when they are used clinically the outcome of these drugs is frequently as effective as when a bactericidal drug is used. We explore the dynamics of Escherichia coli after exposure to two ribosome-targeting bacteriostatic antibiotics, chloramphenicol and azithromycin, for thirty days. The results of our experiments provide evidence that bacteria exposed to these drugs replicate, evolve, and generate a sub-population of small colony variants (SCVs) which are resistant to multiple drugs. These SCVs contribute to the evolution of heteroresistance and rapidly revert to a susceptible state once the antibiotic is removed. Stated another way, exposure to bacteriostatic drugs selects for the evolution of heteroresistance in populations previously lacking this trait. More generally, our results question the definition of bacteriostasis as populations exposed to bacteriostatic drugs are replicating despite the lack of net growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gil-Gil
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brandon A Berryhill
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshua A Manuel
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew P Smith
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ingrid C McCall
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, and Centro de Investigación Médica en Red, Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruce R Levin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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Endsley CE, Moore KA, Townsley TD, Durston KK, Deweese JE. Bioinformatic Analysis of Topoisomerase IIα Reveals Interdomain Interdependencies and Critical C-Terminal Domain Residues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5674. [PMID: 38891861 PMCID: PMC11172036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIα (Top2A) is a nuclear enzyme that is a cancer drug target, and there is interest in identifying novel sites on the enzyme to inhibit cancer cells more selectively and to reduce off-target toxicity. The C-terminal domain (CTD) is one potential target, but it is an intrinsically disordered domain, which prevents structural analysis. Therefore, we set out to analyze the sequence of Top2A from 105 species using bioinformatic analysis, including the PSICalc algorithm, Shannon entropy analysis, and other approaches. Our results demonstrate that large (10th-order) interdependent clusters are found including non-proximal positions across the major domains of Top2A. Further, CTD-specific clusters of the third, fourth, and fifth order, including positions that had been previously analyzed via mutation and biochemical assays, were identified. Some of these clusters coincided with positions that, when mutated, either increased or decreased relaxation activity. Finally, sites of low Shannon entropy (i.e., low variation in amino acids at a given site) were identified and mapped as key positions in the CTD. Included in the low-entropy sites are phosphorylation sites and charged positions. Together, these results help to build a clearer picture of the critical positions in the CTD and provide potential sites/regions for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark E. Endsley
- Biological, Physical, and Human Sciences Department, Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
| | - Kori A. Moore
- Biological, Physical, and Human Sciences Department, Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
| | | | - Kirk K. Durston
- Department of Research and Publications, Digital Strategies, Langley, BC V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Deweese
- Biological, Physical, and Human Sciences Department, Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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3
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Jiang X, Fielding LA, Davis H, Carroll W, Lisic EC, Deweese JE. Inhibition of Topoisomerases by Metal Thiosemicarbazone Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12010. [PMID: 37569386 PMCID: PMC10419228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases, common targets for anti-cancer therapeutics, are crucial enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, and many other aspects of DNA metabolism. The potential anti-cancer effects of thiosemicarbazones (TSC) and metal-TSC complexes have been demonstrated to target several biological processes, including DNA metabolism. Human topoisomerases were discovered among the molecular targets for TSCs, and metal-chelated TSCs specifically displayed significant inhibition of topoisomerase II. The processes by which metal-TSCs or TSCs inhibit topoisomerases are still being studied. In this brief review, we summarize the TSCs and metal-TSCs that inhibit various types of human topoisomerases, and we note some of the key unanswered questions regarding this interesting class of diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Lauren A. Fielding
- Department of Biological, Physical and Human Sciences, Freed Hardeman University, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
| | - Hunter Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA
| | - William Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA
| | - Edward C. Lisic
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA
| | - Joseph E. Deweese
