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Qi W, Guan W. GPR56: A potential therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116395. [PMID: 38942087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
GPR56, also known as GPR56/ADGRG1, is a member of the ADGRG subgroup belonging to adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs). aGPCRs are the second largest subfamily of the GPCR superfamily, which is the largest family of membrane protein receptors in the human genome. Studies in recent years have demonstrated that GPR56 is integral to the normal development of the brain and functions as an important player in cortical development, suggesting that GPR56 is involved in many physiological processes. Indeed, aberrant expression of GPR56 has been implicated in multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders, including bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), depression and epilepsy. In a recent study, it was found that upregulated expression of GPR56 reduced depressive-like behaviours in an animal model of depression, indicating that GPR56 plays an important role in the antidepressant response. Given the link of GPR56 with the antidepressant response, the function of GPR56 has become a focus of research. Although GPR56 may be a potential target for the development of antidepressants, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the latest findings of GPR56 function in neurological and psychiatric disorders (depression, epilepsy, autism, and BFPP) and emphasize the mechanisms of GPR56 in activation and signalling in those conditions. After reviewing several studies, attributing to its significant biological functions and exceptionally long extracellular N-terminus that interacts with multiple ligands, we draw a conclusion that GPR56 may serve as an important drug target for neuropsychological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, China.
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2
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Keever KM, Li Y, Womble PD, Sullens DG, Otazu GH, Lugo JN, Ramos RL. Neocortical and cerebellar malformations affect flurothyl-induced seizures in female C57BL/6J mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1271744. [PMID: 38027492 PMCID: PMC10651747 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1271744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain malformations cause cognitive disability and seizures in both human and animal models. Highly laminated structures such as the neocortex and cerebellum are vulnerable to malformation, affecting lamination and neuronal connectivity as well as causing heterotopia. The objective of the present study was to determine if sporadic neocortical and/or cerebellar malformations in C57BL/6J mice are correlated with reduced seizure threshold. The inhaled chemi-convulsant flurothyl was used to induce generalized, tonic-clonic seizures in male and female C57BL/6J mice, and the time to seizure onset was recorded as a functional correlate of brain excitability changes. Following seizures, mice were euthanized, and brains were extracted for histology. Cryosections of the neocortex and cerebellar vermis were stained and examined for the presence of molecular layer heterotopia as previously described in C57BL/6J mice. Over 60% of mice had neocortical and/or cerebellar heterotopia. No sex differences were observed in the prevalence of malformations. Significantly reduced seizure onset time was observed dependent on sex and the type of malformation present. These results raise important questions regarding the presence of malformations in C57BL/6J mice used in the study of brain development, epilepsy, and many other diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Keever
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Paige D. Womble
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - D. Gregory Sullens
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Gonzalo H. Otazu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Joaquin N. Lugo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Raddy L. Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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Hardy D, Buhler E, Suchkov D, Vinck A, Fortoul A, Watrin F, Represa A, Minlebaev M, Manent JB. Early suppression of excitability in subcortical band heterotopia modifies epileptogenesis in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:106002. [PMID: 36649744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development represent a major cause of epilepsy in childhood. However, the pathological substrate and dynamic changes leading to the development and progression of epilepsy remain unclear. Here, we characterized an etiology-relevant rat model of subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), a diffuse type of cortical malformation associated with drug-resistant seizures in humans. We used longitudinal electrographic recordings to monitor the age-dependent evolution of epileptiform discharges during the course of epileptogenesis in this model. We found both quantitative and qualitative age-related changes in seizures properties and patterns, accompanying a gradual progression towards a fully developed seizure pattern seen in adulthood. We also dissected the relative contribution of the band heterotopia and the overlying cortex to the development and age-dependent progression of epilepsy using timed and spatially targeted manipulation of neuronal excitability. We found that an early suppression of neuronal excitability in SBH slows down epileptogenesis in juvenile rats, whereas epileptogenesis is paradoxically exacerbated when excitability is suppressed in the overlying cortex. However, in rats with active epilepsy, similar manipulations of excitability have no effect on chronic spontaneous seizures. Together, our data support the notion that complex developmental alterations occurring in both the SBH and the overlying cortex concur to creating pathogenic circuits prone to generate seizures. Our study also suggests that early and targeted interventions could potentially influence the course of these altered developmental trajectories, and favorably modify epileptogenesis in malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Hardy
