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Vandenplas Y, Broekaert I, Domellöf M, Indrio F, Lapillonne A, Pienar C, Ribes-Koninckx C, Shamir R, Szajewska H, Thapar N, Thomassen RA, Verduci E, West C. An ESPGHAN Position Paper on the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Cow's Milk Allergy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:386-413. [PMID: 38374567 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
A previous guideline on cow's milk allergy (CMA) developed by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) was published in 2012. This position paper provides an update on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CMA with focus on gastrointestinal manifestations. All systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding prevalence, pathophysiology, symptoms, and diagnosis of CMA published after the previous ESPGHAN document were considered. Medline was searched from inception until May 2022 for topics that were not covered in the previous document. After reaching consensus on the manuscript, statements were formulated and voted on each of them with a score between 0 and 9. A score of ≥6 was arbitrarily considered as agreement. Available evidence on the role of dietary practice in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of CMA was updated and recommendations formulated. CMA in exclusively breastfed infants exists, but is uncommon and suffers from over-diagnosis. CMA is also over-diagnosed in formula and mixed fed infants. Changes in stool characteristics, feeding aversion, or occasional spots of blood in stool are common and in general should not be considered as diagnostic of CMA, irrespective of preceding consumption of cow's milk. Over-diagnosis of CMA occurs much more frequently than under-diagnosis; both have potentially harmful consequences. Therefore, the necessity of a challenge test after a short diagnostic elimination diet of 2-4 weeks is recommended as the cornerstone of the diagnosis. This position paper contains sections on nutrition, growth, cost, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Broekaert
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Flavia Indrio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alexandre Lapillonne
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
- CNRC, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Corina Pienar
- Department of Pediatrics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Carmen Ribes-Koninckx
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Lea and Arieh Pickel Chair for Pediatric Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Woolworths Centre for Child Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rut Anne Thomassen
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christina West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Pereira RN, Rodrigues RM, Madalena DA, Vicente A. Tackling food allergens-The role of food processing on proteins' allergenicity. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:317-351. [PMID: 37722777 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
This chapter examines how innovative and emerging food processing technologies, such as those that use heat, electricity, electromagnetic waves, and pressure, can modify protein denaturation, aggregation, and intermolecular interactions pathways, which can result in varying immunoreactive responses. It emphasizes the need to understand how these processing methods affect the protein epitopes recognized by antibodies and their respective priming pathways, especially during the sensitization stage that precedes an allergic response. Although traditional processing methods have been investigated, the impact of novel technologies on food protein allergenicity remains largely unknown. The chapter specifically focuses on milk proteins, which have clinical significance and are associated with cow's milk allergy, one of the most common food allergies in young children. Additionally, it examines potential scientific advancements that novel processing methods may bring to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo N Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Madalena
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Vicente
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Nocerino R, Coppola S, Carucci L, de Giovanni di Santa Severina AF, Oglio F, de Michele R, di Sessa I, Masino A, Bedogni G, Berni Canani R. The step-down approach in children with cow's milk allergy: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2023; 78:2477-2486. [PMID: 37087638 DOI: 10.1111/all.