- Department of Biological, Physical and Human Sciences, Freed Hardeman University, Henderson, TN 38340, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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4
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Elanany MA, Osman EEA, Gedawy EM, Abou-Seri SM. Design and synthesis of novel cytotoxic fluoroquinolone analogs through topoisomerase inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4144. [PMID: 36914702 PMCID: PMC10011602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To exploit the advantageous properties of approved drugs to hasten anticancer drug discovery, we designed and synthesized a series of fluoroquinolone (FQ) analogs via functionalization of the acid hydrazides of moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Under the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Line Screening Assay, (IIIf) was the most potent among moxifloxacin derivatives, whereas (VIb) was the only ofloxacin derivative with significant effects and ciprofloxacin derivatives were devoid of activity. (IIIf) and (VIb) were further selected for five-dose evaluation, where they showed potent growth inhibition with a mean GI50 of 1.78 and 1.45 µM, respectively. (VIb) elicited a more potent effect reaching sub-micromolar level on many cell lines, including MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines (GI50 = 0.41 and 0.42 µM, respectively), NSCLC cell line HOP-92 (GI50 = 0.50 µM) and CNS cell lines SNB-19 and U-251 (GI50 = 0.51 and 0.61 µM, respectively). (IIIf) and (VIb) arrested MCF-7 cells at G1/S and G1, respectively, and induced apoptosis mainly through the intrinsic pathway as shown by the increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-9 with a lesser activation of the extrinsic pathway through caspase-8. Both compounds inhibited topoisomerase (Topo) with preferential activity on type II over type I and (VIb) was marginally more potent than (IIIf). Docking study suggests that (IIIf) and (VIb) bind differently to Topo II compared to etoposide. (IIIf) and (VIb) possess high potential for oral absorption, low CNS permeability and low binding to plasma proteins as suggested by in silico ADME calculations. Collectively, (IIIf) and (VIb) represent excellent lead molecules for the development of cytotoxic agents from quinolone scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elanany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Essam Eldin A Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ehab Mohamed Gedawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Abou-Seri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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5
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Uusküla-Reimand L, Wilson MD. Untangling the roles of TOP2A and TOP2B in transcription and cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd4920. [PMID: 36322662 PMCID: PMC9629710 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases (TOP2) are conserved regulators of chromatin topology that catalyze reversible DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and are essential for maintaining genomic integrity in diverse dynamic processes such as transcription, replication, and cell division. While controlled TOP2-mediated DSBs are an elegant solution to topological constraints of DNA, DSBs also contribute to the emergence of chromosomal translocations and mutations that drive cancer. The central importance of TOP2 enzymes as frontline chemotherapeutic targets is well known; however, their precise biological functions and impact in cancer development are still poorly understood. In this review, we provide an updated overview of TOP2A and TOP2B in the regulation of chromatin topology and transcription, and discuss the recent discoveries linking TOP2 activities with cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liis Uusküla-Reimand
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D. Wilson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Structural and Biochemical Basis of Etoposide-Resistant Mutations in Topoisomerase IIα. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14071309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide is a widely used anticancer drug that targets type II topoisomerases, including topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A). TOP2A is a nuclear enzyme involved in regulating DNA topology through a double-strand passage mechanism. TOP2A is a homodimeric enzyme with two symmetrical active sites formed by residues from either half of the dimer. Both active sites cleave DNA, forming an enzyme-bound, double-stranded DNA break. Etoposide acts by binding in the active site between the ends of cleaved DNA, preventing the enzyme from ligating the DNA. In the present study, biochemical and structural data are used to examine the mechanism of etoposide resistance found with specific point mutations in TOP2A. Mutations near the active site (D463A, G534R, R487K), along with some outside of the active site (ΔA429 and P716L), are examined. We hypothesize that changes in the coordination of DNA cleavage results from mutations that impact symmetrical relationships in the active site and surrounding regions. In some cases, we report the first data on purified versions of these enzymes. Based upon our results, both local and long-distance factors can impact etoposide action and may indicate interdependent relationships in structure and function.
