1
|
Tian H, Liu Q, Yu X, Cao Y, Huang X. Damage-associated molecular patterns in viral infection: potential therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39091137 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2384885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Frequent viral infections leading to infectious disease outbreaks have become a significant global health concern. Fully elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the immune response against viral infections is crucial for epidemic prevention and control. The innate immune response, the host's primary defense against viral infection, plays a pivotal role and has become a breakthrough in research mechanisms. A component of the innate immune system, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are involved in inducing inflammatory responses to viral infections. Numerous DAMPs are released from virally infected cells, activating downstream signaling pathways via internal and external receptors on immune cells. This activation triggers immune responses and helps regulate viral host invasion. This review examines the immune regulatory mechanisms of various DAMPs, such as the S100 protein family, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and heat shock proteins, in various viral infections to provide a theoretical basis for designing novel antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanli Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar MJ, Kotak PS, Acharya S, Nelakuditi M, Parepalli A. A Comprehensive Review of Ocular Manifestations in Systemic Diseases. Cureus 2024; 16:e65693. [PMID: 39211636 PMCID: PMC11358114 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular manifestations often serve as critical indicators of underlying systemic diseases, providing valuable diagnostic and prognostic information. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between ocular symptoms and systemic conditions, emphasising the importance of early recognition and interdisciplinary collaboration in patient management. The review encompasses various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, autoimmune, infectious, neurological, endocrine, hematologic, genetic, dermatologic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, and connective tissue disorders, highlighting their specific ocular manifestations. Diagnostic approaches, including ophthalmologic examination techniques, imaging modalities, and laboratory tests, are discussed to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, the review outlines current management and treatment strategies, emphasising the need for a multidisciplinary approach to care. Emerging therapies and future research directions are also explored, underscoring the necessity of continued innovation in this field. This review aims to improve clinical practices, promote integrative healthcare, and ultimately enhance patient outcomes by providing a detailed overview of ocular manifestations in systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jayanth Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Palash S Kotak
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sourya Acharya
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Manikanta Nelakuditi
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Avinash Parepalli
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mukae K, Takei O, Imai F, Kamijo T. Development of RNA/DNA automated extraction and purification device for infectious disease diagnosis. Pract Lab Med 2023; 37:e00335. [PMID: 37693633 PMCID: PMC10492190 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2023.e00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic tests using RNA/DNA are the most accurate for diagnosing infectious diseases and assessing disease susceptibility, including COVID-19. However, manual specimen handling and the risk of secondary infections by medical staff highlight the need for automated equipment. Automation methods, such as bead purification, have limitations with high-viscosity specimens, while column purification requires complex equipment. This study aimed to develop an automated device using the column purification method for safe and reliable infectious disease diagnosis. We compared the yield and purification of three nucleic acid extraction methods (centrifugation, pressurization, and depressurization) and examined the adaptation of the extraction methods to automated device. Furthermore, we examined the feasibility of extracting SARS-CoV-2 RNA from COVID-19 patients and using qPCR analysis to determine whether the extraction method could be used as a clinical analyzer. Results varied with different columns and reagents, but pressurization method was selected for the automated device's RNA/DNA extraction. Using an automated device equipped with a pressurization method, RNA extracted from pharyngeal fluids from COVID-19 patients who had already been diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR again tested positive. These findings demonstrate the device's effectiveness for nucleic acid extraction and virus-targeted diagnostics. Moreover, it holds potential for genetic testing in fields like food and environmental measurements. The automated device addresses specimen handling challenges and provides a reliable tool for infectious disease diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Mukae
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Osamu Takei
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- PMT Corporation, Fukuoka, 811-2115, Japan