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Step-Down Approach for Cow's Milk Allergy (SDACMA) trial evaluated the tolerability and the rate of immune tolerance acquisition in CMA children starting dietary treatment with amino acid-based formula (AAF) and then switching to EHCF containing the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (EHCF + LGG). METHODS Randomized controlled trial involving IgE-mediated CMA children receiving AAF from at least 4 weeks. EHCF + LGG tolerance was evaluated by the results of double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). Subjects tolerating EHCF + LGG were randomly allocated to remain on AAF, or to switch to EHCF + LGG. Immune tolerance acquisition to cow's milk proteins was evaluated with DBPCFC after 12 months of treatment. Allergy screening tests and body growth were also monitored. RESULTS Sixty IgE-mediated CMA children were enrolled. The proportion of children treated with AAF who resulted tolerant to the first exposure of EHCF + LGG was 0.98 (exact 95% CI 0.91-0.99). The rate of the immune tolerance acquisition to cow milk proteins after 12 months treatment was higher in the EHCF + LGG (0.48, 95% exact CI 0.29-0.67, n/N = 14/29) than in the AAF group (0.03, 95% exact CI 0.001-0.17, n/N = 1/30). There was an absolute benefit increase (ABI) of tolerance rate equal to 0.45 (95% CI 0.23-0.63, Newcombe method 10) for EHCF + LGG versus AAF, corresponding to a NNT of 2 (2-4, Bender's method). A normal body growth pattern was observed in the two study groups. CONCLUSION In IgE-mediated CMA children the step-down from AAF to EHCF + LGG is well tolerated and could facilitate the immune tolerance acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Fiorenza de Giovanni di Santa Severina
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Oglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta de Michele
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria di Sessa
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Masino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Primary Health Care, Internal Medicine Unit addressed to Frailty and Aging, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Xiong Z, Wang W, Ma X, Zhang X, Wu Z, Yang A, Wu Y, Meng X, Chen H, Li X. Development of a Two-Step Hydrolysis Hypoallergenic Cow's Milk Formula and Evaluation of Residue Allergenicity by Peptidomics and Immunoreactivity Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12237-12249. [PMID: 37531557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is an abnormal immune response that severely affects the nutritional supplementation of allergic infants. Currently, only a limited number of hypoallergenic formulas are available on the market, and these are only categorized according to their degree of hydrolysis, which still poses an allergy risk and cannot be consumed by CMA patients, especially infants. To address this issue, we developed a two-step hydrolysis hypoallergenic formula targeting destruction of allergen epitope from whey protein. Then, a comprehensive evaluation system was constructed, including peptidomics analysis, in vivo and in vitro allergenicity assessments, revealing allergic changes in the product from the epitope structure level to the immunological level. The results showed that 97.14% of hydrolyzed peptides from α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin did not contain allergenic epitopes after treatment with trypsin and flavourzyme. In vitro and in vivo allergenicity assessment results confirmed that the two-step hydrolysis method effectively reduced the allergenicity of whey protein. Compared with the common milk powder, the hypoallergenic formula induced lower levels of basophil degranulation and relieved the body's anaphylactic symptoms caused by cow milk. This study provides a promising solution to the limited hypoallergenic formula problem and may benefit allergic infants who require nutritional supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yong Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Cui Q, Zhang Z, Li M, Zhou M, Sun X. Peptide profiles and allergy-reactivity of extensive hydrolysates of milk protein. Food Chem 2023; 411:135544. [PMID: 36701919 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is one of the major allergens in food. This study aimed to analyze the peptide profiles and potential allergenicity of the extensive hydrolysates of MPC (EMPHs) using the peptidomics approach. Results demonstrated that when the hydrolysis time was 4 h, the degree of hydrolysis of the four EMPHs (AX, Alcalase-Protamex), (AD, Alcalase-Protease A 2SD), (AE, Alcalase-Flavourzyme) and (AH, Alcalase-ProteAXH) were 12.45 %, 18.48 %, 18.87 % and 16.77 %, respectively. The results of size exclusion chromatography showed no significant difference, when the hydrolysis time exceeded 3 h. A total of 16 allergic peptides were identified in the EMPHs by LC-MS/MS. The peptide profiles and the coverage of master protein of the four EMPHs were different. The results of the enzyme-linked immunoassay and KU812 cell model showed that the allergenicity of the EMPHs samples was significantly reduced. This study provided strong support for the application of EMPHs in hypoallergenic formula foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cui
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Meiliang Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Man Zhou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Beidahuang Wandashan Dairy Co., Ltd, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150078, China.