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7
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Acridine Based N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Characterization and ctDNA/HSA Spectroscopic Binding Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092883. [PMID: 35566236 PMCID: PMC9100673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel acridine N-acylhydrazone derivatives have been synthesized as potential topoisomerase I/II inhibitors, and their binding (calf thymus DNA—ctDNA and human serum albumin—HSA) and biological activities as potential anticancer agents on proliferation of A549 and CCD-18Co have been evaluated. The acridine-DNA complex 3b (-F) displayed the highest Kb value (Kb = 3.18 × 103 M−1). The HSA-derivatives interactions were studied by fluorescence quenching spectra. This method was used for the calculation of characteristic binding parameters. In the presence of warfarin, the binding constant values were found to decrease (KSV = 2.26 M−1, Kb = 2.54 M−1), suggesting that derivative 3a could bind to HSA at Sudlow site I. The effect of tested derivatives on metabolic activity of A549 cells evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide or MTT assay decreased as follows 3b(-F) > 3a(-H) > 3c(-Cl) > 3d(-Br). The derivatives 3c and 3d in vitro act as potential dual inhibitors of hTopo I and II with a partial effect on the metabolic activity of cancer cells A594. The acridine-benzohydrazides 3a and 3c reduced the clonogenic ability of A549 cells by 72% or 74%, respectively. The general results of the study suggest that the novel compounds show potential for future development as anticancer agents.
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8
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Emara EM, El‐Sayed WA, Khalaf‐Allah ASA, Alminderej FM, Abdel‐Monem YK, Abd‐Rabou AA. Spectral studies, thermal investigations and anticancer activity of some divalent metal complexes derived from 2‐(4‐bromophenylamino)acetohydrazide ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esam M. Emara
- Plants Protection Researches Institute, Agricultural Researches Center Giza Egypt
| | - Wael A. El‐Sayed
- Photochemistry Department, National Researches Center, Dokki Giza Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Qassim University Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed A. Abd‐Rabou
- Hormones Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, & Stem Cells Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center Giza Egypt
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9
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Tillaeva U, Ashurov J, Tillaeva G, Nabiev A, Sabirov V. Structural characterization of benzketozone monohydrate. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The structure of benzketozone monohydrate, C9H9N3O2S·H2O (BKZ), was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, quantum chemical (DFT) and IR spectroscopy methods. The nitrogen atoms of the amino and imine groups of the thiosemicarbazide fragment are stabilized in the cis-configuration. The bond length N–C in the thiosemicarbazide group is unusually short (1.306(3) Å) as a result of the p,π-conjugation in that group. The hydrogen bonds and other weak interactions are studied by Hirshfeld surface calculations. The geometrical parameters of the structures were optimized by density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umida Tillaeva
- Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute , 100020, Oybek str., 45 , Tashkent , Uzbekistan
| | - Jamshid Ashurov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences , 700125, Kh. Abdullaev str., 83 , Tashkent , Uzbekistan
| | - Gulnora Tillaeva
- Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute , 100020, Oybek str., 45 , Tashkent , Uzbekistan
| | - Abdusamat Nabiev
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences , 700125, Kh. Abdullaev str., 83 , Tashkent , Uzbekistan
| | - Vahobjon Sabirov
- Tashkent State Technical University , 110110, Ulugbek str., 45 , Almalyk , Uzbekistan
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10
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Hwang SY, Shrestha A, Park S, Bist G, Kunwar S, Kadayat TM, Jang H, Seo M, Sheen N, Kim S, Jeon KH, Lee ES, Kwon Y. Identification of new halogen-containing 2,4-diphenyl indenopyridin-5-one derivative as a boosting agent for the anticancer responses of clinically available topoisomerase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113916. [PMID: 34678573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous reports on the significance of halogen moieties and the indenopyridin-5-one skeleton, we designed and synthesized a novel series of halogen (F-, Cl-, Br-, CF3- and OCF3-)-containing 2,4-diphenyl indenopyridin-5-ones and their corresponding -5-ols. Unlike indenopyridin-5-ols, most of the prepared indenopyridin-5-ones with Cl-, Br-, and CF3- groups at the 2-phenyl ring conferred a strong dual topoisomerase I/IIα inhibitory effect. Among the series, para-bromophenyl substituted compound 9 exhibited the most potent topoisomerase inhibition and antiproliferative effects, which showed dependency upon the topoisomerase gene expression level of diverse cancer cells. In particular, as a DNA minor groove-binding non-intercalative topoisomerase I/IIα catalytic inhibitor, compound 9 synergistically promoted the anticancer efficacy of clinically applied topoisomerase I/IIα poisons both in vitro and in vivo, having the great advantage of alleviating poison-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Aarajana Shrestha