| | - Fumi Imai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simon DS, Yew CW, Kumar VS. Multiplexed Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Coupled with a Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Dipstick as a Rapid Diagnostic Method to Detect SARS-CoV-2. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1233. [PMID: 37317207 PMCID: PMC10223058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high reproduction rate of COVID-19, it is important to identify and isolate infected patients at the early stages of infection. The limitations of current diagnostic methods are speed, cost, and accuracy. Furthermore, new viral variants have emerged with higher rates of infectivity and mortality, many with mutations at various primer binding sites, which may evade detection via conventional PCR kits. Therefore, a rapid method that is sensitive, specific, and cost-effective is needed for a point-of-care molecular test. Accordingly, we developed a rapid molecular SARS-CoV-2 detection kit with high specificity and sensitivity, RT-PCR, taking advantage of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. Four sets of six primers were designed based on conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome: two outer, two inner and two loop primers. Using the optimized protocol, SARS-CoV-2 genes were detected as quickly as 10 min but were most sensitive at 30 min, detecting as little as 100 copies of template DNA. We then coupled the RT-LAMP with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) for multiplex detection. The LFD could detect two genic amplifications on a single strip, making it suitable for multiplexed detection. The development of a multiplexed RT-LAMP-LFD reaction on crude VTM samples would be suitable for the point-of-care diagnosis of COVID-19 in diagnostic laboratories as well as in private homes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay Subbiah Kumar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (D.S.S.); (C.-W.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Wang J, Geng J, Xiao L, Wang H. Emerging Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Detection Technologies. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:159-177. [PMID: 36577887 PMCID: PMC9797111 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, a new coronavirus was identified that has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Like all RNA viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) evolves over time through random mutation resulting in genetic variations in the population. Although the currently approved coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines can be given to those over 5 years of age and older in most countries, strikingly, the number of people diagnosed positive for SARS-Cov-2 is still increasing. Therefore, to prevent and control this epidemic, early diagnosis of infected individuals is of great importance. The current detection of SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus variants are mainly based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Although the sensitivity of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is high, it has some disadvantages, for example, multiple temperature changes, long detection time, complicated operation, expensive instruments, and the need for professional personnel, which brings considerable inconvenience to the early diagnosis of this virus. This review comprehensively summarizes the development and application of various current detection technologies for novel coronaviruses, including isothermal amplification, CRISPR-Cas detection, serological detection, biosensor, ensemble, and microfluidic technology, along with next-generation sequencing. Those findings offer us a great potential to replace or combine with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection to achieve the purpose of allowing predictive diagnostics and targeted prevention of SARS-Cov-2 in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingping Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Liming Xiao
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fernandes RS, de Oliveira Silva J, Gomes KB, Azevedo RB, Townsend DM, de Paula Sabino A, Branco de Barros AL. Recent advances in point of care testing for COVID-19 detection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113538. [PMID: 36076617 PMCID: PMC9371983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organizations declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic was a milestone for the scientific community. The high transmission rate and the huge number of deaths, along with the lack of knowledge about the virus and the evolution of the disease, stimulated a relentless search for diagnostic tests, treatments, and vaccines. The main challenges were the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and the development of specific, rapid, and sensitive tests that could reach all people. RT-PCR remains the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. However, new methods, such as other molecular techniques and immunoassays emerged. Also, the need for accessible tests with quick results boosted the development of point of care tests (POCT) that are fast, and automated, with high precision and accuracy. This assay reduces the dependence on laboratory conditions and mass testing of the population, dispersing the pressure regarding screening and detection. This review summarizes the advances in the diagnostic field since the pandemic started, emphasizing various laboratory techniques for detecting COVID-19. We reviewed the main existing diagnostic methods, as well as POCT under development, starting with RT-PCR detection, but also exploring other nucleic acid techniques, such as digital PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based assay (RT-LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS), and immunoassay tests, and nanoparticle-based biosensors, developed as portable instruments for the rapid standard diagnosis of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Özmen EN, Kartal E, Turan MB, Yazıcıoğlu A, Niazi JH, Qureshi A. Graphene and carbon nanotubes interfaced electrochemical nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other respiratory viral infections: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112356. [PMID: 34579878 PMCID: PMC8339589 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives due to lack of a rapid diagnostic tool. Global scientific community is now making joint efforts on developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for early detection of viral infections to preventing future outbreaks. Conventional diagnostic methods for virus detection are expensive and time consuming. There is an immediate requirement for a sensitive, reliable, rapid and easy-to-use Point-of-Care (PoC) diagnostic technology. Electrochemical biosensors have the potential to fulfill these requirements, but