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Hsu C, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, Marx F, Guldenpfennig R, de Godoy MRC. Standardized amino acid digestibility and protein quality in extruded canine diets containing hydrolyzed protein using a precision-fed rooster assay. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad289. [PMID: 37638674 PMCID: PMC10503644 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrolysate has become a choice of alternative protein source in canine diets as it showed greater digestibility, lower allergenic responses, and various functional properties when compared with intact proteins. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of hydrolyzed protein inclusion on amino acid digestibility and protein quality in extruded canine diets when compared with a traditional protein source for adult dogs. Five treatment diets were formulated to have similar compositions except for the main protein source. The control diet was formulated with chicken meal (CM) as the primary protein source. Test hydrolyzed proteins, chicken liver and heart hydrolysate (CLH) and chicken hydrolysate (CH) were used to partially or completely substitute CM. The diets were: CONd: CM (30%) diet; 5%CLHd: 5% CLH with 25% CM diet; CLHd: CLH (30%) diet; 5%CHd: 5% CH with 25% CM diet; CHd: CH (30%) diet. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine standardized amino acid digestibility for the ingredients and diets. In addition, Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated for the protein ingredients. All protein ingredients had higher than 80% of digestibility for all indispensable amino acids with no difference among sources (P > 0.05). From the DIAAS-like values referencing AAFCO nutrient profile for adult dogs, CLH and CH did not have any limiting amino acid; on the other hand, CM has a lower DIAAS-like value (93.3%) than CLH and CH (P < 0.05) with tryptophan being the first-limiting amino acid. The DIAAS-like values were often lower when the amino acid combinations methionine + cysteine and phenylalanine + tyrosine were included in the calculation. When referencing NRC recommended allowances and minimal requirements, methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for all protein sources. Amino acid digestibility was mostly above 80% and comparable among the treatment diets. Regarding the digestible indispensable amino acid concentrations in the diets, all of them met the AAFCO nutrient profile for adult dogs at maintenance. In conclusion, both protein hydrolysates were highly digestible, high-quality protein sources, and a full substitution from CM to protein hydrolysate could result in greater protein quality, according to the DIAAS-like values of the ingredients, when compared with CM in extruded canine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Hsu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Pamela L Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carl M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fabio Marx
- Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | | | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Cui Q, Duan Y, Zhang M, Liang S, Sun Y, Cheng J, Guo M. Peptide profiles and antioxidant capacity of extensive hydrolysates of milk protein concentrate. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7972-7985. [PMID: 36028349 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk protein concentrate was hydrolyzed using one-step enzymatic hydrolysis. Both the peptide profiles and antioxidant activities of the resulting extensive hydrolysates of milk protein concentrate (EMPH) were analyzed using a peptidomics approach based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that the degrees of hydrolysis of the 4 EMPH by Alcalase-Protamex, Alcalase-Protease A 2SD, Alcalase-Flavorzyme, and Alcalase-ProteAXH were 12.02%, 16.85%, 15.87%, and 15.77%, respectively. Using size exclusion chromatography, 99.85% of the peptides in the Alcalase-Protease A 2SD hydrolysate were shown to have a molecular weight of <3 kDa. A total of 33 common peptides were identified in the EMPH by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, 16 of which were identified as bioactive peptides using bioinformatics. The peptide profiles and the coverage of master proteins of the 4 EMPH were different. The EMPH also exhibited strong free radical scavenging capacity, as indicated by the results of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), hydroxyl radical, and reducing power assays. The results of this study provided useful information on the peptide profiles and antioxidant activity of EMPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cui
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuxia Liang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Jiangsu Daisy FSMP Co. Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Yuxue Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Mingruo Guo
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405.
