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Stammler B, Rosenzopf H, Röhrig L, Smaczny S, Matuz T, Schenk T, Karnath HO. [Clinical examination of spatial neglect and other disorders of spatial cognition]. DER NERVENARZT 2023; 94:744-756. [PMID: 37535111 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Neglect occurring after stroke, neoplasms or degenerative processes can lead to considerable disability in everyday life as can other disorders of spatial orientation. Therefore, a dedicated examination and early diagnostic classification are obligatory. Behavioral tests are helpful in this respect, enabling the clinician to obtain an initial overview of the existing deficits even at the patient's bedside. The clinical (bedside) examination of spatial neglect as well as the corresponding differential diagnostic procedure for the clarification of (possibly additionally or exclusively existing) hemianopia and extinction, as well as the examination of disorders of visuospatial perception, visuoconstructive disorders, topographic disorders, Bálint's syndrome, simultanagnosia, and optic ataxia are presented. The presentation is based on the newly revised (year 2023) guidelines of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) on this subject area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Stammler
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Sektion für Neuropsychologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Hannah Rosenzopf
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Sektion für Neuropsychologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Lisa Röhrig
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Sektion für Neuropsychologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Smaczny
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Sektion für Neuropsychologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Tamara Matuz
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Sektion für Neuropsychologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Schenk
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Psychologie - Neuropsychologie, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, München, Deutschland
| | - Hans-Otto Karnath
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Sektion für Neuropsychologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
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The posterior parietal area V6A: an attentionally-modulated visuomotor region involved in the control of reach-toF-grasp action. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104823. [PMID: 35961383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the macaque, the posterior parietal area V6A is involved in the control of all phases of reach-to-grasp actions: the transport phase, given that reaching neurons are sensitive to the direction and amplitude of arm movement, and the grasping phase, since reaching neurons are also sensitive to wrist orientation and hand shaping. Reaching and grasping activity are corollary discharges which, together with the somatosensory and visual signals related to the same movement, allow V6A to act as a state estimator that signals discrepancies during the motor act in order to maintain consistency between the ongoing movement and the desired one. Area V6A is also able to encode the target of an action because of gaze-dependent visual neurons and real-position cells. Here, we advance the hypothesis that V6A also uses the spotlight of attention to guide goal-directed movements of the hand, and hosts a priority map that is specific for the guidance of reaching arm movement, combining bottom-up inputs such as visual responses with top-down signals such as reaching plans.
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Drudik K, Zlatkina V, Petrides M. Morphological patterns and spatial probability maps of the superior parietal sulcus in the human brain. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:1230-1245. [PMID: 35388402 PMCID: PMC9930623 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior parietal sulcus (SPS) is the defining sulcus within the superior parietal lobule (SPL). The morphological variability of the SPS was examined in individual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the human brain that were registered to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard stereotaxic space. Two primary morphological patterns were consistently identified across hemispheres: (i) the SPS was identified as a single sulcus, separating the anterior from the posterior part of the SPL and (ii) the SPS was found as a complex of multiple sulcal segments. These morphological patterns were subdivided based on whether the SPS or SPS complex remained distinct or merged with surrounding parietal sulci. The morphological variability and spatial extent of the SPS were quantified using volumetric and surface spatial probabilistic mapping. The current investigation established consistent morphological patterns in a common anatomical space, the MNI stereotaxic space, to facilitate structural and functional analyses within the SPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Drudik
- Corresponding author: Kristina Drudik, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Veronika Zlatkina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4,Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1G1
| | - Michael Petrides
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4,Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1G1
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Albini F, Pisoni A, Salvatore A, Calzolari E, Casati C, Marzoli SB, Falini A, Crespi SA, Godi C, Castellano A, Bolognini N, Vallar G. Aftereffects to Prism Exposure without Adaptation: A Single Case Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:480. [PMID: 35448011 PMCID: PMC9028811 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visuo-motor adaptation to optical prisms (Prism Adaptation, PA), displacing the visual scene laterally, is a behavioral method used for the experimental investigation of visuomotor plasticity, and, in clinical settings, for temporarily ameliorating and rehabilitating unilateral spatial neglect. This study investigated the building up of PA, and the presence of the typically occurring subsequent Aftereffects (AEs) in a brain-damaged patient (TMA), suffering from apperceptive agnosia and a right visual half-field defect, with bilateral atrophy of the parieto-occipital cortices, regions involved in PA and AEs. Base-Right prisms and control neutral lenses were used. PA was achieved by repeated pointing movements toward three types of stimuli: visual, auditory, and bimodal audio-visual. The presence and the magnitude of AEs were assessed by proprioceptive, visual, visuo-proprioceptive, and auditory-proprioceptive straight-ahead pointing tasks. The patient's brain connectivity was investigated by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Unlike control participants, TMA did not show any adaptation to prism exposure, but her AEs were largely preserved. These findings indicate that AEs may occur even in the absence of PA, as indexed by the reduction of the pointing error, showing a dissociation between the classical measures of PA and AEs. In the PA process, error reduction, and its feedback, may be less central to the building up of AEs, than the sensorimotor pointing activity per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Albini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Anna Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Elena Calzolari
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Carlotta Casati
- Experimental Laboratory of Research in Clinical Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20155 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20155 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Bianchi Marzoli
- Laboratory of Neuro-Ophthalmology and Ocular Electrophysiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20155 Milano, Italy;
| | - Andrea Falini
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.F.); (S.A.C.); (C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Sofia Allegra Crespi
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.F.); (S.A.C.); (C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudia Godi
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.F.); (S.A.C.); (C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Castellano
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy; (A.F.); (S.A.C.); (C.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (N.B.)
