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Kishore A, Varughese AM, Roth B, Zeilinger C. Fabrication of a low-cost benchtop optical imager for quantum dot microarray-based stress biomarker detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4147-4161. [PMID: 39022547 PMCID: PMC11249684 DOI: 10.1364/boe.527338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
We report on a simplified optical imager to detect the presence of a stress biomarker protein, namely the Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The imager consists of two elements the optical unit and the sensor, which is a custom-made biochip. Measurement is based on the masking of the streptavidin conjugated quantum dot's (Sav-QDs) fluorescence when Hsp90 attaches to it via biotinylated antibodies (Ab). The masking effect was directly proportional to the Hsp90 concentration. The cost-efficient benchtop imager developed comprises a CMOS sensor, standard optical lenses, and a narrow bandpass filter for optically eliminating background fluorescence. This approach is promising for the realization of cheap, robust, and reliable point-of-care detection systems for various biomarker analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Kishore
- Leibniz University Hannover
, Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arun Mathew Varughese
- Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz University Hannover, Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfenplatz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Zeilinger
- Leibniz University Hannover
, Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Praveen Kumar PK, Sundar H, Balakrishnan K, Subramaniam S, Ramachandran H, Kevin M, Michael Gromiha M. The Role of HSP90 and TRAP1 Targets on Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01151-4. [PMID: 38684604 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of liver cancer and arises due to dysregulation of the cell cycle control machinery. Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) and mitochondrial HSP90, also referred to as TRAP1 are important critical chaperone target receptors for early diagnosis and targeting HCC. Both HSP90 and TRAP1 expression was found to be higher in HCC patients. Hence, the importance of HSP90 and TRAP1 inhibitors mechanism and mitochondrial targeted delivery of those inhibitors function is widely studied. This review also focuses on importance of protein-protein interactions of HSP90 and TRAP1 targets and association of its interacting proteins in various pathways of HCC. To further elucidate the mechanism, systems biology approaches and computational biology approach studies are well explored in the association of inhibition of herbal plant molecules with HSP90 and its mitochondrial type in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Harini Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - Kamalavarshini Balakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - Sakthivel Subramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - Hemalatha Ramachandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - M Kevin
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Tamil Nadu, 602117, India
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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Kunachowicz D, Król-Kulikowska M, Raczycka W, Sleziak J, Błażejewska M, Kulbacka J. Heat Shock Proteins, a Double-Edged Sword: Significance in Cancer Progression, Chemotherapy Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1500. [PMID: 38672583 PMCID: PMC11048091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in one of the adaptive mechanisms protecting cells against environmental and metabolic stress. Moreover, the large role of these proteins in the carcinogenesis process, as well as in chemoresistance, was noticed. This review aims to draw attention to the possibilities of using Hsps in developing new cancer therapy methods, as well as to indicate directions for future research on this topic. In order to discuss this matter, a thorough review of the latest scientific literature was carried out, taking into account the importance of selected proteins from the Hsp family, including Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp110. One of the more characteristic features of all Hsps is that they play a multifaceted role in cancer progression, which makes them an obvious target for modern anticancer therapy. Some researchers emphasize the importance of directly inhibiting the action of these proteins. In turn, others point to their possible use in the design of cancer vaccines, which would work by inducing an immune response in various types of cancer. Due to these possibilities, it is believed that the use of Hsps may contribute to the progress of oncoimmunology, and thus help in the development of modern anticancer therapies, which would be characterized by higher effectiveness and lower toxicity to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kunachowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.K.); (M.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Król-Kulikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.K.); (M.K.-K.)
| | - Wiktoria Raczycka
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.R.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Jakub Sleziak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.R.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Marta Błażejewska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.R.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine Santariškių g. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- DIVE IN AI, 53-307 Wroclaw, Poland
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Wan X, Fang Y, Du J, Cai S, Dong H. GW4869 Can Inhibit Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Extracellular HSP90α in Gefitinib-Sensitive NSCLC Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:913-922. [PMID: 38021444 PMCID: PMC10640835 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s428707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective GW4869 is an exosomal inhibitor. It is necessary to delay the occurrence of gefitinib resistance during non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. This study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of GW4869 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and expression of extracellular heat shock protein 90α (eHSP90α) that contributes to acquired resisitance. Our study provides a new sight into the treatment of EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Materials and Methods We performed western blotting to detect levels of EMT and eHSP90α. Wound healing and transwell assays were performed to evaluate the behavioral dynamics of EMT. A nude mouse model of HCC827 was established in vivo. Results GW4869 inhibited the expression of eHSP90α, EMT, invasion and migration abilities of HCC827 and PC9. GW4869 enhanced sensitivity to gefitinib in BALB/c nude mice bearing tumors of HCC827. Conclusion These studies suggest that GW4869 can inhibit EMT and extracellular HSP90α, providing new strategies for enhancing gefitinib sensitivity in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wan
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Fang
- BSL-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangzhou Du
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
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Chakraborty A, Tonui R, Edkins AL. Mutations F352A and Y528A in human HSP90α reduce fibronectin association and fibrillogenesis in cell-derived matrices. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:697-707. [PMID: 37353709 PMCID: PMC10746679 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HSP90 is a ubiquitously expressed chaperone protein that regulates the maturation of numerous substrate proteins called 'clients'. The glycoprotein fibronectin (FN) is an important protein of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and a client protein of HSP90. FN and HSP90 interact directly, and the FN ECM is regulated by exogenous HSP90 or HSP90 inhibitors. Here, we extend the analysis of the HSP90 - FN interaction. The importance of the N-terminal 70-kDa fragment of fibronectin (FN70) and FN type I repeat was demonstrated by competition for FN binding between HSP90 and the functional upstream domain (FUD) of the Streptococcus pyogenes F1 adhesin protein. Furthermore, His-HSP90α mutations F352A and Y528A (alone and in combination) reduced the association with full-length FN (FN-FL) and FN70 in vitro. Unlike wild type His-HSP90α, these HSP90 mutants did not enhance FN matrix assembly in the Hs578T cell line model when added exogenously. Interestingly, the HSP90 E353A mutation, which did not significantly reduce the HSP90 - FN interaction in vitro, dramatically blocked FN matrix assembly in Hs578T cell-derived matrices. Taken together, these data extend our understanding of the role of HSP90 in FN fibrillogenesis and suggest that promotion of FN ECM assembly by HSP90 is not solely regulated by the affinity of the direct interaction between HSP90 and FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Chakraborty
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
| | - Ronald Tonui
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
| | - Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa.
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Singh P, Ramanathan V, Zhang Y, Georgakoudi I, Jay DG. Extracellular Hsp90 Binds to and Aligns Collagen-1 to Enhance Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5237. [PMID: 37958410 PMCID: PMC10648158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-secreted eHsp90 binds and activates proteins in the tumor microenvironment crucial in cancer invasion. Therefore, targeting eHsp90 could inhibit invasion, preventing metastasis-the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Previous eHsp90 studies have solely focused on its role in cancer invasion through the 2D basement membrane (BM), a form of extracellular matrix (ECM) that lines the epithelial compartment. However, its role in cancer invasion through the 3D Interstitial Matrix (IM), an ECM beyond the BM, remains unexplored. Using a Collagen-1 binding assay and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, we demonstrate that eHsp90 directly binds and aligns Collagen-1 fibers, the primary component of IM. Furthermore, we show that eHsp90 enhances Collagen-1 invasion of breast cancer cells in the Transwell assay. Using Hsp90 conformation mutants and inhibitors, we established that the Hsp90 dimer binds to Collagen-1 via its N-domain. We also demonstrated that while Collagen-1 binding and alignment are not influenced by Hsp90's ATPase activity attributed to the N-domain, its open conformation is crucial for increasing Collagen-1 alignment and promoting breast cancer cell invasion. These findings unveil a novel role for eHsp90 in invasion through the IM and offer valuable mechanistic insights into potential therapeutic approaches for inhibiting Hsp90 to suppress invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (P.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Varshini Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (V.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (V.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (P.S.); (I.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (V.R.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Daniel G. Jay
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (P.S.); (I.G.)