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Dmitrii Suchkov
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Antonin Vinck
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélien Fortoul
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marat Minlebaev
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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Su T, Guan Q, Cheng H, Zhu Z, Jiang C, Guo P, Tai Y, Sun H, Wang M, Wei W, Wang Q. Functions of G protein-coupled receptor 56 in health and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13866. [PMID: 35959520 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is encoded by gene ADGRG1 from chromosome 16q21 and is homologously encoded in mice, at chromosome 8. Both 687 and 693 splice forms are present in humans and mice. GPR56 has a 381 amino acid-long N-terminal extracellular segment and a GPCR proteolysis site upstream from the first transmembrane domain. GPR56 is mainly expressed in the heart, brain, thyroid, platelets, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that GPR56 promotes the formation of myelin sheaths and the development of oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex of the central nervous system. Moreover, GPR56 contributes to the development and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, induces adipogenesis, and regulates the function of immune cells. The lack of GPR56 leads to nervous system dysfunction, platelet disorders, and infertility. Abnormal expression of GPR56 is related to the malignant transformation and tumor metastasis of several cancers including melanoma, neuroglioma, and gastrointestinal cancer. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases are also associated with dysregulation of GPR56 expression, and GPR56 is involved in the pharmacological resistance to some antidepressant and cancer drug treatments. In this review, the molecular structure, expression profile, and signal transduction of GPR56 are introduced, and physiological and pathological functions of GRP56 are comprehensively summarized. Attributing to its significant biological functions and its long N-terminal extracellular region that interacts with multiple ligands, GPR56 is becoming an attractive therapeutic target in treating neurological and hematopoietic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Su
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiuyun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenduo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chunru Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Vriend I, Oegema R. Genetic causes underlying grey matter heterotopia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:82-92. [PMID: 34666232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Grey matter heterotopia (GMH) can cause of seizures and are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes. They are caused by a failure of neuronal migration during fetal development, leading to clusters of neurons that have not reached their final destination in the cerebral cortex. We have performed an extensive literature search in Pubmed, OMIM, and Google scholar and provide an overview of known genetic associations with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNVH), subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and other subcortical heterotopia (SUBH). We classified the heterotopias as PVNH, SBH, SUBH or other and collected the genetic information, frequency, imaging features and salient features in tables for every subtype of heterotopia. This resulted in 105 PVNH, 16 SBH and 25 SUBH gene/locus associations, making a total of 146 genes and chromosomal loci. Our study emphasizes the extreme genetic heterogeneity underlying GMH. It will aid the clinician in establishing an differential diagnosis and eventually a molecular diagnosis in GMH patients. A diagnosis enables proper counseling of prognosis and recurrence risks, and enables individualized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Vriend
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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6
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Sandoval Karamian AG, Mercimek-Andrews S, Mohammad K, Molloy EJ, Chang T, Chau V, Murray DM, Wusthoff CJ. Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 26:101272. [PMID: 34417137 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) describes the clinical syndrome of a newborn with abnormal brain function that may result from a variety of etiologies. HIE should be distinguished from neonatal encephalopathy due to other causes using data gathered from the history, physical and neurological exam, and further investigations. Identifying the underlying cause of encephalopathy has important treatment implications. This review outlines conditions that cause NE and may be mistaken for HIE, along with their distinguishing clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations, and treatments. NE due to brain malformations, vascular causes, neuromuscular causes, genetic conditions, neurogenetic disorders and inborn errors of metabolism, central nervous system (CNS) and systemic infections, and toxic/metabolic disturbances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sandoval Karamian
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, 3501 Civic Center Blvd Office 1200.12, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - S Mercimek-Andrews
- Biochemical Geneticist, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, 8-39 Medical Sciences Building, 8613 - 144 Street, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada.