- Experimental Laboratory of Research in Clinical Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20155 Milano, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (A.S.); (N.B.)
- Experimental Laboratory of Research in Clinical Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20155 Milano, Italy;
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Abstract
The Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model of the neurology of language has served the field well despite its limited scope. More recent work has updated the basic architecture of the classical model and expanded its scope. This chapter briefly reviews the Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model and points out its shortcomings, then describes and motivates the dual stream model and how it solves several empirical shortcomings of the classical model. The chapter also (i) underscores how the dual stream model relates to the organization of nonlinguistic cortical networks, integrating language systems with the broader functional-anatomical landscape, (ii) describes recent work that further specifies the computational architecture and neural correlates of the dorsal speech production system, and (iii) summarizes recent extensions of the architectural framework to include syntax.
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Abstract
The ventral temporal cortex hosts key regions for the high-level visual processing of object shape and color. These areas represent nodes of large-scale neural circuits dedicated to object recognition. In the language-dominant hemisphere, some of these regions communicate with the language systems; by assigning verbal labels to percepts, these circuits speedup stimulus categorization, and permit fast and accurate interindividual communication. By impairing the functioning of these circuits, neurological damage may provoke disabling disorders of the processing of visual objects and of their colors. Brain damage of vascular, degenerative, toxic, or traumatic origin can induce deficits at different levels of visual processing, from the building of shape- or wavelength-invariant percepts, to their connections with semantic knowledge and with the appropriate lexical entry. After an overview of the neuroimaging of domain-preferring regions for object shape and color in the ventral temporal cortex, this chapter reviews evidence from historical and recent cases of acquired visual agnosia and color processing deficits. A recurrent motif emerging from patients' patterns of performance and lesion locations is the existence of caudo-rostral gradients in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex, spanning from more perceptual to more cognitive stages of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bartolomeo
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Jurkiewicz T, Salemme R, Froment C, Pisella L. Role of the Dorsal Posterior Parietal Cortex in the Accurate Perception of Object Magnitude in Peripheral Vision. Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211058476. [PMID: 34900214 PMCID: PMC8652191 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211058476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Following superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus (SPL-IPS) damage, optic ataxia patients underestimate the distance of objects in the ataxic visual field such that they produce hypometric pointing errors. The metrics of these pointing errors relative to visual target eccentricity fit the cortical magnification of central vision. The SPL-IPS would therefore implement an active “peripheral magnification” to match the real metrics of the environment for accurate action. We further hypothesized that this active compensation of the central magnification by the SPL-IPS contributes to actual object’ size perception in peripheral vision. Three optic ataxia patients and 10 age-matched controls were assessed in comparing the thickness of two rectangles flashed simultaneously, one in central and another in peripheral vision. The bilateral optic ataxia patient exhibited exaggerated underestimation bias and uncertainty compared to the control group in both visual fields. The two unilateral optic ataxia patients exhibited a pathological asymmetry between visual fields: size perception performance was affected in their contralesional peripheral visual field compared to their healthy side. These results demonstrate that the SPL-IPS contributes to accurate size perception in peripheral vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Jurkiewicz
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Romeo Salemme
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Caroline Froment
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Laure Pisella
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Bron, France
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The Complex Hodological Architecture of the Macaque Dorsal Intraparietal Areas as Emerging from Neural Tracers and DW-MRI Tractography. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0102-21.2021. [PMID: 34039649 PMCID: PMC8266221 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In macaque monkeys, dorsal intraparietal areas are involved in several daily visuomotor actions. However, their border and sources of cortical afferents remain loosely defined. Combining retrograde histologic tracing and MRI diffusion-based tractography, we found a complex hodology of the dorsal bank of the intraparietal sulcus (db-IPS), which can be subdivided into a rostral intraparietal area PEip, projecting to the spinal cord, and a caudal medial intraparietal area MIP lacking such projections. Both include an anterior and a posterior sector, emerging from their ipsilateral, gradient-like connectivity profiles. As tractography estimations, we used the cross-sectional area of the white matter bundles connecting each area with other parietal and frontal regions, after selecting regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to the injection sites of neural tracers. For most connections, we found a significant correlation between the proportions of cells projecting to all sectors of PEip and MIP along the continuum of the db-IPS and tractography. The latter also revealed “false positive” but plausible connections awaiting histologic validation.