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Bist
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Surendra Kunwar
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tara Man Kadayat
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeun Sheen
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Fluorine-containing 2,3-diaryl quinolines as potent inhibitors of methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Synthesis, antibacterial activity and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Abdalla EM, Hassan SS, Elganzory HH, Aly SA, Alshater H. Molecular Docking, DFT Calculations, Effect of High Energetic Ionizing Radiation, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Metal (II) Heteroleptic Complexes Bearing the Thiosemicarbazone Ligand. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195851. [PMID: 34641396 PMCID: PMC8512603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New Pb(II), Mn(II), Hg(II), and Zn(II) complexes, derived from 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-(phenylamino)acetyl)thiosemicarbazone, were synthesized. The compounds with general formulas, [Pb(H2L)2(OAc)2]ETOH.H2O, [Mn(H2L)(HL)]Cl, [Hg2(H2L)(OH)SO4], and [Zn(H2L)(HL)]Cl, were characterized by physicochemical and theoretical studies. X-ray diffraction studies showed a decrease in the crystalline size of compounds that were exposed to gamma irradiation (γ-irradiation). Thermal studies of the synthesized complexes showed thermal stability of the Mn(II) and Pb(II) complexes after γ-irradiation compared to those before γ–irradiation, while no changes in the Zn(II) and Hg(II) complexes were observed. The optimized geometric structures of the ligand and metal complexes are discussed regarding density functional theory calculations (DFT). The antimicrobial activities of the ligand and metal complexes against several bacterial and fungal stains were screened before and after irradiation. The Hg(II) complex has shown excellent antibacterial activity before and after γ-irradiation. In vitro cytotoxicity screening of the ligand and the Mn(II) and Zn(II) complexes before and after γ-irradiation disclosed that both the ligand and Mn(II) complex exhibited higher activity against human liver (Hep-G2) than Zn(II). Molecular docking was performed on the active site of MK-2 and showed good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M. Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Alkharga 72511, Egypt;
| | - Safaa S. Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Hussein H. Elganzory
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-56-810-9592
| | - Samar A. Aly
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32958, Egypt;
| | - Heba Alshater
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, University Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
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13
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Murphy MB, Kumar P, Bradley AM, Barton CE, Deweese JE, Mercer SL. Synthesis and evaluation of etoposide and podophyllotoxin analogs against topoisomerase IIα and HCT-116 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115773. [PMID: 33035756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide is a widely-used anticancer agent that targets human type II topoisomerases. Evidence suggests that metabolism of etoposide in myeloid progenitor cells is associated with translocations involved in leukemia development. Previous studies suggest halogenation at the C-2' position of etoposide reduces metabolism. Halogens were introduced into the C-2' position by electrophilic aromatic halogenation onto etoposide (ETOP, 1), podophyllotoxin (PPT, 2), and 4-dimethylepipodophyllotoxin (DMEP, 3), and to bridge the gap of knowledge regarding the activity of these metabolically stable analogs. Five halogenated analogs (6-10) were synthesized. Analogs 8-10 displayed variable ability to inhibit DNA relaxation. Analog 9 was the only analog to show concentration-dependent enhancement of Top2-mediated DNA cleavage. Dose response assay results indicated that 8 and 10 were most effective at decreasing the viability of HCT-116 and A549 cancer cell lines in culture. Flow cytometry with 8 and 10 in HCT-116 cells provide evidence of sub-G1 cell populations indicative of apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate C-2' halogenation of etoposide and its precursors, although metabolically stable, decreases overall activity relative to etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Murphy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA
| | - Priyanka Kumar
- Department of Biology, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Amber M Bradley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA
| | - Christopher E Barton
- Department of Biology, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Joseph E Deweese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Susan L Mercer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One University, Park Drive, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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14
