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Zawadzka M, Kwaśniewska A, Miazga K, Sławińska U. Perspectives in the Cell-Based Therapies of Various Aspects of the Spinal Cord Injury-Associated Pathologies: Lessons from the Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112995. [PMID: 34831217 PMCID: PMC8616284 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the spinal cord (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition often leading to severe dysfunctions, therefore an improvement in clinical treatment for SCI patients is urgently needed. The potential benefits of transplantation of various cell types into the injured spinal cord have been intensively investigated in preclinical SCI models and clinical trials. Despite the many challenges that are still ahead, cell transplantation alone or in combination with other factors, such as artificial matrices, seems to be the most promising perspective. Here, we reviewed recent advances in cell-based experimental strategies supporting or restoring the function of the injured spinal cord with a particular focus on the regenerative mechanisms that could define their clinical translation.
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Stem cell/cellular interventions in human spinal cord injury: Is it time to move from guidelines to regulations and legislations? Literature review and Spinal Cord Society position statement. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:1837-1845. [PMID: 31098715 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In preclinical studies, many stem cell/cellular interventions demonstrated robust regeneration and/or repair in case of SCI and were considered a promising therapeutic candidate. However, data from clinical studies are not robust. Despite lack of substantial evidence for the efficacy of these interventions in spinal cord injury (SCI), many clinics around the world offer them as "therapy." These "clinics" claim efficacy through patient testimonials and self-advertisement without any scientific evidence to validate their claims. Thus, SCS established a panel of experts to review published preclinical studies, clinical studies and current global guidelines/regulations on usage of cellular transplants and make recommendations for their clinical use. METHODS The literature review and draft position statement was compiled and circulated among the panel and relevant suggestions incorporated to reach consensus. This was discussed and finalized in an open forum during the SCS Annual Meeting, ISSICON. RESULTS Preclinical evidence suggests safety and clinical potency of cellular interventions after SCI. However, evidence from clinical studies consisted of mostly case reports or uncontrolled case series/studies. Data from animal studies cannot be generalized to human SCI with regard to toxicity prediction after auto/allograft transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Currently, cellular/stem cell transplantation for human SCI is experimental and needs to be tested through a valid clinical trial program. It is not ethical to provide unproven transplantation as therapy with commercial implications. To stop the malpractice of marketing such "unproven therapies" to a vulnerable population, it is crucial that all countries unite to form common, well-defined regulations/legislation on their use in SCI. These slides can be retrieved from Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Vadivelu RK, Kamble H, Munaz A, Nguyen NT. Liquid marbles as bioreactors for the study of three-dimensional cell interactions. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:31. [PMID: 28421401 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid marble as a bioreactor platform for cell-based studies has received significant attention, especially for developing 3D cell-based assays. This platform is particularly suitable for 3D in-vitro modeling of cell-cell interactions. For the first time, we demonstrated the interaction of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) with nerve debris and meningeal fibroblast using liquid marbles. As the transplantation of OECs can be used for repairing nerve injury, degenerating cell debris within the transplantation site can adversely affect the survival of transplanted OECs. In this paper, we used liquid marbles to mimic the hostile 3D environment to analyze the functional behavior of the cells and to form the basis for cell-based therapy. We show that OECs interact with debris and enhanced cellular aggregation to form a larger 3D spheroidal tissue. However, these spheroids indicated limitation in biological functions such as the inability of cells within the spheroids to migrate out and adherence to neighboring tissue by fusion. The coalescence of two liquid marbles allows for analyzing the interaction between two distinct cell types and their respective environment. We created a microenvironment consisting of 3D fibroblast spheroids and nerve debris and let it interact with OECs. We found that OECs initiate adherence with nerve debris in this 3D environment. The results suggest that liquid marbles are ideal for developing bioassays that could substantially contribute to therapeutic applications. Especially, insights for improving the survival and adherence of transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja K Vadivelu
- School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Harshad Kamble
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ahmed Munaz
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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Chronic TNFα Exposure Induces Robust Proliferation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells, but not Schwann Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2595-2609. [PMID: 28497341 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
TNFα is persistently elevated in many injury and disease conditions. Previous reports of cytotoxicity of TNFα for oligodendrocytes and their progenitors suggest that the poor endogenous remyelination in patients with traumatic injury or multiple sclerosis may be due in part to persistent inflammation. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines on potential cell therapy candidates is therefore important for evaluating the feasibility of their use. In this study, we assessed the effects of long term exposure to TNFα on viability, proliferation, migration and TNFα receptor expression of cultured rat olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs). Although OECs and SCs transplanted into the CNS produce similar myelinating phenotypes, and might be expected to have similar therapeutic uses, we report that they have very different sensitivities to TNFα. OECs exhibited positive proliferative responses to TNFα over a much broader range of concentrations than SCs. Low TNFα concentrations increased proliferation and migration of both OECs and SCs, but SC number declined in the presence of 100 ng/ml or higher concentrations of TNFα. In contrast, OECs exhibited enhanced proliferation even at high TNFα concentrations (up to 1 µg/ml) and showed no evidence of TNF cytotoxicity even at 4 weeks post-treatment. Furthermore, while both OECs and SCs expressed TNFαR1 and TNFαR2, TNFα receptor levels were downregulated in OECs after exposure to100 ng/ml TNFα for 5-7 days, but were either elevated or unchanged in SCs. These results imply that OECs may be a more suitable cell therapy candidate if transplanted into areas with persistent inflammation.