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Clinical Effect of Standardized Dietary Avoidance Therapy on Children with Milk Protein Allergy and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3362374. [PMID: 35978994 PMCID: PMC9377903 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3362374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical effect of standardized dietary avoidance therapy on children with cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) and its effect on the intestinal flora. Methods The clinical data of 200 children with CMPA from our hospital from February 2020 to May 2021 were collected, and they were divided into a study group (n = 100) and a routine group (n = 100) based on different intervention modalities. The routine group received routine treatment, whereas the standardized dietary avoidance therapy was used in the study group. The clinical effects and related intestinal microflora indexes of the two groups were analyzed and compared. Results There was no significant difference in the incidence of related symptoms between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05), and the conditions of the two groups were improved after intervention. The incidences of skin (2%), digestive tract (3.00%), and respiratory tract (1.00%) in the study group were significantly lower than those in the routine group (14.00%, 18.00%, and 11.00%) (P > 0.05). The time taken for complete remission of symptoms and milk tolerance months in the study group (41.23 ± 23.68, 13.28 ± 6.17) were significantly shorter than those in the routine group (145.14 ± 66.74, 16.17 ± 8.05) (P > 0.05). The values of height, weight, and head circumference (HC) of children in the study group (79.88 ± 2.18, 11.09 ± 1.34, 47.88 ± 0.63) were higher than those in the routine group (76.21 ± 2.34, 9.81 ± 1.18, 45.98 ± 0.59) (P > 0.05). The levels of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus (9.95 ± 0.89, 11.31 ± 1.05) in the study group were higher than those in the routine group (9.11 ± 0.74, 10.38 ± 0.94), and the levels of yeast-like fungi in the study group (3.08 ± 0.24) were lower than those of the routine group (3.82 ± 0.31) (P > 0.05). Conclusion The standardized dietary avoidance therapy is remarkable in the treatment of CMPA, in which the children were able to tolerate ordinary milk earlier, and the intestinal flora was significantly improved, thereby promoting the growth and development of children. It therefore merits clinical promotion.
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Vandenplas Y, Ksiażyk J, Luna MS, Migacheva N, Picaud JC, Ramenghi LA, Singhal A, Wabitsch M. Partial Hydrolyzed Protein as a Protein Source for Infant Feeding: Do or Don't? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091720. [PMID: 35565688 PMCID: PMC9103110 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding until the age of six months is the recommended feeding method for all infants. However, this is not possible for every infant. Therefore, a second choice of feeding, as close as possible to the gold standard, is needed. For historical reasons, this has been cow’s-milk-based feeding. This paper discusses if this second-choice feeding method should contain intact protein or partially hydrolyzed proteins. The limited data available indicates that mother’s milk is relatively rich in bioactive peptides. Whether partially hydrolyzed protein might be a protein source closer to human milk protein content than intact cow’s milk needs further research. However, more research on protein and bioactive peptides in mother’s milk should be a priority for future scientific development in this field. Results of such research will also provide an answer to the question of which option would be the best second choice for infant feeding if sufficient breast milk is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussel, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-475748794
| | - Janusz Ksiażyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Manuel Sanchez Luna
- Neonatology Division and NICU, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañón”, Complutense University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Natalia Migacheva
- Department of Pediatrics, Samara State Medical University, 443084 Samara, Russia;
| | - Jean-Charles Picaud
- Department of Neonatology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F69677 Lyon, France;
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Claude Bernard University Lyon1, F69310 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Luca A. Ramenghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Atul Singhal
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, PPP Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
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10
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Vandenplas Y, Brough HA, Fiocchi A, Miqdady M, Munasir Z, Salvatore S, Thapar N, Venter C, Vieira MC, Meyer R. Current Guidelines and Future Strategies for the Management of Cow's Milk Allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1243-1256. [PMID: 34712052 PMCID: PMC8548055 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s276992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Exclusive breast feeding is recommended in all guidelines as the first choice feeding. Cow milk allergy (CMA) can be diagnosed by a diagnostic elimination diet for 2 to 4 weeks with a hypo-allergenic formula, followed by a challenge test with intact cow milk protein. The most often used hypo-allergenic formula for the diagnostic elimination diet and the therapeutic diet is a CM based extensive hydrolysate. CM-based partial hydrolysates cannot be recommended in the management of CMA because of insufficient efficacy and possible reactions, but about half of the infants with CMA may tolerate a partial hydrolysate. The pros and cons of other dietary options are discussed in this paper. The use of an amino acid-based formula and/or rice based hydrolysate formula during the diagnostic elimination and therapeutic diet is debated. When available, there is sufficient