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Rivas-Macho A, Romeo MV, Rackles E, Olabarria G, Falcon-Perez JM, Berganza-Granda J, Cortajarena AL, Goñi-de-Cerio F. Potential use of heat shock protein 90 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of human diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:875-884. [PMID: 37577928 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2246883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a protein involved in many different biological processes and especially in cell survival. Some of these functions require the participation of other biological molecules, so Hsp90 is a chaperone that takes part in many protein-protein interactions working as a critical signaling hub protein. As a member of the heat shock protein family, Hsp90 expression is regulated under certain environmental and/or stressful situations, therefore Hsp90 concentration can be monitored and linked to these effects. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the Hsp90 expression in samples from individuals affected by different diseases (from infectious to cancer origin), and the biological consequences of these disorders, including the potential use of Hsp90 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of human diseases. EXPERT OPINION The potential of Hsp90 as a biomarker disease has been demonstrated in several studies in relation to infectious diseases and especially cancer. However, further research in this field is still needed, mainly to validate in statistically significant clinical studies that the detection of Hsp90 protein allows the diagnosis of some cancers at an early stage and also that it can act as a biomarker for monitoring the efficacy of their therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Rivas-Macho
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - María V Romeo
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Rackles
- Exosomes Laboratory. Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park 801, Derio, Spain
| | - Garbiñe Olabarria
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory. Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park 801, Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica e Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBRehd), Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesús Berganza-Granda
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
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Song Y, Ma J, Fang L, Tang M, Gao X, Zhu D, Liu W. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene model predicts prognosis and guides therapies in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:255. [PMID: 37328788 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis and survival of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients are still not promising despite recent breakthroughs in treatment. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a self-protective mechanism resulting from an imbalance in quality control of unfolded proteins when cells are stressed, which plays an active role in lung cancer development, but the relationship between ERS and the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of LUAD patients remains unclear. METHODS LASSO and Cox regression were applied based on sequencing information to construct the model, which was validated to be robust. The risk scores of the patients were calculated using the formula provided by the model, and the patients were divided into high and low-risk groups according to the median cut-off of risk scores. Cox regression analysis identifies independent prognostic factors for these patients, and enrichment analysis of prognosis-related genes was also performed. The relationship between risk scores and tumor mutation burden (TMB), cancer stem cell index, and drug sensitivity was explored. RESULTS We constructed a 13-gene prognostic model for LUAD patients. Patients in the high-risk group had worse overall survival, lower immune score and ESTIMATE score, higher TMB, higher cancer stem cell index, and higher sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, we constructed a nomogram that predicts 5-year survival in LUAD patients, which helps clinicians to foresee the prognosis from a new perspective. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the association of ERS with LUAD and the potential use of ERS in guiding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzun Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Linan Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbo Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinliang Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshan Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Li J, Yu J, Huang W, Sang F, Li J, Ren Y, Huang H, Wang M, Li K, Zhang J, Li H, Cui X, Zhang J, Hu M, Yuan F, Guo W, Zhang F, Mu H, Hu Y. Extracellular HSP90 promotes differentiation of lens epithelial cells to fiber cells by activating LRP1-YAP-PROX1 axis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22783. [PMID: 36705056 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201187rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Capsular residual lens epithelial cells (CRLEC) undergo differentiation to fiber cells for lens regeneration or tansdifferentiation to myofibroblasts leading to posterior capsular opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. The underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Using human lens epithelial cell lines and the ex vivo cultured rat lens capsular bag model, we found that the lens epithelial cells secrete HSP90α extracellularly (eHSP90) through an autophagy-associated pathway. Administration of recombinant GST-HSP90α protein or its M-domain induces the elongation of rat CRLEC cells with concomitant upregulation of the crucial fiber cell transcriptional factor PROX1and its downstream targets, β- and γ-crystallins and structure proteins. This regulation is abolished by PROX1 siRNA. GST-HSP90α upregulates PROX1 by binding to LRP1 and activating LRP1-AKT mediated YAP degradation. The upregulation of GST-HSP90α on PROX1 expression and CRLEC cell elongation is inhibited by LRP1 and AKT inhibitors, but activated by YAP-1 inhibitor (VP). These data demonstrated that the capsular residue epithelial cells upregulate and secrete eHSP90α, which in turn drive the differentiation of lens epithelial cell to fiber cells. The recombinant HSP90α protein is a potential novel differentiation regulator during lens regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weikang Huang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fan Sang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhu Ren
- Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huili Huang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mingli Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kejia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiukun Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengyue Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengling Yuan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weikai Guo
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- Department of ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Mu
- Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Lab for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China.,Department of ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hsp70/Hsp90 Organising Protein (Hop): Coordinating Much More than Chaperones. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:81-125. [PMID: 36520304 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp70/Hsp90 organising protein (Hop, also known as stress-inducible protein 1/STI1/STIP1) has received considerable attention for diverse cellular functions in both healthy and diseased states. There is extensive evidence that intracellular Hop is a co-chaperone of the major chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90, playing an important role in the productive folding of Hsp90 client proteins, although recent evidence suggests that eukaryotic Hop is regulatory within chaperone complexes rather than essential. Consequently, Hop is implicated in many key signalling pathways, including aberrant pathways leading to cancer. Hop is also secreted, and it is now well established that Hop interacts with the prion protein, PrPC, to mediate multiple signalling events. The intracellular and extracellular forms of Hop most likely represent two different isoforms, although the molecular determinants of these divergent functions are yet to be identified. There is also a growing body of research that reports the involvement of Hop in cellular activities that appear independent of either chaperones or PrPC. While the various cellular functions of Hop have been described, its biological function remains elusive. However, recent knockout studies in mammals suggest that Hop has an important role in embryonic development. This review provides a critical overview of the latest molecular, cellular and biological research on Hop, critically evaluating its function in healthy systems and how this function is adapted in diseased states.
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Votra SD, Alsalih D, Bourboulia D. Methods to Assess the Impact of Hsp90 Chaperone Function on Extracellular Client MMP2 Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:221-232. [PMID: 37540438 PMCID: PMC10594791 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Secreted, or extracellular, heat shock protein 90 (eHsp90) is considered a recent discovery in eukaryotes. Over the last two decades, studies have provided significant supporting evidence that implicates eHsp90 both in normal cellular processes such as wound healing and in the development of human pathologies and diseases including fibrosis and cancer. In the early 2000s, Eustace et al. demonstrated that eHsp90 promotes the invasion of breast cancer cells by binding to and regulating the activity of an extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling enzyme, the matrix metalloproteinase 2 or MMP2. Interestingly, inside mammalian cells, Hsp90 is an essential chaperone that interacts with hundreds of newly synthesized proteins, known as "clients," that require Hsp90's assistance to perform their function. Several methods are routinely used to characterize the role and impact of Hsp90 on a client protein's functionality in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanistic role of eHsp90 is less well-defined since, so far, only a handful of extracellular client proteins have been identified. Here, we describe methods to characterize the impact of the secreted chaperone on MMP2 activity, the most characterized extracellular client of eHsp90. The procedures described here can be applied and adapted to characterize other extracellular clients, particularly members of the MMP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- SarahBeth D Votra
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Deema Alsalih
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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12
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Ono K, Eguchi T. Multiple Targeting of HSP Isoforms to Challenge Isoform Specificity and Compensatory Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:141-161. [PMID: 37540433 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that assist in protein folding, trafficking, and metabolism. Intracellular chaperone functions of HSPs had been well-investigated, but extracellular and exosomal HSPs have been recently found. Exosomal HSPs are intercellularly transferred, while extracellular HSPs play cytokine-like roles called chaperokines. We have shown that exosomal HSPs play key roles in intercellular communication between tongue carcinoma and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, HSP90 isoforms consist of HSP90alpha, HSP90beta, mitochondrial TRAP1, and GRP94 in the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, many pseudogenes of HSP90 can be transcribed into RNA. Besides, the function of HSP90 is defined by their cochaperones, such as CDC37 or AHA1. Therefore, isoform-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) is necessary for precisely targeting each HSP90 isoform and cochaperone. Nevertheless, we often encountered compensatory expression of HSP90 isoforms in the knockdown studies. Here, we provide dual and triple knockdown methods to target multiple RNA for challenging isoform-specific roles and compensatory expression of intracellular, extracellular, and exosomal HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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13