they are less sensitive for sensing viruses/viral infections. However, sensitivity and performance of these electrochemical platforms can be improved by integrating carbon nanostructure, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These nanostructures offer excellent electrical property, biocompatibility, chemical stability, mechanical strength and, large surface area that are most desired in developing PoC diagnostic tools for detecting viral infections with speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes recent advancements made toward integrating graphene/CNTs nanostructures and their surface modifications useful for developing new generation of electrochemical nanobiosensors for detecting viral infections. The review also provides prospects and considerations for extending the graphene/CNTs based electrochemical transducers into portable and wearable PoC tools that can be useful in preventing future outbreaks and pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Nur Özmen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise Kartal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bora Turan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alperen Yazıcıoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Smerczak
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Sinai-Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suaifan GARY, Alkhawaja BA, Mohammed AAM. RNA Coronaviruses' Outbreaks: Recent Progress on the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Diagnostic Tests, Vaccination and Therapeutics. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:617-628. [PMID: 33888048 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210422113915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are RNA-infective viruses that could be considered principal players in universal high-profile outbreaks, namely the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2002-2003), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS, 2012) and the continuing novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19, 2019) pandemic. RNA coronaviruses infections raise public health concerns with infections' severity ranging from serious pandemics and highly contagious infections to common influenza episodes. With a wide consensus concerning the seminal role of early detection of the infectious agent on the clinical prognosis, recent technological endeavors have facilitated the rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of viral infections. Given that the burst of confirmed cases of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are climbing steeply, and we are amid this pandemic, this work will center at the respiratory RNA-viruses outbreaks, including the three coronaviruses-related pandemics, emphasizing on the approved diagnostic approaches, outlining therapeutic clinical trials as well as vaccine candidates. Based on the accumulated data and knowledge on the previous RNA-virus outbreaks, this review aspires to link the current intervention measures against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the previous interventions and to provide a roadmap for any possible future measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer A R Y Suaifan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bayan A Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Department of pharmacy, The Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Aya A M Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tan AS, Nerurkar SN, Tan WCC, Goh D, Lai CPT, Poh Sheng Yeong J. The Virological, Immunological, and Imaging Approaches for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Research. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:522-544. [PMID: 32808850 PMCID: PMC7435207 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320950248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was found to cause a highly contagious disease characterized by pneumonia. The disease (COVID-19) quickly spread around the globe, escalating to a global pandemic. In this review, we discuss the virological, immunological, and imaging approaches harnessed for COVID-19 diagnosis and research. COVID-19 shares many clinical characteristics with other respiratory illnesses.Accurate and early detection of the infection is pivotal to controlling the outbreak, as this enables case identification, isolation, and contact tracing. We summarize the available literature on current laboratory and point-of-care diagnostics, highlight their strengths and limitations, and describe the emerging diagnostic approaches on the horizon.We also discuss the various research techniques that are being used to evaluate host immunity in laboratory-confirmed patients. Additionally, pathological imaging of tissue samples from affected patients has a critical role in guiding investigations on this disease. Conventional techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, have been frequently used to characterize the immune microenvironment in COVID-19. We also outline the emerging imaging techniques, such as the RNAscope, which might also aid in our understanding of the significance of COVID-19-specific biomarkers, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cellular receptor.Overall, great progress has been made in COVID-19 research in a short period. Extensive, global collation of our current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 will provide insights into novel treatment modalities, such as monoclonal antibodies, and support the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Sen Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wei Chang Colin Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denise Goh
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi Peng Timothy Lai