| | - K Mohammad
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Room B4-286, 28 Oki drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - E J Molloy
- Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland; Children's Health Ireland at Tallaght and Crumlin & and Coombe Women's and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Trinity Academic Centre, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.
| | - T Chang
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Neonatal Neurology Program, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Vann Chau
- Neurology, Neonatal Neurology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - D M Murray
- Deptartment of Paediatric and Child Health, University College Cork, ARm 2.32, Paediatric Academic Unit, Floor 2, Seahorse Unit, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DCA4, Ireland.
| | - Courtney J Wusthoff
- Division of Child Neurology, Division of Pediatrics- Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford Children's Health, 750 Welch Road, Suite 317, Palo Alto, CA, 94304 USA.
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Lerman-Sagie T, Pogledic I, Leibovitz Z, Malinger G. A practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 34:50-61. [PMID: 34390998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) can frequently be diagnosed at multi-disciplinary Fetal Neurology clinics with the aid of multiplanar neurosonography and MRI. The patients are usually referred following prenatal sonographic screening that raises the suspicion of a possible underlying MCD. These indirect findings include, but are not limited to, ventriculomegaly (lateral ventricles larger than 10 mm), asymmetric ventricles, commissural anomalies, absent cavum septum pellucidum, cerebellar vermian and/or hemispheric anomalies, abnormal head circumference (microcephaly or macrocephaly), multiple CNS malformations, and associated systemic defects. The aim of this paper is to suggest a practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development utilizing dedicated neurosonography and MRI, based on the current literature and our own experience. We suggest that an MCD should be suspected in utero when the following intracranial imaging signs are present: abnormal development of the Sylvian fissure; delayed achievement of cortical milestones, premature appearance of sulcation; irregular ventricular borders, abnormal cortical thickness (thick, thin); abnormal shape and orientation of the sulci and gyri; irregular, abnormal, asymmetric, and enlarged hemisphere; simplified cortex; non continuous cortex or cleft; and intraparenchymal echogenic nodules. Following the putative diagnosis of fetal MCD by neurosonography and MRI, when appropriate and possible (depending on gestational age), the imaging diagnosis is supplemented by genetic studies (CMA and trio whole exome sequencing). In some instances, no further studies are required during pregnancy due to the clear dire prognosis and then the genetic evaluation can be deferred after delivery or termination of pregnancy (in countries where allowed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Center for Rare Diseases-Magen, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ivana Pogledic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zvi Leibovitz
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gustavo Malinger
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Fetal Neurology Multidisciplinary Clinic, Division of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lis Hospital for Women, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Markus F, Kannengießer A, Näder P, Atigbire P, Scholten A, Vössing C, Bültmann E, Korenke GC, Owczarek-Lipska M, Neidhardt J. A novel missense variant in the EML1 gene associated with bilateral ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia leads to ciliary defects. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:1159-1167. [PMID: 34211111 PMCID: PMC8612930 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopia is a brain malformation caused by a failed migration of cortical neurons during development. Clinical symptoms of heterotopia vary in severity of intellectual disability and may be associated with epileptic disorders. Abnormal neuronal migration is known to be associated with mutations in the doublecortin gene (DCX), the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene (PAFAH1B1), or tubulin alpha-1A gene (TUBA1A). Recently, a new gene encoding echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 (EML1) was reported to cause a particular form of subcortical heterotopia, the ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia (RSH). EML1 mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Only six unrelated EML1-associated heterotopia-affected families were reported so far. The EML1 protein is a member of the microtubule-associated proteins family, playing an important role in microtubule assembly and stabilization as well as in mitotic spindle formation in interphase. Herein, we present a novel homozygous missense variant in EML1 (NM_004434.2: c.692G>A, NP_004425.2: p.Gly231Asp) identified in a male RSH-affected patient. Our clinical and molecular findings confirm the genotype-phenotype associations of EML1 mutations and RSH. Analyses of patient-derived fibroblasts showed the significantly reduced length of primary cilia. In addition, our results presented, that the mutated EML1 protein did not change binding capacities with tubulin. The data described herein will expand the mutation spectrum of the EML1 gene and provide further insight into molecular and cellular bases of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying RSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Markus
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Annika Kannengießer
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Näder
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Paul Atigbire