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Scarneo SA, Smith AP, Favret J, O’Connell R, Pickeral J, Yang KW, Ferrari G, Loiselle DR, Hughes PF, Kulkarni MM, Gargesha M, Scott B, Roy D, Haynes BF, Kwiek JJ, Haystead TAJ. Expression of membrane Hsp90 is a molecular signature of T cell activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18091. [PMID: 36302951 PMCID: PMC9613876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) maintains cellular proteostasis during stress and has been under investigation as a therapeutic target in cancer for over two decades. We and others have identified a membrane expressed form of Hsp90 (mHsp90) that previously appeared to be restricted to rapidly proliferating cells exhibiting a metastatic phenotype. Here, we used HS-131, a fluor-tethered mHsp90 inhibitor, to quantify the effect of T cell activation on the expression of mHsp90 in human and mouse T cells. In cell-based assays, stimulation of human T cells induced a 20-fold increase in mHsp90 expression at the plasma membrane, suggesting trafficking of mHsp90 is regulated by TCR and inflammatory mediated signaling. Following injection of HS-131 in mouse models of human rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, we detected localization of the probe at sites of active disease, consistent with immune cell invasion. Moreover, despite rapid hepatobiliary clearance, HS-131 demonstrated efficacy in reducing the mean clinical score in the CIA arthritis model. Our results suggest mHsp90 expression on T cells is a molecular marker of T cell activation and potentially a therapeutic target for chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Scarneo
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Aaron P. Smith
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | | | | | - Joy Pickeral
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kelly W. Yang
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David R. Loiselle
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Philip F. Hughes
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Manjusha M. Kulkarni
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | | | - Bryan Scott
- grid.431911.fBioInVision, Inc., Mayfield, OH 44143 USA
| | - Debashish Roy
- grid.431911.fBioInVision, Inc., Mayfield, OH 44143 USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Jesse J. Kwiek
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Timothy A. J. Haystead
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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14
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Zhang J, Li H, Liu Y, Zhao K, Wei S, Sugarman ET, Liu L, Zhang G. Targeting HSP90 as a Novel Therapy for Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Relevance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182778. [PMID: 36139353 PMCID: PMC9497295 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP90), a highly conserved molecular chaperon, is indispensable for the maturation of newly synthesized poly-peptides and provides a shelter for the turnover of misfolded or denatured proteins. In cancers, the client proteins of HSP90 extend to the entire process of oncogenesis that are associated with all hallmarks of cancer. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the client proteins are guided for proteasomal degradation when their complexes with HSP90 are disrupted. Accordingly, HSP90 and its co-chaperones have emerged as viable targets for the development of cancer therapeutics. Consequently, a number of natural products and their analogs targeting HSP90 have been identified. They have shown a strong inhibitory effect on various cancer types through different mechanisms. The inhibitors act by directly binding to either HSP90 or its co-chaperones/client proteins. Several HSP90 inhibitors—such as geldanamycin and its derivatives, gamitrinib and shepherdin—are under clinical evaluation with promising results. Here, we review the subcellular localization of HSP90, its corresponding mechanism of action in the malignant phenotypes, and the recent progress on the development of HSP90 inhibitors. Hopefully, this comprehensive review will shed light on the translational potential of HSP90 inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Houde Li
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kejia Zhao
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Eric T. Sugarman
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sager RA, Khan F, Toneatto L, Votra SD, Backe SJ, Woodford MR, Mollapour M, Bourboulia D. Targeting extracellular Hsp90: A unique frontier against cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:982593. [PMID: 36060252 PMCID: PMC9428293 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.982593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein-90 (Hsp90) is known to interact with over 300 client proteins as well as regulatory factors (eg. nucleotide and proteins) that facilitate execution of its role as a chaperone and, ultimately, client protein activation. Hsp90 associates transiently with these molecular modulators during an eventful chaperone cycle, resulting in acquisition of flexible structural conformations, perfectly customized to the needs of each one of its client proteins. Due to the plethora and diverse nature of proteins it supports, the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is critical for normal cellular function particularly in response to stress. In diseases such as cancer, the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is hijacked for processes which encompass many of the hallmarks of cancer, including cell growth, survival, immune response evasion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Elevated levels of extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) enhance tumorigenesis and the potential for metastasis. eHsp90 has been considered one of the new targets in the development of anti-cancer drugs as there are various stages of cancer progression where eHsp90 function could be targeted. Our limited understanding of the regulation of the eHsp90 chaperone machinery is a major drawback for designing successful Hsp90-targeted therapies, and more research is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Farzana Khan
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Lorenzo Toneatto
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - SarahBeth D. Votra
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Sarah J. Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mark R. Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Dimitra Bourboulia,
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16
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Mankovich AG, Freeman BC. Regulation of Protein Transport Pathways by the Cytosolic Hsp90s. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081077. [PMID: 36008972 PMCID: PMC9406046 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is well-known for maintaining metastable proteins and mediating various aspects of intracellular protein dynamics. Intriguingly, high-throughput interactome studies suggest that Hsp90 is associated with a variety of other pathways. Here, we will highlight the potential impact of Hsp90 in protein transport. Currently, a limited number of studies have defined a few mechanistic contributions of Hsp90 to protein transport, yet the relevance of hundreds of additional connections between Hsp90 and factors known to aide this process remains unresolved. These interactors broadly support transport pathways including endocytic and exocytic vesicular transport, the transfer of polypeptides across membranes, or unconventional protein secretion. In resolving how Hsp90 contributes to the protein transport process, new therapeutic targets will likely be obtained for the treatment of numerous human health issues, including bacterial infection, cancer metastasis, and neurodegeneration.
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17
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Zhang S, Wang C, Ju J, Wang C. Extracellular Hsp90α Supports the ePKM2-GRP78-AKT Axis to Promote Tumor Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:906080. [PMID: 35847880 PMCID: PMC9280132 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-secreted proteins can provide numerous molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Of note, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is secreted by tumor cells to promote malignant progression, while its regulatory mechanism or the interacting network remains uncovered. In the present study, we identified extracellular heat shock protein 90 alpha (eHsp90α) as one potential interacting protein of ePKM2 by mass spectrometry (MS), which was further verified by pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Later, we found that eHsp90α enhanced the effect of ePKM2 on migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Blocking of Hsp90α activity, on the other hand, attenuated tumor migration or invasion induced by ePKM2. Eventually, the in vivo role of Hsp90α in regulating ePKM2 activity was validated by the mouse xenograft tumor model. Mechanistically, we found that eHsp90α binds to and stabilizes ePKM2 to protect it from degradation in the extracellular environment. Besides, eHsp90α promoted the interaction of ePKM2 with cell surface receptor GRP78, which leads to the activation of the ePKM2/GRP78/AKT axis. Collectively, we unraveled the novel molecular mechanism of eHsp90α in regulating ePKM2 activity during tumor progression, which is beneficial for the development of new treatments against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaosen Zhang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiujun Ju
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Caixia Wang,
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18
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Extracellular Heat Shock Protein-90 (eHsp90): Everything You Need to Know. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070911. [PMID: 35883467 PMCID: PMC9313274 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
“Extracellular” Heat Shock Protein-90 (Hsp90) was initially reported in the 1970s but was not formally recognized until 2008 at the 4th International Conference on The Hsp90 Chaperone Machine (Monastery Seeon, Germany). Studies presented under the topic of “extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90)” at the conference provided direct evidence for eHsp90’s involvement in cancer invasion and skin wound healing. Over the past 15 years, studies have focused on the secretion, action, biological function, therapeutic targeting, preclinical evaluations, and clinical utility of eHsp90 using wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and tumour models both in vitro and in vivo. eHsp90 has emerged as a critical stress-responding molecule targeting each of the pathophysiological conditions. Despite the studies, our current understanding of several fundamental questions remains little beyond speculation. Does eHsp90 indeed originate from purposeful live cell secretion or rather from accidental dead cell leakage? Why did evolution create an intracellular chaperone that also functions as a secreted factor with reported extracellular duties that might be (easily) fulfilled by conventional secreted molecules? Is eHsp90 a safer and more optimal drug target than intracellular Hsp90 chaperone? In this review, we summarize how much we have learned about eHsp90, provide our conceptual views of the findings, and make recommendations on the future studies of eHsp90 for clinical relevance.