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Ionta S. Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:689912. [PMID: 34135745 PMCID: PMC8203289 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.689912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is the main entrance for environmental input to the human brain. Even if vision is our most used sensory modality, its importance is not limited to environmental exploration. Rather it has strong links to motor competences, further extending to cognitive and social aspects of human life. These multifaceted relationships are particularly important in developmental age and become dramatically evident in presence of complex deficits originating from visual aberrancies. The present review summarizes the available neuropsychological evidence on the development of visual competences, with a particular focus on the associated visuo-motor integration skills in health and disease. With the aim of supporting future research and interventional settings, the goal of the present review is to constitute a solid base to help the translation of neuropsychological hypotheses into straightforward empirical investigations and rehabilitation/training protocols. This approach will further increase the impact, ameliorate the acceptance, and ease the use and implementation of lab-derived intervention protocols in real-life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology-University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
This chapter starts by reviewing the various interpretations of Bálint syndrome over time. We then develop a novel integrative view in which we propose that the various symptoms, historically reported and labeled by various authors, result from a core mislocalization deficit. This idea is in accordance with our previous proposal that the core deficit of Bálint syndrome is attentional (Pisella et al., 2009, 2013, 2017) since covert attention improves spatial resolution in visual periphery (Yeshurun and Carrasco, 1998); a deficit of covert attention would thus increase spatial uncertainty and thereby impair both visual object identification and visuomotor accuracy. In peripheral vision, we perceive the intrinsic characteristics of the perceptual elements surrounding us, but not their precise localization (Rosenholtz et al., 2012a,b), such that without covert attention we cannot organize them to their respective and recognizable objects; this explains why perceptual symptoms (simultanagnosia, neglect) could result from visual mislocalization. The visuomotor symptoms (optic ataxia) can be accounted for by both visual and proprioceptive mislocalizations in an oculocentric reference frame, leading to field and hand effects, respectively. This new pathophysiological account is presented along with a model of posterior parietal cortex organization in which the superior part is devoted to covert attention, while the right inferior part is involved in visual remapping. When the right inferior parietal cortex is damaged, additional representational mislocalizations across saccades worsen the clinical picture of peripheral mislocalizations due to an impairment of covert attention.
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Caminiti R. Corticocortical Systems Underlying High-Order Motor Control. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4404-4421. [PMID: 30886016 PMCID: PMC6554627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2094-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are characterized by the origin, destination, and reciprocity of their connections, as well as by the diameter, conduction velocity, and synaptic efficacy of their axons. The network formed by parietal and frontal areas lies at the core of cognitive-motor control because the outflow of parietofrontal signaling is conveyed to the subcortical centers and spinal cord through different parallel pathways, whose orchestration determines, not only when and how movements will be generated, but also the nature of forthcoming actions. Despite intensive studies over the last 50 years, the role of corticocortical connections in motor control and the principles whereby selected cortical networks are recruited by different task demands remain elusive. Furthermore, the synaptic integration of different cortical signals, their modulation by transthalamic loops, and the effects of conduction delays remain challenging questions that must be tackled to understand the dynamical aspects of parietofrontal operations. In this article, we evaluate results from nonhuman primate and selected rodent experiments to offer a viewpoint on how corticocortical systems contribute to learning and producing skilled actions. Addressing this subject is not only of scientific interest but also essential for interpreting the devastating consequences for motor control of lesions at different nodes of this integrated circuit. In humans, the study of corticocortical motor networks is currently based on MRI-related methods, such as resting-state connectivity and diffusion tract-tracing, which both need to be contrasted with histological studies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Baumard J, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Chauviré V, Boussard D, Lesourd M, Remigereau C, Rossetti Y, Osiurak F, Le Gall D. Effect of object substitution, spontaneous compensation and repetitive training on reaching movements in a patient with optic ataxia. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2019; 30:1786-1813. [PMID: 31030640 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1607397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of M.B. who demonstrated severe optic ataxia with the right hand following stroke in the left hemisphere. The clinical picture may shed light on both the pathological characteristics of reaching and grasping actions, and potential rehabilitation strategies for optic ataxia. First, M.B. demonstrated a dissociation between severely impaired reaching and relatively spared grasping and tool use skills and knowledge, which confirms that grasping may be more intermingled with non-motoric cognitive mechanisms than reaching. Besides, M.B.'s reaching performance was sensitive to movement repetition. We observed a substitution effect: Reaching time decreased if M.B. repeatedly reached toward the same object but increased when object identity changed. This may imply that not only object localization but also object identity, is integrated into movement programming in reach-to-grasp tasks. Second, studying M.B.'s spontaneous compensation strategies ascertained that the mere repetition of reaching movements had a positive effect, to the point M.B. almost recovered to normal level after an intensive one-day repetitive training session. This case study seems to provide one of the first examples of optic ataxia rehabilitation. Reaching skills can be trained by repetitive training even two years post-stroke and despite the presence of visuo-imitative apraxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx
- Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), University of Angers, Angers, France.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Chauviré
- Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), University of Angers, Angers, France.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Delphine Boussard
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mathieu Lesourd
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms (EA 3082), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chrystelle Remigereau
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms (EA 3082), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - François Osiurak
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms (EA 3082), University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,French Universitary Institute, Paris, France
| | - Didier Le Gall
- Laboratory of Psychology LPPL (EA 4638), University of Angers, Angers, France.,Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
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