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Śmieszek A, Stręk Z, Kornicka K, Grzesiak J, Weiss C, Marycz K. Antioxidant and Anti-Senescence Effect of Metformin on Mouse Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (mOECs) May Be Associated with Increased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels-An Ex Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040872. [PMID: 28425952 PMCID: PMC5412453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, the popular anti-diabetic drug was shown to exert multiple biological effects. The most recent metformin gained attention as an agent that mobilizes endogenous progenitor cells and enhances regenerative potential of organisms, for example by promoting neurogenesis. In the present study, we examined the role of metformin on mouse olfactory ensheathing cells (mOECs) derived from animals receiving metformin for eight weeks at a concentration equal to 2.8 mg/day. The mOECs expanded ex vivo were characterized in terms of their cellular phenotype, morphology, proliferative activity, viability and accumulation of oxidative stress factors. Moreover, we determined the mRNA and protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), distinguishing the secretion of BDNF by mOECs in cultures and circulating serum levels of BDNF. The mOECs used in the experiment were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) positive and exhibited both astrocyte-like and non-myelin Schwann cell-like morphologies. Our results revealed that the proliferation of OECs derived from mice treated with metformin was lowered, when compared to control group. Simultaneously, we noted increased cell viability, reduced expression of markers associated with cellular senescence and a decreased amount of reactive oxygen species. We observed increased mRNA expression of BDNF and its down-stream genes. Obtained results indicate that metformin may exert antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and senolytic action on OECs expanded ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Śmieszek
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Stręk
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kornicka
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Christine Weiss
- PferdePraxis Dr. Med. Vet. Daniel Weiss, Postmatte 14, CH-8807 Freienbach, Switzerland.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Altinova H, Möllers S, Deumens R, Gerardo-Nava J, Führmann T, van Neerven SGA, Bozkurt A, Mueller CA, Hoff HJ, Heschel I, Weis J, Brook GA. Functional recovery not correlated with axon regeneration through olfactory ensheathing cell-seeded scaffolds in a model of acute spinal cord injury. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:585-600. [PMID: 30603440 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-9115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The implantation of bioengineered scaffolds into lesion-induced gaps of the spinal cord is a promising strategy for promoting functional tissue repair because it can be combined with other intervention strategies. Our previous investigations showed that functional improvement following the implantation of a longitudinally microstructured collagen scaffold into unilateral mid-cervical spinal cord resection injuries of adult Lewis rats was associated with only poor axon regeneration within the scaffold. In an attempt to improve graft-host integration as well as functional recovery, scaffolds were seeded with highly enriched populations of syngeneic, olfactory bulb-derived ensheathing cells (OECs) prior to implantation into the same lesion model. Regenerating neurofilament-positive axons closely followed the trajectory of the donor OECs, as well as that of the migrating host cells within the scaffold. However, there was only a trend for increased numbers of regenerating axons above that supported by non-seeded scaffolds or in the untreated lesions. Nonetheless, significant functional recovery in skilled forelimb motor function was observed following the implantation of both seeded and non-seeded scaffolds which could not be correlated to the extent of axon regeneration within the scaffold. Mechanisms other than simple bridging of axon regeneration across the lesion must be responsible for the improved motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haktan Altinova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelic Hospital Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany.,2Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance-Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Jülich, Germany.,4Department of Neurosurgery, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Möllers
- 5Charité Stem Cell Facility, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Deumens
- 2Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance-Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Jülich, Germany.,6Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jose Gerardo-Nava
- 2Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance-Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Jülich, Germany
| | - Tobias Führmann
- 7Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ahmet Bozkurt
- 8Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Centre, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,9Department of Plastic and Aesthetic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Center for Reconstructive Microsurgery and Peripheral Nerve Surgery (ZEMPEN), Agaplesion Markus Hospital Frankfurt, Academic Hospital of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Hans Joachim Hoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelic Hospital Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Weis
- 2Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance-Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Jülich, Germany
| | - Gary Anthony Brook
- 2Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance-Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Jülich, Germany
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8