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholten
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Division of Biochemistry, Biochemistry of signal transduction/neurosensory processes, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christine Vössing
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Eva Bültmann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G. Christoph Korenke
- grid.419838.f0000 0000 9806 6518Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marta Owczarek-Lipska
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Junior Research Group, Genetics of Childhood Brain Malformations, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Human Genetics, Faculty VI-School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Ganesh RA, Venkataraman K, Sirdeshmukh R. GPR56: An adhesion GPCR involved in brain development, neurological disorders and cancer. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147055. [PMID: 32798453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) family and one of the important players in the normal development of the brain. It plays a pivotal role in the diverse neurobiological processes, including cortical formation, oligodendrocyte development, and myelination. Mutations in GPR56 are known to cause brain malformation, myelination defects and are also implied in many cancers, including brain tumors. Since its identification almost two decades ago, GPR56 has emerged from an orphaned and uncharacterized GPCR to an increasingly well studied receptor. Yet, much needs to be understood about GPR56, both in terms of its molecular interactions and biological functions that may be relevant in normal health and disease. The review is focussed on the recent available knowledge of GPR56, which would give useful insights into its known and potential roles in the human brain, neurological disorders, and brain tumors like glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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10
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Van den Veyver IB. Prenatally diagnosed developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system and genetic syndromes: A practical review. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:666-678. [PMID: 31353536 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developmental brain abnormalities are complex and can be difficult to diagnose by prenatal imaging because of the ongoing growth and development of the brain throughout pregnancy and the limitations of ultrasound, often requiring fetal magnetic resonance imaging as an additional tool. As for all major structural congenital anomalies, amniocentesis with chromosomal microarray and a karyotype is the first-line recommended test for the genetic work-up of prenatally diagnosed central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Many CNS defects, especially neuronal migration defects affecting the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, are caused by single-gene mutations in a large number of different genes. Early data suggest that prenatal diagnostic exome sequencing for fetal CNS defects will have a high diagnostic yield, but interpretation of sequencing results can be complex. Yet a genetic diagnosis is important for prognosis prediction and recurrence risk counseling. The evaluation and management of such patients is best done in a multidisciplinary team approach. Here, we review general principles of the genetic work-up for fetuses with CNS defects and review categories of genetic causes of prenatally diagnosed CNS phenotypes.
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11
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Zare I, Paul D, Moody S. Doublecortin Mutation in an Adolescent Male. Child Neurol Open 2019; 6:2329048X19836589. [PMID: 31259193 PMCID: PMC6591519 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x19836589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) mutations cause abnormal development of the DCX protein that normally
aids in neuronal migration during fetal development. These mutations lead to
lissencephaly, or the appearance of a “smooth brain,” which is varying levels of
pachygyria or agyria in severe cases. Many genetic variants of the mutation have been
identified, and an even greater range of phenotypic presentations have been described in
the literature. The X-linked lissencephaly (DCX) mutation leads to an X-linked
gender-dependent condition that causes subcortical heterotopia in females and
lissencephaly in males. The authors report the case of a 13-year-old male who presented to
our clinic for new-onset seizure disorder. He had a past medical history of developmental
delay and features of autism spectrum disorder which was diagnosed at age 5 years at an
outside clinic. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain at age 5 years showed pachygyria of
the frontal and temporal lobes. After extensive genetic testing over the course of over a
decade, the patient was found to have a de novo mutation in the DCX gene diagnosed via
whole-exome sequencing. Specifically, he was found to have a mosaic mutation of the DCX
gene as a c.30-31 deletion. His previous MRI findings were consistent with a diagnosis of
X-linked sporadic lissencephaly sequence and included mainly a diffuse bilateral
pachygyria (isolated lissencephaly sequence X chromosome). Thickening of the cortex and
pachygyria or agyria are classic findings of lissencephaly, but do not help specify any
mutation in the gene, of which there are over 70 possibilities. Our patient is unique in
that most individuals with DCX mutation have infantile seizures, severe intellectual
disability, orthopedic complications, and postnatal microcephaly, which our patient does
not have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Zare
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dustin Paul
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shade Moody