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19
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Jiang Y, Huang W, Sun X, Yang X, Wu Y, Shi J, Zheng J, Fan S, Liu J, Wang J, Liang Z, Yang N, Liu Z, Liu Y. DTX-P7, a peptide-drug conjugate, is highly effective for non-small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:73. [PMID: 35659720 PMCID: PMC9164557 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous success of molecular targeted therapy together with immunotherapy, only a small subset of patients can benefit from them. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay treatment for most of tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, non-selective adverse effects on healthy tissues and secondary resistance are the main obstacles. Meanwhile, the quiescent or dormant cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are resistant to antimitotic chemoradiotherapy. Complete remission can only be realized when both proliferative cancer cells and quiescent cancer stem cells are targeted. In the present research, we constructed a cooperatively combating conjugate (DTX-P7) composed of docetaxel (DTX) and a heptapeptide (P7), which specifically binds to cell surface Hsp90, and assessed the anti-tumor effects of DTX-P7 on non-small cell lung cancer. DTX-P7 preferentially suppressed tumor growth compared with DTX in vivo with a favorable distribution to tumor tissues and long circulation half-life. Furthermore, we revealed a distinctive mechanism whereby DTX-P7 induced unfolded protein response and eventually promoted apoptosis. More importantly, we found that DTX-P7 promoted cell cycle reentry of slow-proliferating CSLCs and subsequently killed them, exhibiting a "proliferate to kill" pattern. Collecitvely, by force of active targeting delivery of DTX via membrane-bound Hsp90, DTX-P7 induces unfolded protein response and subsequent apoptosis by degrading Hsp90, meanwhile awakens and kills the dormant cancer stem cells. Thus, DTX-P7 deserves further development as a promising anticancer therapeutic for treatment of various membrane-harboring Hsp90 cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaojiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Youming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiaojiao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shujie Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Junya Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Zhenming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Yanyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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20
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Bhattacharyya N, Gupta S, Sharma S, Soni A, Bagabir SA, Bhattacharyya M, Mukherjee A, Almalki AH, Alkhanani MF, Haque S, Ray AK, Malik MZ. CDK1 and HSP90AA1 Appear as the Novel Regulatory Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Bioinformatics Approach. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030393. [PMID: 35330393 PMCID: PMC8955443 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most invasive cancers affecting over a million of the population. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes up to 85% of all lung cancer cases, and therefore, it is essential to identify predictive biomarkers of NSCLC for therapeutic purposes. Here we use a network theoretical approach to investigate the complex behavior of the NSCLC gene-regulatory interactions. We have used eight NSCLC microarray datasets GSE19188, GSE118370, GSE10072, GSE101929, GSE7670, GSE33532, GSE31547, and GSE31210 and meta-analyzed them to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and further constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. We analyzed its topological properties and identified significant modules of the PPI network using cytoscape network analyzer and MCODE plug-in. From the PPI network, top ten genes of each of the six topological properties like closeness centrality, maximal clique centrality (MCC), Maximum Neighborhood Component (MNC), radiality, EPC (Edge Percolated Component) and bottleneck were considered for key regulator identification. We further compared them with top ten hub genes (those with the highest degrees) to find key regulator (KR) genes. We found that two genes, CDK1 and HSP90AA1, were common in the analysis suggesting a significant regulatory role of CDK1 and HSP90AA1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Our study using a network theoretical approach, as a summary, suggests CDK1 and HSP90AA1 as key regulator genes in complex NSCLC network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samriddhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Aman Soni
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sali Abubaker Bagabir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malini Bhattacharyya
- Department of Environmental Plant Biology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, Garhwal Central University, Srinagar 246174, India;
| | - Atreyee Mukherjee
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustfa F. Alkhanani
- Emergency Service Department, College of Applied Sciences, Al Maarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Görükle Campus, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Ashwini Kumar Ray
- Department of Environmental Studies, University Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (A.K.R.); (M.Z.M.)
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.R.); (M.Z.M.)
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21
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Wang M, Hu J, Qu J, Huang H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Li H, Cui X, Zhang F, Hu MY, Li J, Hu Y. The Therapeutic Roles of Recombinant Hsp90α on Cornea Epithelial Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:30. [PMID: 35201262 PMCID: PMC8883155 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic role of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in wound healing of injury cornea epithelium. Methods The right eye of C57BL/6N male mice were performed the debridement wounds in the center of the cornea using an algerbrush II blade. The injured area was determined by staining the cornea with fluorescein sodium and measured with image-J. Immunoblotting, ELISA and immunochemistry were used for determining protein expression. The quantitation PCR was performed to measure mRNA expression. Results Hsp90α is upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels, and is secreted extracellularly into the corneal stroma and tear film during the healing process after corneal injury in mice. This upregulation is associated with activation of HSF1. Administration of recombinant exogenous Hsp90α (eHsp90α) speeds up wound healing of injured corneal epithelium. The eHsp90α binds to low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-related protein-1 (LRP-1) on the corneal epithelial cells and increases phosphorylation of AKT at S473, which is associated with proliferation and migration corneal epithelial cells in vitro or vivo. Inhibition of AKT by its inhibitor LY294002 abolishes eHsp90α-induced migration and proliferation of corneal epithelial cells. Conclusions Hsp90α is upregulated and secreted after corneal injury and acts to promote the healing process. Recombinant Hsp90α may be a promising therapeutic drug candidate for corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jialin Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junwei Qu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huili Huang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiukun Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Yue Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory for Cataract and Myopia, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Štorkánová H, Oreská S, Špiritović M, Heřmánková B, Bubová K, Kryštůfková O, Mann H, Komarc M, Slabý K, Pavelka K, Šenolt L, Zámečník J, Vencovský J, Tomčík M. Hsp90 Levels in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Their Association With Muscle Involvement and Disease Activity: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811045. [PMID: 35154129 PMCID: PMC8832010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are chaperones playing essential roles in skeletal muscle physiology, adaptation to exercise or stress, and activation of inflammatory cells. We aimed to assess Hsp90 in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and its association with IIM-related features. Methods Hsp90 plasma levels were analyzed in a cross-sectional cohort (277 IIM patients and 157 healthy controls [HC]) and two longitudinal cohorts to assess the effect of standard-of-care pharmacotherapy (n=39 in early disease and n=23 in established disease). Hsp90 and selected cytokines/chemokines were measured by commercially available ELISA and human Cytokine 27-plex Assay. Results Hsp90 plasma levels were increased in IIM patients compared to HC (median [IQR]: 20.2 [14.3–40.1] vs 9.8 [7.5–13.8] ng/mL, p<0.0001). Elevated Hsp90 was found in IIM patients with pulmonary, cardiac, esophageal, and skeletal muscle involvement, with higher disease activity or damage, and with elevated muscle enzymes and crucial cytokines/chemokines involved in the pathogenesis of myositis (p<0.05 for all). Plasma Hsp90 decreased upon pharmacological treatment in both patients with early and established disease. Notably, Hsp90 plasma levels were slightly superior to traditional biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and creatine kinase, in differentiating IIM from HC, and IIM patients with cardiac involvement and interstitial lung disease from those without these manifestations. Conclusions Hsp90 is increased systemically in patients with IIM. Plasma Hsp90 could become an attractive soluble biomarker of disease activity and damage and a potential predictor of treatment response in IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Štorkánová
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sabína Oreská
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Maja Špiritović
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Heřmánková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristýna Bubová
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Olga Kryštůfková
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Heřman Mann
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Komarc
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kryštof Slabý
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Zámečník
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Tomčík
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Rheumatology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Michal Tomčík,
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Radiofrequency Irradiation Mitigated UV-B-Induced Skin Pigmentation by Increasing Lymphangiogenesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020454. [PMID: 35056769 PMCID: PMC8780734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dermal macrophages containing melanin increase skin pigmentation since dermal melanin removal is slower than epidermal melanin removal. Lymphatic vessels are also involved in melanin clearance. We evaluated whether radiofrequency (RF) irradiation induced an increase in HSP90, which promotes lymphangiogenesis by activating the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway and decreasing tyrosinase activity, in the UV-B exposed animal model. The HSP90/BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway was upregulated by RF. Tyrosinase activity and the VEGF-C/VEGFR 3/PI3K/pAKT1/2/pERK1/2 pathway, which increase lymphangiogenesis, as well as the expression of the lymphatic endothelial marker LYVE-1, were increased by RF. Additionally, the number of melanin-containing dermal macrophages, the melanin content in the lymph nodes, and melanin deposition in the skin were decreased by RF. In conclusion, RF increased HSP90/BRAF/MEK/ERK expression, which decreased tyrosinase activity and increased lymphangiogenesis to eventually promote the clearance of dermal melanin-containing macrophages, thereby decreasing skin pigmentation.