evidence to consider rice hydrolysates as an adequate alternative to CM-based hydrolysates, since some infants will still react to the CM hydrolysate. The pros and cons of dietary options such as soy formula, buckwheat, almond, pea or other plant based dietary products are discussed. Although the majority of the plant-based beverages are nutritionally inadequate, some are nutritionally adapted for toddlers. However, accessibility and content vary by country and, thus far there is insufficient evidence on the efficacy and tolerance of these plant-based drinks (except for soy formula and rice hydrolysates) to provide an opinion on them. Conclusion A diagnostic elimination diet, followed by a challenge remains the diagnostic standard. The use of an awareness tool may result in a decrease of delayed diagnosis. Breastmilk remains the ideal source of nutrition and when not available a CM extensively hydrolyzed formula, rice hydrolysate or amino acid formula should be recommended. More evidence is needed regarding plant-based drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helen A Brough
- Department Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Children's Allergy Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities Area, Division of Allergy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohamad Miqdady
- Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Khalifa, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zakiudin Munasir
- Department of Child Health, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital-Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Pediatric Department, Hospital "F. Del Ponte", University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carina Venter
- University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Mario C Vieira
- Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology -Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rosan Meyer
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
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11
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D’Auria E, Salvatore S, Acunzo M, Peroni D, Pendezza E, Di Profio E, Fiore G, Zuccotti GV, Verduci E. Hydrolysed Formulas in the Management of Cow's Milk Allergy: New Insights, Pitfalls and Tips. Nutrients 2021; 13:2762. [PMID: 34444922 PMCID: PMC8401609 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An allergy to cow's milk requires the avoidance of cow's milk proteins and, in some infants, the use of a hypoallergenic formula. This review aims to summarize the current evidence concerning different types of hydrolysed formulas (HF), and recommendations for the treatment of IgE- and non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy and functional gastrointestinal disorders in infancy, for which some dietary intervention and HF may be of benefit to both immune and motor mechanisms. Current guidelines recommend cow's milk protein (i.e., whey or casein) extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF) as the first choice for cow's milk allergy treatment, and amino acid formulas for more severe cases or those with reactions to eHF. Rice hydrolysed formulas (rHF) have also become available in recent years. Both eHF and rHF are well tolerated by the majority of children allergic to cow's milk, with no concerns regarding body growth or adverse effects. Some hydrolysates may have a pro-active effect in modulating the immune system due to the presence of small peptides and additional components, like biotics. Despite encouraging results on tolerance acquisition, evidence is still not conclusive, thus hampering our ability to draw firm conclusions. In clinical practice, the choice of hypoallergenic formula should be based on the infant's age, the severity, frequency and persistence of symptoms, immune phenotype, growth pattern, formula cost, and in vivo proof of tolerance and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza D’Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale “F. Del Ponte”, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Miriam Acunzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Diego Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Erica Pendezza
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (E.P.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (G.V.Z.); (E.V.)
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12
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Cui Q, Sun Y, Cheng J, Guo M. Effect of two-step enzymatic hydrolysis on the antioxidant properties and proteomics of hydrolysates of milk protein concentrate. Food Chem 2021; 366:130711. [PMID: 34343947 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Food protein and peptides are generally considered a source of dietary antioxidants. The antioxidant activity and peptide profiles of four extensive hydrolysates of milk protein concentrate (MPC) were examined using the two-step enzymatic method. The hydrolysis combinations were Alcalase-Flavourzyme (AE), Alcalase-ProteAXH (AH), Alcalase-Protamex (AX) and Alcalase-Protease A 2SD (AD). The results showed that highest degree of hydrolysis corresponded to the AE sample (20.41%). High-efficiency gel-filtration chromatography results indicated that the relative proportions of extensive hydrolysates with molecular weights < 3 kDa were 99.89%, 99.57%, 99.93%, and 99.89% for AX, AE, AD and AH, respectively. The hydrolysates of the MPC exhibited increased radical-scavenging capacity, as evidenced through an analysis with 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), reducing power and hydroxyl-radical scavenging activity testing. The main bioactive peptides were identified through EASY-nLC-orbitrap MS/MS and bioinformatics. The study may provide useful information regarding the antioxidant properties of extensive hydrolysates of MPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cui
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuxue Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingruo Guo
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, United States.
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