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Polymicrogyria and GRIN1 mutations: altered connections, altered excitability. Brain 2018; 141:622-623. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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[Effect of corticosterone on lissencephaly 1 expression in developing cerebral cortical neurons of fetal rats cultured in vitro]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19. [PMID: 28899473 PMCID: PMC7403054 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of corticosterone on the expression of the neuronal migration protein lissencephaly 1 (LIS1) in developing cerebral cortical neurons of fetal rats. METHODS The primary cultured cerebral cortical neurons of fetal Wistar rats were divided into control group, low-dose group, and high-dose group. The neurons were exposed to the medium containing different concentrations of corticosterone (0 μmol/L for the control group, 0.1 μmol/L for the low-dose group, and 1.0 μmol/L for the high-dose group). The neurons were collected at 1, 4, and 7 days after intervention. Western blot and immunocytochemical staining were used to observe the change in LIS1 expression in neurons. RESULTS Western blot showed that at 7 days after intervention, the low- and high-dose groups had significantly higher expression of LIS1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cerebral cortical neurons than the control group (P<0.05), and the high-dose group had significantly lower expression of LIS1 in the cytoplasm of cerebral cortical neurons than the low-dose group (P<0.05). Immunocytochemical staining showed that at 1, 4, and 7 days after corticosterone intervention, the high-dose group had a significantly lower mean optical density of LIS1 than the control group and the low-dose group (P<0.05). At 7 days after intervention, the low-dose group had a significantly lower mean optical density of LIS1 than the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Corticosterone downregulates the expression of the neuronal migration protein LIS1 in developing cerebral cortical neurons of fetal rats cultured in vitro, and such effect depends on the concentration of corticosterone and duration of corticosterone intervention.
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14
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Nagaraj UD, Hopkin R, Schapiro M, Kline-Fath B. Prenatal and postnatal evaluation of polymicrogyria with band heterotopia. Radiol Case Rep 2017; 12:602-605. [PMID: 28828134 PMCID: PMC5551996 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of band heterotopia and polymicrogyria is extremely rare though it has been reported in the presence of corpus callosum anomalies and megalencephaly. We present prenatal and postnatal MRI findings of a rare case of diffuse cortical malformation characterized by polymicrogyria and band heterotopia. Agenesis of the corpus callosum and megalencephaly were also noted. In addition, bilateral closed-lip schizencephaly was identified on postnatal MRI, which has not been previously reported with this combination of imaging findings. Polymicrogyria with band heterotopia can occur and can be diagnosed with fetal MRI. The coexistence of corpus callosum anomalies and megalencephaly comprises a rare phenotype that has been previously described, suggesting an underlying genetic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha D Nagaraj
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert Hopkin
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark Schapiro
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Beth Kline-Fath
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Kinane TB, Lin AE, Lahoud-Rahme M, Westra SJ, Mark EJ. Case 4-2017. A 2-Month-Old Girl with Growth Retardation and Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:562-574. [PMID: 28177866 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1613465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Bernard Kinane
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Angela E Lin
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Manuella Lahoud-Rahme
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Sjirk J Westra
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Eugene J Mark
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (T.B.K., A.E.L.), Cardiology (M.L.-R.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Pathology (E.J.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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16
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Shankar P, Zamora C, Castillo M. Congenital malformations of the brain and spine. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 136:1121-1137. [PMID: 27430461 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53486-6.00058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we briefly address the most common congenital brain and spinal anomalies as well as their most salient imaging, especially magnetic resonance, findings. Some of them, such as Chiari II, and open spinal defects, have become relatively rare due to their detection in utero and repair of the spinal malformation. Regardless of the type of brain anomaly, the most common clinical symptoms are mental retardation, hydrocephalus, and seizure; the latter two may need to be surgically and medically addressed. The most commonly found spinal congenital anomalies include the filum terminale lipoma which is generally asymptomatic and incidental and the caudal regression syndrome for which no primary treatment exists. Any spinal congenital anomaly may present in adulthood as a consequence of spinal cord tethering and/or development of syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shankar
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mauricio Castillo
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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17