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Oprych K, Cotfas D, Choi D. Common olfactory ensheathing glial markers in the developing human olfactory system. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1877-1895. [PMID: 27718014 PMCID: PMC5406434 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in situ immunocytochemical properties of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been well studied in several small to medium sized animal models including rats, mice, guinea pigs, cats and canines. However, we know very little about the antigenic characteristics of OECs in situ within the adult and developing human olfactory bulb and nerve roots. To address this gap in knowledge we undertook an immunocytochemical analysis of the 11–19 pcw human foetal olfactory system. Human foetal OECs in situ possessed important differences compared to rodents in the expression of key surface markers. P75NTR was not observed in OECs but was strongly expressed by human foetal Schwann cells and perineurial olfactory nerve fibroblasts surrounding OECs. We define OECs throughout the 11–19 pcw human olfactory system as S100/vimentin/SOX10+ with low expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that P75NTR is a robust marker that could be utilised with cell sorting techniques to generate enriched OEC cultures by first removing P75NTR expressing Schwann cells and fibroblasts, and subsequently to isolate OECs after P75NTR upregulation in vitro. O4 and PSA-NCAM were not found to be suitable surface antigens for OEC purification owing to their ambiguous and heterogeneous expression. Our results highlight the importance of corroborating cell markers when translating cell therapies from animal models to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oprych
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Daniel Cotfas
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Choi
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Cloutier F, Kalincik T, Lauschke J, Tuxworth G, Cavanagh B, Meedeniya A, Mackay-Sim A, Carrive P, Waite P. Olfactory ensheathing cells but not fibroblasts reduce the duration of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injured rats. Auton Neurosci 2016; 201:17-23. [PMID: 27574816 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic dysreflexia is a common complication after high level spinal cord injury and can be life-threatening. We have previously shown that the acute transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into the lesion site of rats transected at the fourth thoracic spinal cord level reduced autonomic dysreflexia up to 8weeks after spinal cord injury. This beneficial effect was correlated with changes in the morphology of sympathetic preganglionic neurons despite the olfactory cells surviving no longer than 3weeks. Thus the transitory presence of olfactory ensheathing cells at the injury site initiated long-term functional as well as morphological changes in the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate whether olfactory ensheathing cells survive after transplantation within the parenchyma close to sympathetic preganglionic neurons and whether, in this position, they still reduce the duration of autonomic dysreflexia and modulate sympathetic preganglionic neuron morphology. The second aim was to quantify the density of synapses on the somata of sympathetic preganglionic neurons with the hypothesis that the reduction of autonomic dysreflexia requires synaptic changes. As a third aim, we evaluated the cell type-specificity of olfactory ensheathing cells by comparing their effects with a control group transplanted with fibroblasts. Animals transplanted with OECs had a faster recovery from hypertension induced by colorectal distension at 6 and 7weeks but not at 8weeks after T4 spinal cord transection. Olfactory ensheathing cells survived for at least 8weeks and were observed adjacent to sympathetic preganglionic neurons whose overall number of primary dendrites was reduced and the synaptic density on the somata increased, both caudal to the lesion site. Our results showed a long term cell type-specific effects of olfactory ensheathing cells on sympathetic preganglionic neurons morphology and on the synaptic density on their somata, and a transient cell type-specific reduction of autonomic dysreflexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cloutier
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenny Lauschke
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gervase Tuxworth
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian Meedeniya
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascal Carrive
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phil Waite
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Marycz K, Marędziak M, Grzesiak J, Szarek D, Lis A, Laska J. Polyurethane/Polylactide-Blend Films Doped with Zinc Ions for the Growth and Expansion of Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs) and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8050175. [PMID: 30979270 PMCID: PMC6432353 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials based on polyurethane and polylactide blends are promising candidates for regenerative medicine applications as biocompatible, bioresorbable carriers. In current research we showed that 80/20 polyurethane/polylactide blends (PU/PLDL) with confirmed biological properties in vitro may be further improved by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles for the delivery of bioactive zinc oxide for cells. The PU/PLDL blends were doped with different concentrations of ZnO (0.001%, 0.01%, 0.05%) and undertaken for in vitro biological evaluation using human adipose stromal stem cells (ASCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). The addition of 0.001% of ZnO to the biomaterials positively influenced the morphology, proliferation, and phenotype of cells cultured on the scaffolds. Moreover, the analysis of oxidative stress markers revealed that 0.001% of ZnO added to the material decreased the stress level in both cell lines. In addition, the levels of neural-specific genes were upregulated in OECs when cultured on sample 0.001 ZnO, while the apoptosis-related genes were downregulated in OECs and ASCs in the same group. Therefore, we showed that PU/PLDL blends doped with 0.001% of ZnO exert beneficial influence on ASCs and OECs in vitro and they may be considered for future applications in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marycz
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 51-631, Poland.
| | - Monika Marędziak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland.