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silva IBB, da Silva AS, Cunha MS, Cabral AD, de Oliveira KCA, Gaspari ED, Prudencio CR. Zika virus serological diagnosis: commercial tests and monoclonal antibodies as tools. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200019. [PMID: 33281886 PMCID: PMC7685096 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the Flaviviridae family, is a current issue worldwide, particularly because of the congenital and neurological syndromes associated with infection by this virus. As the initial clinical symptoms of all diseases caused by this group are very similar, clinical diagnosis is difficult. Furthermore, laboratory diagnostic efforts have failed to identify specific and accurate tests for each virus of the Flaviviridae family due to the cross-reactivity of these viruses in serum samples. This situation has resulted in underreporting of the diseases caused by flaviviruses. However, many companies developed commercial diagnostic tests after the recent ZIKV outbreak. Moreover, health regulatory agencies have approved different commercial tests to extend the monitoring of ZIKV infections. Considering that a specific and sensitive diagnostic method for estimating risk and evaluating ZIKV propagation is still needed, this review aims to provide an update of the main commercially approved serological diagnostics test by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Additionally, we present the technologies used for monoclonal antibody production as a tool for the development of diagnostic tests and applications of these antibodies in detecting ZIKV infections worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Beatriz Borges Silva
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tiwari D, Jakhmola S, Pathak DK, Kumar R, Jha HC. Temporal In Vitro Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring Replication Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Glial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29547-29560. [PMID: 33225186 PMCID: PMC7676301 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can be used as a tool to study virus entry and pathogen-driven manipulation of the host efficiently. To date, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry and altered biochemistry of the glial cell upon infection are elusive. In this study, we detected biomolecular changes in human glial cells, namely, HMC-3 (microglia) and U-87 MG (astrocytes), at two variable cellular locations (nucleus and periphery) by Raman spectroscopy post-EBV infection at different time points. Two possible phenomena, one attributed to the response of the cell to viral attachment and invasion and the other involved in duplication of the virus followed by egress from the host cell, are investigated. These changes corresponded to unique Raman spectra associated with specific biomolecules in the infected and the uninfected cells. The Raman signals from the nucleus and periphery of the cell also varied, indicating differential biochemistry and signaling processes involved in infection progression at these locations. Molecules such as cholesterol, glucose, hyaluronan, phenylalanine, phosphoinositide, etc. are associated with the alterations in the cellular biochemical homeostasis. These molecules are mainly responsible for cellular processes such as lipid transport, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the cells. Raman signatures of these molecules at distinct time points of infection indicated their periodic involvement, depending on the stage of virus infection. Therefore, it is possible to discern the details of variability in EBV infection progression in glial cells at the biomolecular level using time-dependent in vitro Raman scattering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- Discipline
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, 453552 Indore, India
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, 453552 Indore, India
| | - Devesh K. Pathak
- Discipline
of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology
Indore, Simrol, 453552 Indore, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Discipline
of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology
Indore, Simrol, 453552 Indore, India
- Centre
for Advanced Electronics, Indian Institute
of Technology Indore, Simrol, 453552 Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, 453552 Indore, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sinha A, Lutter R, Dekker T, Dierdorp B, J. Sterk P, Frey U, Delgado-Eckert E. Can Measurements of Inflammatory Biomarkers be Used to Spot Respiratory Viral Infections? Viruses 2020; 12:v12101175. [PMID: 33080844 PMCID: PMC7594027 DOI: 10.3390/v12101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection of human respiratory viral infections is highly topical. We investigated how strongly inflammatory biomarkers (FeNO, eosinophils, neutrophils, and cytokines in nasal lavage fluid) and lung function parameters change upon rhinovirus 16 infection, in order to explore their potential use for infection detection. To this end, within a longitudinal cohort study, healthy and mildly asthmatic volunteers were experimentally inoculated with rhinovirus 16, and time series of these parameters/biomarkers were systematically recorded and compared between the pre- and post-infection phases of the study, which lasted two months and one month, respectively. We found that the parameters’/biomarkers’ ability to discriminate between the infected and the uninfected state varied over the observation time period. Consistently over time, the concentration of cytokines, in nasal lavage fluid, showed moderate to very good discrimination performance, thereby qualifying for disease progression monitoring, whereas lung function and FeNO, while quickly and non-invasively measurable using cheap portable devices (e.g., at airports), performed poorly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sinha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (P.J.S.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.D.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-566-4356
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (P.J.S.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Tamara Dekker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Barbara Dierdorp
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Peter J. Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (P.J.S.)
| | - Urs Frey
- Computational Physiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Edgar Delgado-Eckert
- University Children’s Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, Postfach, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (U.F.); (E.D.-E.)