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Kim C, Yeom KW, Iv M. Congenital brain malformations in the neonatal and early infancy period. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36:97-119. [PMID: 26001941 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital brain malformations are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients who are younger than 2 years. Optimization of patient care requires accurate diagnosis, which can be challenging as congenital brain malformations include an extensive variety of anomalies. Radiologic imaging helps to identify the malformations and to guide management. Understanding radiologic findings necessitates knowledge of central nervous system embryogenesis. This review discusses the imaging of congenital brain malformations encountered in patients who are younger than 2 years in the context of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kim
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children׳s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children׳s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
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18
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19
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Camfield PR, Bahi-Buisson N, Trinka E. Transition issues for children with diffuse cortical malformations, multifocal postnatal lesions, (infectious and traumatic) and Lennox-Gastaut and similar syndromes. Epilepsia 2014; 55 Suppl 3:24-8. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Camfield
- Department of Pediatrics; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; IWK Health Centre; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Department of Pediatric Neurology; Imaging Institute; INSERM U781; University Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology; Christian Doppler Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
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20
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Taverna E, Götz M, Huttner WB. The cell biology of neurogenesis: toward an understanding of the development and evolution of the neocortex. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:465-502. [PMID: 25000993 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells have a central role in the development and evolution of the mammalian neocortex. In this review, we first provide a set of criteria to classify the various types of cortical stem and progenitor cells. We then discuss the issue of cell polarity, as well as specific subcellular features of these cells that are relevant for their modes of division and daughter cell fate. In addition, cortical stem and progenitor cell behavior is placed into a tissue context, with consideration of extracellular signals and cell-cell interactions. Finally, the differences across species regarding cortical stem and progenitor cells are dissected to gain insight into key developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying neocortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Taverna
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Improving molecular diagnosis in epilepsy by a dedicated high-throughput sequencing platform. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:354-62. [PMID: 24848745 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) 67 epilepsy genes in 19 patients with different types of either isolated or syndromic epileptic disorders and in 15 controls to investigate whether a quick and cheap molecular diagnosis could be provided. The average number of nonsynonymous and splice site mutations per subject was similar in the two cohorts indicating that, even with relatively small targeted platforms, finding the disease gene is not an univocal process. Our diagnostic yield was 47% with nine cases in which we identified a very likely causative mutation. In most of them no interpretation would have been possible in absence of detailed phenotype and familial information. Seven out of 19 patients had a phenotype suggesting the involvement of a specific gene. Disease-causing mutations were found in six of these cases. Among the remaining patients, we could find a probably causative mutation only in three. None of the genes affected in the latter cases had been suspected a priori. Our protocol requires 8-10 weeks including the investigation of the parents with a cost per patient comparable to sequencing of 1-2 medium-to-large-sized genes by conventional techniques. The platform we used, although providing much less information than whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing, has the advantage that can also be run on 'benchtop' sequencers combining rapid turnaround times with higher manageability.
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Gimelli S, Stathaki E, Béna F, Leoni M, Di Rocco M, Cuoco C, Tassano E. Recurrent microdeletion 2q21.1: report on a new patient with neurological disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:801-5. [PMID: 24591035 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome profiling such as array comparative genomic hybridization has identified novel genomic imbalances. Copy number studies led to an explosion of the discoveries of new segmental duplication-mediated deletions and duplications. These rearrangements are mostly the result of non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between low-copy repeats or segmental duplications. We have identified an individual with a small, rare deletion on chromosome 2q21.1 with psychomotor delay, hyperactivity, and aggressive behavior. The rearranged region is flanked by large complex low-copy repeats and includes only five genes: GPR148, FAM123C (AMER3), ARHGEF4, FAM168B, and PLEKHB2. The comparison between our patient and the cases previously reported in the literature contributes to a better definition of genotype-phenotype correlation of 2q21.1 microdeletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gimelli
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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