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Szarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital of T. Marciniak, Emergency Medicine Centre, Wroclaw 54-049, Poland.
| | - Anna Lis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Laska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland.
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Oriented growth and transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards a Schwann cell fate on micropatterned substrates. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:325-35. [PMID: 26371993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While Schwann cells (SCs) have a significant role in peripheral nerve regeneration, their use in treatments has been limited because of lack of a readily available source. To address this issue, this study focused on the effect of guidance cues by employing micropatterned polymeric films to influence the alignment, morphology and transdifferentiation of bone marrow-derived rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards a Schwann cell-like fate. Two different types of polymers, biocompatible polystyrene (PS) and biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were used to fabricate patterned films. Percentages of transdifferentiated MSCs (tMSCs) immunolabeled with SC markers (α-S100β and α-p75(NTR)) were found to be similar on patterned versus smooth PS and PLA substrates. However, patterning had a significant effect on the alignment and elongation of the tMSCs. More than 80% of the tMSCs were oriented in the direction of microgrooves (0°-20°), while cells on the smooth substrates were randomly oriented. The aspect ratio [AR, ratio of length (in direction of microgrooves) and breadth (in direction perpendicular to microgrooves)] of the tMSCs on patterned substrates had a value of approximately five, as compared to cells on smooth substrates where the AR was one. Understanding responses to these cues in vitro helps us in understanding the behavior and interaction of the cells with the 3D environment of the scaffolds, facilitating the application of these concepts to designing effective nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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12
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Salazar I, Barrios Santos WA, Zubizarreta A, Sánchez Quinteiro P. Harvesting of olfactory ensheathing cells for autologous transplantation into the spinal cord injury. Its complexity in dogs. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:110. [PMID: 26379510 PMCID: PMC4548204 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo, Spain
| | - William A Barrios Santos
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Zubizarreta
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez Quinteiro
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo, Spain
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Reginensi D, Carulla P, Nocentini S, Seira O, Serra-Picamal X, Torres-Espín A, Matamoros-Angles A, Gavín R, Moreno-Flores MT, Wandosell F, Samitier J, Trepat X, Navarro X, del Río JA. Increased migration of olfactory ensheathing cells secreting the Nogo receptor ectodomain over inhibitory substrates and lesioned spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2719-37. [PMID: 25708702 PMCID: PMC11113838 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation emerged some years ago as a promising therapeutic strategy to repair injured spinal cord. However, inhibitory molecules are present for long periods of time in lesioned spinal cord, inhibiting both OEC migration and axonal regrowth. Two families of these molecules, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG) and myelin-derived inhibitors (MAIs), are able to trigger inhibitory responses in lesioned axons. Mounting evidence suggests that OEC migration is inhibited by myelin. Here we demonstrate that OEC migration is largely inhibited by CSPGs and that inhibition can be overcome by the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC. In parallel, we have generated a stable OEC cell line overexpressing the Nogo receptor (NgR) ectodomain to reduce MAI-associated inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Results indicate that engineered cells migrate longer distances than unmodified OECs over myelin or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)-coated substrates. In addition, they also show improved migration in lesioned spinal cord. Our results provide new insights toward the improvement of the mechanisms of action and optimization of OEC-based cell therapy for spinal cord lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Reginensi
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Carulla
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Nocentini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Seira
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Blusson Spinal Cord Centre and Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xavier Serra-Picamal
- Integrative cell and tissue dynamics, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Edif. M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CBM-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, . Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigaciòn Médica en Red, Biomecánica, Biomateriales y Nanotecnologìa (CIBERBBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Edif. M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Rela L, Piantanida AP, Bordey A, Greer CA. Voltage-dependent K+ currents contribute to heterogeneity of olfactory ensheathing cells. Glia 2015; 63:1646-59. [PMID: 25856239 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory nerve is permissive for axon growth throughout life. This has been attributed in part to the olfactory ensheathing glial cells that encompass the olfactory sensory neuron fascicles. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) also promote axon growth in vitro and when transplanted in vivo to sites of injury. The mechanisms involved remain largely unidentified owing in part to the limited knowledge of the physiological properties of ensheathing cells. Glial cells rely for many functions on the properties of the potassium channels expressed; however, those expressed in ensheathing cells are unknown. Here we show that OECs express voltage-dependent potassium currents compatible with inward rectifier (Kir ) and delayed rectifier (KDR ) channels. Together with gap junction coupling, these contribute to the heterogeneity of membrane properties observed in OECs. The relevance of K(+) currents expressed by ensheathing cells is discussed in relation to plasticity of the olfactory nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rela