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Extracellular HSP90α Induces MyD88-IRAK Complex-Associated IKKα/β-NF-κB/IRF3 and JAK2/TYK2-STAT-3 Signaling in Macrophages for Tumor-Promoting M2-Polarization. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020229. [PMID: 35053345 PMCID: PMC8774043 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
M2-polarization and the tumoricidal to tumor-promoting transition are commonly observed with tumor-infiltrating macrophages after interplay with cancer cells or/and other stroma cells. Our previous study indicated that macrophage M2-polarization can be induced by extracellular HSP90α (eHSP90α) secreted from endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts. To extend the finding, we herein validated that eHSP90α-induced M2-polarized macrophages exhibited a tumor-promoting activity and the promoted tumor tissues had significant increases in microvascular density but decreases in CD4+ T-cell level. We further investigated the signaling pathways occurring in eHSP90α-stimulated macrophages. When macrophages were exposed to eHSP90α, CD91 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) functioned as the receptor/co-receptor for eHSP90α binding to recruit interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and next elicited a canonical CD91/MyD88-IRAK1/4-IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling pathway. Despite TLR4-MyD88 complex-associated activations of IKKα/β, NF-κB and IRF3 being well-known as involved in macrophage M1-activation, our results demonstrated that the CD91-TLR4-MyD88 complex-associated IRAK1/4-IKKα/β-NF-κB/IRF3 pathway was not only directly involved in M2-associated CD163, CD204, and IL-10 gene expressions but also required for downregulation of M1 inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) were recruited onto MyD88 to induce the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3). The JAK2/TYK2-STAT-3 signaling is known to associate with tumor promotion. In this study, the MyD88-JAK2/TYK2-STAT-3 pathway was demonstrated to contribute to eHSP90α-induced macrophage M2-polarization by regulating the expressions of M1- and M2-related genes, proangiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor, and phagocytosis-interfering factor Sec22b.
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25
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HSP90 as a regulator of extracellular matrix dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2611-2625. [PMID: 34913470 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and organised extracellular network assembled from proteins and carbohydrates exported from the cell. The ECM is critical for multicellular life, providing spatial and temporal cellular cues to maintain tissue homeostasis. Consequently, ECM production must be carefully balanced with turnover to ensure homeostasis; ECM dysfunction culminates in disease. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone central to protein homeostasis, including in the ECM. Intracellular and extracellular Hsp90 isoforms collaborate to regulate the levels and status of proteins in the ECM via multiple mechanisms. In so doing, Hsp90 regulates ECM dynamics, and changes in Hsp90 levels or activity support the development of ECM-related diseases, like cancer and fibrosis. Consequently, Hsp90 levels may have prognostic value, while inhibition of Hsp90 may have therapeutic potential in conditions characterised by ECM dysfunction.
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26
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Poggio P, Sorge M, Seclì L, Brancaccio M. Extracellular HSP90 Machineries Build Tumor Microenvironment and Boost Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:735529. [PMID: 34722515 PMCID: PMC8551675 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.735529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP90 is released by cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment where it associates with different co-chaperones generating complexes with specific functions, ranging from folding and activation of extracellular clients to the stimulation of cell surface receptors. Emerging data indicate that these functions are essential for tumor growth and progression. The understanding of the exact composition of extracellular HSP90 complexes and the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their functions in the tumor microenvironment may represent the first step to design innovative diagnostic tools and new effective therapies. Here we review the impact of extracellular HSP90 complexes on cancer cell signaling and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Poggio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Sorge
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Seclì
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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27
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The role of heat shock proteins in neoplastic processes and the research on their importance in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 25:73-79. [PMID: 34667432 PMCID: PMC8506434 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2021.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones with highly conservative primary structure, necessary in the processes of protein folding to the most energetically advantageous conformation and maintaining their stability. HSPs perform a number of important functions in various cellular processes and are capable of modulating pathophysiological conditions at the cellular and systemic levels. An example is the high level of HSP expression in neoplastic tissues, which disrupts the apoptosis of transformed cells and promotes the processes of proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, an increasing amount of information is appearing about the participation of HSPs in the formation of multidrug resistance.This paper provides a review of the current state of research on the fundamental importance as well as the diagnostic and prognostic role of various classes of HSP in cancer treatment. It presents the prospects for using HSPs as biological markers of disease progression and targets in various cancer treatment strategies. However, the need for additional research is quite high. Only numerous joint efforts of research groups will allow the effective use of HSPs as a tool to combat cancer.
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Extracellular Hsp90α Promotes Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147747. [PMID: 34299365 PMCID: PMC8305043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and discovery of new therapeutic targets are urgently needed to improve the breast cancer treatment outcome. Here we conducted an official clinical trial with cross-validation to corroborate human plasma Hsp90α as a novel breast cancer biomarker. Importantly, similar results were noticed in detecting early-stage breast cancer patients. Additionally, levels of plasma Hsp90α in breast cancer patients were gradually elevated as their clinical stages of regional lymph nodes advanced. In orthotopic breast cancer mouse models, administrating with recombinant Hsp90α protein increased both the primary tumor lymphatic vessel density and sentinel lymph node metastasis by 2 and 10 times, respectively. What is more, Hsp90α neutralizing antibody treatment approximately reduced 70% of lymphatic vessel density and 90% of sentinel lymph node metastasis. In the in vitro study, we demonstrated the role of extracellular Hsp90α (eHsp90α) as a pro-lymphangiogenic factor, which significantly enhanced migration and tube formation abilities of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Mechanistically, eHsp90α signaled to the AKT pathway through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) to upregulate the expression and secretion of CXCL8 in the lymphangiogenic process. Collectively, this study proves that plasma Hsp90α serves as an auxiliary diagnosis biomarker and eHsp90α as a molecular mediator promoting lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer.
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29
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Weidenauer L, Quadroni M. Phosphorylation in the Charged Linker Modulates Interactions and Secretion of Hsp90β. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071701. [PMID: 34359868 PMCID: PMC8304327 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90β is a major chaperone involved in numerous cellular processes. Hundreds of client proteins depend on Hsp90β for proper folding and/or activity. Regulation of Hsp90β is critical to coordinate its tasks and is mediated by several post-translational modifications. Here, we focus on two phosphorylation sites located in the charged linker region of human Hsp90β, Ser226 and Ser255, which have been frequently reported but whose function remains unclear. Targeted measurements by mass spectrometry indicated that intracellular Hsp90β is highly phosphorylated on both sites (>90%). The level of phosphorylation was unaffected by various stresses (e.g., heat shock, inhibition with drugs) that impact Hsp90β activity. Mutating the two serines to alanines increased the amount of proteins interacting with Hsp90β globally and increased the sensitivity to tryptic cleavage in the C-terminal domain. Further investigation revealed that phosphorylation on Ser255 and to a lesser extent on Ser226 is decreased in the conditioned medium of cultured K562 cells, and that a non-phosphorylatable double alanine mutant was secreted more efficiently than the wild type. Overall, our results show that phosphorylation events in the charged linker regulate both the interactions of Hsp90β and its secretion, through changes in the conformation of the chaperone.
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Štorkánová H, Štorkánová L, Navrátilová A, Bečvář V, Hulejová H, Oreská S, Heřmánková B, Špiritović M, Bečvář R, Pavelka K, Vencovský J, Distler JHW, Šenolt L, Tomčík M. Inhibition of Hsp90 Counteracts the Established Experimental Dermal Fibrosis Induced by Bleomycin. Biomedicines 2021; 9:650. [PMID: 34200311 PMCID: PMC8226767 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is overexpressed in the involved skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and in experimental dermal fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 prevented the stimulatory effects of transforming growth factor-beta on collagen synthesis and the development of dermal fibrosis in three preclinical models of SSc. In the next step of the preclinical analysis, herein, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), in the treatment of established experimental dermal fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Treatment with 17-DMAG demonstrated potent antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties: it decreased dermal thickening, collagen content, myofibroblast count, expression of transforming growth factor beta receptors, and pSmad3-positive cell counts, as well as leukocyte infiltration and systemic levels of crucial cytokines/chemokines involved in the pathogenesis of SSc, compared to vehicle-treated mice. 17-DMAG effectively prevented further progression and may induce regression of established bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis to an extent comparable to nintedanib. These findings provide further evidence of the vital role of Hsp90 in the pathophysiology of SSc and characterize it as a potential target for the treatment of fibrosis with translational implications due to the availability of several Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trials for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Štorkánová
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Štorkánová
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
| | - Adéla Navrátilová
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Bečvář
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
| | - Hana Hulejová
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
| | - Sabína Oreská
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Heřmánková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Maja Špiritović
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Radim Bečvář
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg H. W. Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ladislav Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tomčík
- Institute of Rheumatology, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (L.Š.); (A.N.); (V.B.); (H.H.); (S.O.); (M.Š.); (R.B.); (K.P.); (J.V.); (L.Š.)
- Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhang S, Wang C, Ma B, Xu M, Xu S, Liu J, Tian Y, Fu Y, Luo Y. Mutant p53 Drives Cancer Metastasis via RCP-Mediated Hsp90α Secretion. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107879. [PMID: 32640214 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant p53 (mutp53) loses its tumor suppressor properties but gains oncogenic functions of driving malignancy. However, it remains largely unknown how mutp53 drives cancer metastasis. Here, we show that wild-type p53 (WTp53) suppresses the secretion of heat shock protein 90-alpha (Hsp90α), whereas mutp53 enhances Hsp90α vesicular trafficking and exosome-mediated secretion. Long-term delivery of an antibody that blocks extracellular Hsp90α (eHsp90α) function extends the survival of p53-/- mice and attenuates the invasiveness of p53 mutant tumors. Furthermore, mass spectrometry and functional analysis identified a critical role for Rab coupling protein (RCP) in mutp53-induced Hsp90α secretion. RCP knockdown decreases eHsp90α levels and inhibits malignant progression. Notably, recombinant Hsp90α re-introduction markedly rescues the impaired migration and invasion abilities caused by RCP depletion. Taken together, these findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which mutp53 executes oncogenic activities via its downstream RCP-mediated Hsp90α secretion and a strategy to treat human cancers expressing mutp53 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaosen Zhang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Xu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siran Xu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhao Q, Miao C, Lu Q, Wu W, He Y, Wu S, Liu H, Lian C. Clinical Significance of Monitoring Circulating Free DNA and Plasma Heat Shock Protein 90alpha in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2223-2234. [PMID: 33707971 PMCID: PMC7943328 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s295927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant histological type of esophageal cancer in China and has an extremely poor prognosis. Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) and plasma heat shock protein 90alpha (Hsp90a) are two novel noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostic prediction of several types of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the roles of the two biomarkers in ESCC are still unknown. Methods Here, we recruited 93 primary ESCC patients and detected plasma concentrations of the two markers at different time points, including 1-3 days pre-chemotherapy, 1-7 days pre-surgery and 7-14 days post-surgery. Baseline concentrations of the two markers were associated with main characteristics of ESCC patients which were collected at first diagnosis. Correlation between the two markers and traditional serum biomarkers at baseline was also examined. Furthermore, dynamic changes of the cfDNA and Hsp90α concentrations among different time points and the potential clinical significance were assessed. Results Consequently, there was no significant association between baseline concentrations of the two markers and clinical features. Especially, cfDNA demonstrated stronger correlation with other circulating biomarkers than Hsp90α at baseline level. Importantly, both cfDNA and Hsp90α concentrations were significantly increased after surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that a change in concentration of cfDNA (ΔcfDNA) but not Hsp90α (ΔHSP90ɑ) between pre-surgery and post-surgery had significant effect on the overall survival of surgical patients with ESCC. Conclusion Thus, ΔcfDNA evaluation could be a promising prognostic marker for surgical ESCC patients. Our findings may improve the understanding of the function of cfDNA and Hsp90α in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Congxiu Miao
- Department of Science and Technology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpu Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxin Wu
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Lian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Edkins AL, Boshoff A. General Structural and Functional Features of Molecular Chaperones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:11-73. [PMID: 34569020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a group of structurally diverse and highly conserved ubiquitous proteins. They play crucial roles in facilitating the correct folding of proteins in vivo by preventing protein aggregation or facilitating the appropriate folding and assembly of proteins. Heat shock proteins form the major class of molecular chaperones that are responsible for protein folding events in the cell. This is achieved by ATP-dependent (folding machines) or ATP-independent mechanisms (holders). Heat shock proteins are induced by a variety of stresses, besides heat shock. The large and varied heat shock protein class is categorised into several subfamilies based on their sizes in kDa namely, small Hsps (HSPB), J domain proteins (Hsp40/DNAJ), Hsp60 (HSPD/E; Chaperonins), Hsp70 (HSPA), Hsp90 (HSPC), and Hsp100. Heat shock proteins are localised to different compartments in the cell to carry out tasks specific to their environment. Most heat shock proteins form large oligomeric structures, and their functions are usually regulated by a variety of cochaperones and cofactors. Heat shock proteins do not function in isolation but are rather part of the chaperone network in the cell. The general structural and functional features of the major heat shock protein families are discussed, including their roles in human disease. Their function is particularly important in disease due to increased stress in the cell. Vector-borne parasites affecting human health encounter stress during transmission between invertebrate vectors and mammalian hosts. Members of the main classes of heat shock proteins are all represented in Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of cerebral malaria, and they play specific functions in differentiation, cytoprotection, signal transduction, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda/Grahamstown, South Africa.
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Pavlakis E, Neumann M, Stiewe T. Extracellular Vesicles: Messengers of p53 in Tumor-Stroma Communication and Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249648. [PMID: 33348923 PMCID: PMC7766631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression to a metastatic and ultimately lethal stage relies on a tumor-supporting microenvironment that is generated by reciprocal communication between tumor and stromal host cells. The tumor–stroma crosstalk is instructed by the genetic alterations of the tumor cells—the most frequent being mutations in the gene Tumor protein p53 (TP53) that are clinically correlated with metastasis, drug resistance and poor patient survival. The crucial mediators of tumor–stroma communication are tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), in particular exosomes, which operate both locally within the primary tumor and in distant organs, at pre-metastatic niches as the future sites of metastasis. Here, we review how wild-type and mutant p53 proteins control the secretion, size, and especially the RNA and protein cargo of tumor-derived EVs. We highlight how EVs extend the cell-autonomous tumor suppressive activity of wild-type p53 into the tumor microenvironment (TME), and how mutant p53 proteins switch EVs into oncogenic messengers that reprogram tumor–host communication within the entire organism so as to promote metastatic tumor cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Pavlakis
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University, 35034 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Michelle Neumann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University, 35034 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University, 35034 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.); (M.N.)
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University, 35034 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma heat shock protein 90alpha in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107145. [PMID: 33162344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of plasma heat shock protein 90alpha (Hsp90α) in gastric cancers remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma Hsp90α in gastric cancer. METHODS Data regarding 976 gastric cancer, 50 gastric inflammatory diseases, and 100 healthy controls were collected. Plasma Hsp90α levels in gastric cancer were compared to those in controls. Its correlation with tumor biomarkers and immune cells was examined. The association of plasma Hsp90α with clinical features and the diagnostic and prognostic value in gastric cancer were also determined. RESULTS Plasma Hsp90α levels were remarkably increased in gastric cancer, compared to those in gastric inflammatory diseases and healthy controls. Moreover, plasma Hsp90α was correlated with CEA, CA125, CA153, CA199, T cells, Th/Ts ratio, and B cells. Plasma Hsp90α was also associated with the metastasis stage. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Hsp90α, B cells, and T cells were significantly associated with gastric cancer. Plasma Hsp90α has a moderate diagnostic value, which increased when combined with B cell, T cells. Finally, plasma Hsp90α was not associated with the survival of gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSION Plasma Hsp90α was elevated in gastric cancer and correlated with tumor biomarkers and immune cells. Plasma Hsp90α was associated with the metastasis stage and had moderate diagnostic performance but little prognostic value in gastric cancer.
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36
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Baker-Williams AJ, Hashmi F, Budzyński MA, Woodford MR, Gleicher S, Himanen SV, Makedon AM, Friedman D, Cortes S, Namek S, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Bratslavsky G, Bah A, Mollapour M, Sistonen L, Bourboulia D. Co-chaperones TIMP2 and AHA1 Competitively Regulate Extracellular HSP90:Client MMP2 Activity and Matrix Proteolysis. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1894-1906.e6. [PMID: 31412254 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (eHSP90) stabilizes protease client the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), leading to tumor cell invasion. Although co-chaperones are critical modulators of intracellular HSP90:client function, how the eHSP90:MMP2 complex is regulated remains speculative. Here, we report that the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) is a stress-inducible extracellular co-chaperone that binds to eHSP90, increases eHSP90 binding to ATP, and inhibits its ATPase activity. In addition to disrupting the eHSP90:MMP2 complex and terminally inactivating MMP2, TIMP2 loads the client to eHSP90, keeping the protease in a transient inhibitory state. Secreted activating co-chaperone AHA1 displaces TIMP2 from the complex, providing a "reactivating" mechanism for MMP2. Gene knockout or blocking antibodies targeting TIMP2 and AHA1 released by HT1080 cancer cells modify their gelatinolytic activity. Our data suggest that TIMP2 and AHA1 co-chaperones function as a molecular switch that determines the inhibition and reactivation of the eHSP90 client protein MMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Baker-Williams
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Fiza Hashmi
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marek A Budzyński
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Stephanie Gleicher
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Samu V Himanen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alan M Makedon
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Derek Friedman
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; College of Medicine, MD Program, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Stephanie Cortes
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; College of Medicine, MD Program, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sara Namek
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Alaji Bah
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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You X, Zhang Y, Long Q, Liu Z, Feng Z, Zhang W, Teng Z, Zeng Y. Does single gene expression omnibus data mining analysis apply for only tumors and not mental illness? A preliminary study on bipolar disorder based on bioinformatics methodology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21989. [PMID: 32871949 PMCID: PMC7458177 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD), a common kind of mood disorder with frequent recurrence, high rates of additional comorbid conditions and poor compliance, has an unclear pathogenesis. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database is a gene expression database created and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Researchers can download expression data online for bioinformatics analysis, especially for cancer research. However, there is little research on the use of such bioinformatics analysis methodologies for mental illness by downloading differential expression data from the GEO database. METHODS Publicly available data were downloaded from the GEO database (GSE12649, GSE5388 and GSE5389), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted by using the online tool GEO2R. A Venn diagram was used to screen out common DEGs between postmortem brain tissues and normal tissues. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed by using Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses, respectively. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed to identify hub genes. RESULTS A total of 289 DEGs were found, among which 5 of 10 hub genes [HSP90AA1, HSP90AB 1, UBE2N, UBE3A, and CUL1] were identified as susceptibility genes whose expression was downregulated. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that variations in these 5 hub genes were obviously enriched in protein folding, protein polyubiquitination, apoptotic process, protein binding, the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathway. These findings strongly suggested that HSP90AA1, UBE3A, and CUL 1, which had large areas under the curve in receiver operator curves (P < .05), were potential diagnostic markers for BD. CONCLUSION Although there are 3 hub genes [HSP90AA1, UBE3A, and CUL 1] that are tightly correlated with the occurrence of BD, mainly based on routine bioinformatics methods for cancer-related disease, the feasibility of applying this single GEO bioinformatics approach for mental illness is questionable, given the significant differences between mental illness and cancer-related diseases.