- Computational Physiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu SY, Yau HS, Yu MY, Tsang HF, Chan LWC, Cho WCS, Shing Yu AC, Yuen Yim AK, Li MJW, Wong YKE, Pei XM, Cesar Wong SC. The diagnostic methods in the COVID-19 pandemic, today and in the future. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:985-993. [PMID: 32845192 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1816171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of anovel coronavirus identified in patients with unknown cause of acute respiratory disease in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 has caused aglobal outbreak. The causative coronavirus was later named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). As of 10 August 2020, more than 19,718,030 confirmed cases and 728,013 deaths have been reported. COVID-19 is spread via respiratory droplets which are inhaled into the lungs. AREAS COVERED In this article, we summarized the knowledge about the causative pathogen of COVID-19 and various diagnostic methods in this pandemic for better understanding of the limitations and the nuances of virus testing for COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION In this pandemic, rapid and accurate identification of COVID-19 patients are critical to break the chain of infection in the community. RT-PCR provides a rapid and reliable identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the future, molecular diagnostics will still be the gold standard and next-generation sequencing can help us to understand more on the pathogenesis and detect novel mutations. It is believed that more sophisticated detection methods will be introduced to detect SARS-CoV-2 as earliest as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Yat Wu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hoi Shan Yau
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Man Yee Yu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lawrence Wing Chi Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | - Marco J W Li
- Codex Genetics Limited , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yin Kwan Evelyn Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiao Meng Pei
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Patients with central nervous system (CNS) infection experience very high levels of morbidity and mortality, in part because of the many challenges inherent to the diagnosis of CNS infection and identification of a causative pathogen. The clinical presentation of CNS infection is nonspecific, so clinicians must often order and interpret many diagnostic tests in parallel. This can be a daunting task given the large number of potential pathogens and the availability of different testing modalities. Here, we review traditional diagnostic techniques including Gram stain and culture, serology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We highlight which of these are recommended for the pathogens most commonly tested among U.S. patients with suspected CNS infection. Finally, we describe the newer broad-range diagnostic approaches, multiplex PCR and metagenomic sequencing, which are increasingly used in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjat Kanjilal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracey A Cho
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qadiri SSN, Kim SJ, Krishnan R, Kim JO, Kim WS, Oh MJ. Development of an in-situ hybridization assay using riboprobes for detection of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) mRNAs in a cell culture model. J Virol Methods 2018; 264:1-10. [PMID: 30414796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) assay has been developed and optimized to detect viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), an OIE listed piscine rhabdovirus, in infected fish cells using fathead minnow (FHM) as a model cell line. Two antisense riboprobes (RNA probes) targeting viral transcripts from a fragment of nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes were generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using VHSV specific primers followed by a transcription reaction in the presence of digoxigenin dUTP. The synthesized RNA probes were able to detect viral mRNAs in formalin fixed VHSV infected FHM cells at different time points post inoculation (pi). To correlate the signal intensity, a time dependent quantitation of the viral mRNA transcript and infectivity titer was done by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and 50% tissue culture infectivity dose (TCID50), respectively, from the infected cells and culture supernatants. Further, we compared the diagnostic sensitivity of ISH assay with immunocytochemistry (ICC). Both the riboprobes used in the ISH assay detected VHSV as early as 6 hpi in the FHM cells inoculated with a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 2. Also, the signal detection in ISH was at an early stage in comparison to ICC, wherein, signal was first detected at 12 hpi. Our results clearly highlight that current ISH assay can be of value as a diagnostic tool to localize and detect VHSV in conjunction with conventional virus isolation in cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shariq Nazir Qadiri
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ok Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi-Sik Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
Collapse
|
19
|
Leirs K, Tewari Kumar P, Decrop D, Pérez-Ruiz E, Leblebici P, Van Kelst B, Compernolle G, Meeuws H, Van Wesenbeeck L, Lagatie O, Stuyver L, Gils A, Lammertyn J, Spasic D. Bioassay Development for Ultrasensitive Detection of Influenza A Nucleoprotein Using Digital ELISA. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8450-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Leirs
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Griet Compernolle
- Laboratory
for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann Gils
- Laboratory
for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|