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Physiology and Biophysics Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Piantanida
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Institute of Physiology and Biophysics Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angelique Bordey
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles A Greer
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurobiology, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Ramer LM, Ramer MS, Bradbury EJ. Restoring function after spinal cord injury: towards clinical translation of experimental strategies. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1241-56. [PMID: 25453463 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is currently incurable and treatment is limited to minimising secondary complications and maximising residual function by rehabilitation. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury and the factors that prevent nerve and tissue repair has fuelled a move towards more ambitious experimental treatments aimed at promoting neuroprotection, axonal regeneration, and neuroplasticity. By necessity, these new options are more invasive. However, in view of recent advances in spinal cord injury research and demand from patients, clinicians, and the scientific community to push promising experimental treatments to the clinic, momentum and optimism exist for the translation of candidate experimental treatments to clinical spinal cord injury. The ability to rescue, reactivate, and rewire spinal systems to restore function after spinal cord injury might soon be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Ramer
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London, UK; International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matt S Ramer
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London, UK; International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
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16
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Roet KCD, Verhaagen J. Understanding the neural repair-promoting properties of olfactory ensheathing cells. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:594-609. [PMID: 24842489 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OECs) are a specialized type of glia that form a continuously aligned cellular pathway that actively supports unprecedented regeneration of primary olfactory axons from the periphery into the central nervous system. Implantation of OECs stimulates neural repair in experimental models of spinal cord, brain and peripheral nerve injury and delays disease progression in animal models for neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OECs implanted in the injured spinal cord display a plethora of pro-regenerative effects; they promote axonal regeneration, reorganize the glial scar, remyelinate axons, stimulate blood vessel formation, have phagocytic properties and modulate the immune response. Recently genome wide transcriptional profiling and proteomics analysis combined with classical or larger scale "medium-throughput" bioassays have provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism that endow OECs with their pro-regenerative properties. Here we review these studies and show that the gaps that existed in our understanding of the molecular basis of the reparative properties of OECs are narrowing. OECs express functionally connected sets of genes that can be linked to at least 10 distinct processes directly relevant to neural repair. The data indicate that OECs exhibit a range of synergistic cellular activities, including active and passive stimulation of axon regeneration (by secretion of growth factors, axon guidance molecules and basement membrane components) and critical aspects of tissue repair (by structural remodeling and support, modulation of the immune system, enhancement of neurotrophic and antigenic stimuli and by metabolizing toxic macromolecules). Future experimentation will have to further explore the newly acquired knowledge to enhance the therapeutic potential of OECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper C D Roet
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.
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17
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Viscomi MT, Molinari M. Remote neurodegeneration: multiple actors for one play. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:368-89. [PMID: 24442481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Remote neurodegeneration significantly influences the clinical outcome in many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Because these processes develop days or months after injury, they are accompanied by a therapeutic window of opportunity. The complexity and clinical significance of remote damage is prompting many groups to examine the factors of remote degeneration. This research is providing insights into key unanswered questions, opening new avenues for innovative neuroprotective therapies. In this review, we evaluate data from various remote degeneration models to describe the complexity of the systems that are involved and the importance of their interactions in reducing damage and promoting recovery after brain lesions. Specifically, we recapitulate the current data on remote neuronal degeneration, focusing on molecular and cellular events, as studied in stroke and brain and spinal cord injury models. Remote damage is a multifactorial phenomenon in which many components become active in specific time frames. Days, weeks, or months after injury onset, the interplay between key effectors differentially affects neuronal survival and functional outcomes. In particular, we discuss apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative damage, and autophagy-all of which mediate remote degeneration at specific times. We also review current findings on the pharmacological manipulation of remote degeneration mechanisms in reducing damage and sustaining outcomes. These novel treatments differ from those that have been proposed to limit primary lesion site damage, representing new perspectives on neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Experimental Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143, Rome, Italy,
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