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Zhang Y, Ni L, Li Q, Li M, Zhu J, Zhang F, Gu K. Diagnostic, clinicopathologic, therapeutic and prognostic value of Plasma Heat Shock Protein 90 levels in patients with advanced Gastrointestinal Carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:5890-5899. [PMID: 32922531 PMCID: PMC7477406 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a critical molecular chaperone for protein folding, intracellular disposition and regulation of tumor biological behavior in the extracellular space. HSP90 has received much attention due to its specific effect in gastrointestinal cancer. This clinical study sought to determine whether HSP90 in plasma may serve as a biomarker in patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma. Methods: Using human plasma samples of advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma, we investigated the specific value of HSP90 in gastrointestinal cancer from a clinical perspective. Results: In summary, plasma levels of HSP90 were shown to be higher in patients with gastric cancer (GC) or colorectal cancer (CRC) than in controls with benign gastrointestinal diseases. In both GC and CRC patients, HSP90 was significantly associated with live metastasis. Higher HSP90 levels were more frequent in CRC patients with hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption habits. Patients with RAS mutations had higher HSP90 levels in CRC. Compared with Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), HSP90 benefited patients by enhancing diagnostic sensitivity and the Youden index. The levels of HSP90 were inversely associated with short-term efficacy in GC patients who had received fluorouracil/platinum-based advanced first-line treatment. When first-line therapy failed, plasma HSP90 levels in patients with GC were significantly increased. In terms of progression-free survival (PFS), patients with GC or CRC who had low levels of HSP90 were not significantly different from those with high levels of HSP90. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that HSP90 was not an independent prognostic predictor for GC and CRC patients with PFS. However, RAS mutation was an independent prognostic factor for poor PFS in CRC patients. Conclusions: Plasma HSP90 levels have potential diagnostic value in advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma and therapeutic predictive value in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Longgang Ni
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Dongfang Cancer Hospital, Huainan, Anhui, 232000, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Medical Psychology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Jiejie Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Kangsheng Gu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P. R. China
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Sanchez-Martin C, Serapian SA, Colombo G, Rasola A. Dynamically Shaping Chaperones. Allosteric Modulators of HSP90 Family as Regulatory Tools of Cell Metabolism in Neoplastic Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1177. [PMID: 32766157 PMCID: PMC7378685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have recently emerged as fundamental regulators of salient biological routines, including metabolic adaptations to environmental changes. Yet, many of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their functions are still unknown or at least uncertain. This is in part due to the lack of chemical tools that can interact with the chaperones to induce measurable functional perturbations. In this context, the use of small molecules as modulators of protein functions has proven relevant for the investigation of a number of biomolecular systems. Herein, we focus on the functions, interactions and signaling pathways of the HSP90 family of molecular chaperones as possible targets for the discovery of new molecular entities aimed at tuning their activity and interactions. HSP90 and its mitochondrial paralog, TRAP1, regulate the activity of crucial metabolic circuitries, making cells capable of efficiently using available energy sources, with relevant implications both in healthy conditions and in a variety of disease states and especially cancer. The design of small-molecules targeting the chaperone cycle of HSP90 and able to inhibit or stimulate the activity of the protein can provide opportunities to finely dissect their biochemical activities and to obtain lead compounds to develop novel, mechanism-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
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MMPs, tyrosine kinase signaling and extracellular matrix proteolysis in kidney cancer. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:316-321. [PMID: 32487351 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have ∼12% chance for 5-year survival. The integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds tumor cells influences their behavior and, when disturbed, it could facilitate local invasion and spread of tumor cells to distant sites. The interplay between von Hippel-Lindau/hypoxia inducible factor signaling axis and activated kinase networks results in aberrant ECM and tumor progression. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes implicated in ECM remodeling, tumor angiogenesis, and immune cell infiltration. Understanding the cross-talk between kinase signaling and ECM proteolysis in RCC could provide insights into developing drugs that interfere specifically with the process of invasion. In this review, we discuss changes in the MMPs/ECM axis in RCC, prominent kinase signaling pathways implicated in MMPs induction, and comment on emerging extracellular regulatory networks that modulate MMPs activity.
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Nouri-Vaskeh M, Alizadeh L, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Mokhtarzadeh A, Halimi M, Baradaran B. The role of HSP90 molecular chaperones in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9110-9120. [PMID: 32452023 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins have enhanced formation of toxic oligomers and nonfunctional protein copies lead to recruiting wild-type protein types. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone generated by cells that are involved in many cellular functions through regulation of folding and/or localization of large multi-protein complexes as well as client proteins. HSP90 can regulate a number of different cellular processes including cell proliferation, motility, angiogenesis, signal transduction, and adaptation to stress. HSP90 makes the mutated oncoproteins able to avoid misfolding and degradation and permits the malignant transformation. As a result, HSP90 is an important factor in several signaling pathways associated with tumorigenicity, therapy resistance, and inhibiting apoptosis. Clinically, the upregulation of HSP90 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is linked with advanced stages and inappropriate survival in cases suffering from this kind of cancer. The present review comprehensively assesses HSP90 functions and its possible usefulness as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic option for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nouri-Vaskeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Monireh Halimi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jafari A, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Taranejoo S, Zali H. HSP90 and Co-chaperones: Impact on Tumor Progression and Prospects for Molecular-Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:310-328. [PMID: 32274949 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1752227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a highly and unique chaperone, presents as a double-edged sword. It plays an essential role in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumor development. The current review highlights a recent understanding of the roles of HSP90 in molecular mechanisms underlying cancer survival and progression. HSP90 and its client proteins through the regulation of oncoproteins including signaling proteins, receptors, and transcriptional factors involved in tumorigenesis. It also has potential clinical application as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for assessing cancer progression. In this way, using HSP90 to develop new anticancer therapeutic agents including HSP90 inhibitors, anti-HSP90 antibody, and HSP90-based vaccines has been promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Proteomics Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahrouz Taranejoo
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue engineering and applied cell, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Presence of HPV DNA in extracellular vesicles from HeLa cells and cervical samples. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 38:159-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Taldone T, Wang T, Rodina A, Pillarsetty NVK, Digwal CS, Sharma S, Yan P, Joshi S, Pagare PP, Bolaender A, Roboz GJ, Guzman ML, Chiosis G. A Chemical Biology Approach to the Chaperome in Cancer-HSP90 and Beyond. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a034116. [PMID: 30936118 PMCID: PMC6773535 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is often associated with alterations in the chaperome, a collection of chaperones, cochaperones, and other cofactors. Changes in the expression levels of components of the chaperome, in the interaction strength among chaperome components, alterations in chaperome constituency, and in the cellular location of chaperome members, are all hallmarks of cancer. Here we aim to provide an overview on how chemical biology has played a role in deciphering such complexity in the biology of the chaperome in cancer and in other diseases. The focus here is narrow and on pathologic changes in the chaperome executed by enhancing the interaction strength between components of distinct chaperome pathways, specifically between those of HSP90 and HSP70 pathways. We will review chemical tools and chemical probe-based assays, with a focus on HSP90. We will discuss how kinetic binding, not classical equilibrium binding, is most appropriate in the development of drugs and probes for the chaperome in disease. We will then present our view on how chaperome inhibitors may become potential drugs and diagnostics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Tai Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Anna Rodina
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | | | - Chander S Digwal
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Pengrong Yan
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alexander Bolaender
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gail J Roboz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Leukemia Program, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Leukemia Program, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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45