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Keck JM, Conner JD, Wilson JT, Jiang X, Lisic EC, Deweese JE. Clarifying the Mechanism of Copper(II) α-(N)-Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazone Complexes on DNA Topoisomerase IIα and IIβ. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2135-2143. [PMID: 31512855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II is a nuclear enzyme involved in the maintenance of DNA and is an effective anticancer drug target. However, several clinical topoisomerase II-targeted agents display significant off-target toxicities and adverse events. Thus, it is important to continue characterizing compounds with activity against topoisomerase II. We previously analyzed α-(N)-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone copper(II) complexes against human topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A), but humans also express topoisomerase IIβ (TOP2B), which has distinct functional roles. Therefore, we examined two α-(N)-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone copper [Cu(II)] complexes for activity against TOP2B in a purified system. The Cu(II) complexes, Cu(APY-ETSC)Cl and Cu(BZP-ETSC)Cl, were examined using plasmid DNA cleavage, supercoiled DNA relaxation, enzyme inactivation, protein cross-linking, DNA ligation, and ATP hydrolysis assays with TOP2B to determine whether these compounds act similarly against both enzymes. Both of the Cu(II) thiosemicarbazone (Cu-TSC) complexes we tested disrupted the function of TOP2B in a way similar to the effect on TOP2A. In particular, TOP2B DNA cleavage activity is increased in the presence of these compounds, while the relaxation and ATPase activities are inhibited. Further, both Cu-TSCs stabilize the N-terminal DNA clamp of TOP2A and TOP2B and rapidly inactivate TOP2B when the compounds are present before DNA. Our data provide evidence that the Cu-TSC complexes we tested utilize a similar mechanism against both isoforms of the enzyme. This mechanism may involve interaction with the ATPase domain of TOP2A and TOP2B outside of the ATP binding pocket. Additionally, these data support a model of TOP2 function where the ATPase domain communicates with the DNA cleavage/ligation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Myles Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Jennifer D Conner
- Department of Chemistry , Tennessee Technological University , Cookeville , Tennessee 38505 , United States
| | - James T Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , Tennessee Technological University , Cookeville , Tennessee 38505 , United States
| | - Edward C Lisic
- Department of Chemistry , Tennessee Technological University , Cookeville , Tennessee 38505 , United States
| | - Joseph E Deweese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
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Kuriappan JA, Osheroff N, De Vivo M. Smoothed Potential MD Simulations for Dissociation Kinetics of Etoposide To Unravel Isoform Specificity in Targeting Human Topoisomerase II. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4007-4017. [PMID: 31449404 PMCID: PMC6800198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
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Human
type II topoisomerases (TopoII) are essential for controlling
DNA topology within the cell. For this reason, there are a number
of TopoII-targeted anticancer drugs that act by inducing DNA cleavage
mediated by both TopoII isoforms (TopoIIα and TopoIIβ)
in cells. However, recent studies suggest that specific poisoning
of TopoIIα may be a safer strategy for treating cancer. This
is because poisoning of TopoIIβ appears to be linked to the
generation of secondary leukemia in patients. We recently reported
that enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage complexes (in which TopoII is covalently
linked to the cleaved DNA during catalysis) formed in the presence
of the anticancer drug etoposide persisted approximately 3-fold longer
with TopoIIα than TopoIIβ. Notably, enhanced drug-target
residence time may reduce the adverse effects of specific TopoIIα
poisons. However, it is still not clear how to design drugs that are
specific for the α isoform. In this study, we report the results
of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to comparatively
analyze the molecular interactions formed within the TopoII/DNA/etoposide
complex with both isoforms. We also used smoothed potential MD to
estimate etoposide dissociation kinetics from the two isoform complexes.
These extensive classical and enhanced sampling simulations revealed
stabilizing interactions of etoposide with two serine residues (Ser763
and Ser800) in TopoIIα. These interactions are missing in TopoIIβ,
where both amino acids are alanine residues. This may explain the
greater persistence of etoposide-stabilized cleavage complexes formed
with Topo TopoIIα. These findings could be useful for the rational
design of specific TopoIIα poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jissy A Kuriappan
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology) , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-6307 , United States.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
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