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Gao C, Peng YN, Wang HZ, Fang SL, Zhang M, Zhao Q, Liu J. Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90 as a Novel Platform for the Treatment of Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:849-855. [PMID: 31244417 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190503145944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an essential role in various physiological and pathological processes. It activates client proteins to participate in tumor progression. Blocking Hsp90 could enable effective antitumor effects in many tumor types, such as multiple myeloma and colon cancer. Recently, it has motivated an interest in Hsp90 inhibitors that bind to the N-terminal or C-terminal ATP pocket as antitumor drugs. We reviewed the data from experimental and clinical trials on Hsp90 inhibitors in the treatment of different malignancies to explore and summarize their antitumor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Lin Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
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46
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Scieglinska D, Krawczyk Z, Sojka DR, Gogler-Pigłowska A. Heat shock proteins in the physiology and pathophysiology of epidermal keratinocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:1027-1044. [PMID: 31734893 PMCID: PMC6882751 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a large group of highly evolutionary conserved proteins, are considered to be main elements of the cellular proteoprotection system. HSPs are encoded by genes activated during the exposure of cells to proteotoxic factors, as well as by genes that are expressed constitutively under physiological conditions. HSPs, having properties of molecular chaperones, are involved in controlling/modulation of multiple cellular and physiological processes. In the presented review, we summarize the current knowledge on HSPs in the biology of epidermis, the outer skin layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium. This tissue has a vital barrier function preventing from dehydratation due to passive diffusion of water out of the skin, and protecting from infection and other environmental insults. We focused on HSPB1 (HSP27), HSPA1 (HSP70), HSPA2, and HSPC (HSP90), because only these HSPs have been studied in the context of physiology and pathophysiology of the epidermis. The analysis of literature data shows that HSPB1 plays a role in the regulation of final steps of keratinization; HSPA1 is involved in the cytoprotection, HSPA2 contributes to the early steps of keratinocyte differentiation, while HSPC is essential in the re-epithelialization process. Since HSPs have diverse functions in various types of somatic tissues, in spite of multiple investigations, open questions still remain about detailed roles of a particular HSP isoform in the biology of epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Scieglinska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław Krawczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Damian Robert Sojka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gogler-Pigłowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
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47
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Biebl MM, Buchner J. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Hsp90 Machinery. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034017. [PMID: 30745292 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone involved in the maturation of a plethora of substrates ("clients"), including protein kinases, transcription factors, and E3 ubiquitin ligases, positioning Hsp90 as a central regulator of cellular proteostasis. Hsp90 undergoes large conformational changes during its ATPase cycle. The processing of clients by cytosolic Hsp90 is assisted by a cohort of cochaperones that affect client recruitment, Hsp90 ATPase function or conformational rearrangements in Hsp90. Because of the importance of Hsp90 in regulating central cellular pathways, strategies for the pharmacological inhibition of the Hsp90 machinery in diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration are being developed. In this review, we summarize recent structural and mechanistic progress in defining the function of organelle-specific and cytosolic Hsp90, including the impact of individual cochaperones on the maturation of specific clients and complexes with clients as well as ways of exploiting Hsp90 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Biebl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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48
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Liu W, Li J, Zhang P, Hou Q, Feng S, Liu L, Cui D, Shi H, Fu Y, Luo Y. A novel pan-cancer biomarker plasma heat shock protein 90alpha and its diagnosis determinants in clinic. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2941-2959. [PMID: 31343810 PMCID: PMC6726694 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and specific diagnosis biomarker, in principle scalable to most cancer types, is needed to reduce the prevalent cancer mortality. Meanwhile, the investigation of diagnosis determinants of a biomarker will facilitate the interpretation of its screening results in clinic. Here we design a large-scale (1558 enrollments), multicenter (multiple hospitals), and cross-validation (two datasets) clinic study to validate plasma Hsp90α quantified by ELISA as a pan-cancer biomarker. ROC curve shows the optimum diagnostic cutoff is 69.19 ng/mL in discriminating various cancer patients from all controls (AUC 0.895, sensitivity 81.33% and specificity 81.65% in test cohort; AUC 0.893, sensitivity 81.72% and specificity 81.03% in validation cohort). Similar results are noted in detecting early-stage cancer patients. Plasma Hsp90α maintains also broad-spectrum for cancer subtypes, especially with 91.78% sensitivity and 91.96% specificity in patients with AFP-limited liver cancer. In addition, we demonstrate levels of plasma Hsp90α are determined by ADAM10 expression, which will affect Hsp90α content in exosomes. Furthermore, Western blotting and PRM-based quantitative proteomics identify that partial false ELISA-negative patients secret high levels of plasma Hsp90α. Mechanism analysis reveal that TGFβ-PKCγ gene signature defines a distinct pool of hyperphosphorylated Hsp90α at Theronine residue. In clinic, a mechanistically relevant population of false ELISA-negative patients express also higher levels of PKCγ. In sum, plasma Hsp90α is a novel pan-cancer diagnosis biomarker, and cancer diagnosis with plasma Hsp90α is particularly effective in those patients with high expression of ADAM10, but may be insufficient to detect the patients with low ADAM10 and those with hyperphosphorylated Hsp90α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyun Hou
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Feng
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hubing Shi
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Fu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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49
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Huang L, Hu C, Chao H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Hou J, Xu Z, Lu H, Li H, Chen H. Drug-resistant endothelial cells facilitate progression, EMT and chemoresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via exosomes. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109385. [PMID: 31394194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent antitumor drug development has included investigation of a wide variety of anti-angiogenesis therapies. Because cancer cells in tumors require new blood vessels to grow and spread, they stimulate capillary proliferation from existing vessels as well as new vessel formation from endothelial precursor cells. Our previous findings suggested that drug resistance in mouse endothelial cells supported tumor growth, but the relationship between endothelial cells (ECs) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells remained unclear. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that are released by several cell types, including human microvascular ECs (HMECs). Exosomes carrying membrane and cytoplasmic constituents have been described as participants in a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the interactions between HMECs and NPC cells. We found that drug-resistant HMECs secreted small heterogeneous 40-100 nm vesicles, defined as exosomes. Co-incubation of NPC cells with doxorubicin-resistant (R-DOX) HMEC-derived exosomes resulted in promotion of their proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance, as well as changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. These effects were significantly inhibited by treatment with GW4869 (an exosome inhibitor). We also found that GW4869 inhibited the stimulation of drug-resistant HMECs on NPC progression by modulating EMT in vivo. These data suggest that exosomes participate in a novel mechanism by which drug-resistant ECs enhance NPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Chaoquan Hu
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Hui Chao
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - He Lu
- INSERM UMR_S 1165/Paris 7, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hong Li
- INSERM UMR_S 1165/Paris 7, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Cancer Center, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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50
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Tian Y, Wang C, Chen S, Liu J, Fu Y, Luo Y. Extracellular Hsp90α and clusterin synergistically promote breast cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis via LRP1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228213. [PMID: 31273033 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular heat shock protein 90 alpha (eHsp90α, also known as HSP90AA1) has been widely reported to promote tumor cell motility and tumor metastasis in various types of cancer. Several extracellular proteins and membrane receptors have been identified as interacting proteins of eHsp90α and mediate its pro-metastasis function. However, the regulatory mechanism of eHsp90α activity remains largely unknown. Here, we report that clusterin, a protein newly demonstrated to interact with eHsp90α, modulates eHsp90α signaling. We found that clusterin potentiated the effects of eHsp90α on activation of the AKT, ERK and NF-κB protein families, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, in vivo investigations demonstrated similar synergistic effects of eHsp90α and clusterin on tumor metastasis. Notably, the effects of eHsp90α and clusterin were mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that clusterin participated in eHsp90α-LRP1 complex formation, which enhanced the binding affinity of eHsp90α to LRP1. Collectively, our data establish a role of clusterin as a newly discovered modulator of eHsp90α, and unravel detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic metastasis-promoting effects of clusterin and eHsp90α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China
| | - Chunying Wang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China
| | - Yan Fu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Haidian district, 100084, China
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