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Tahir I, Alsayeqh AF. Phytochemicals: a promising approach to control infectious bursal disease. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1421668. [PMID: 38919155 PMCID: PMC11197927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1421668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the dangerous diseases of poultry that affects the bursa of Fabricius, which is an important organ of the bird's immune system. IBD virus is resistant to many drugs, making its control difficult. Vaccination of IBD is in practice for a long time worldwide to control IBD, but secondary issues like vaccine failure and lower efficacy lead to their reduced use in the field. Multiple medicines are currently used, but the phytochemicals have emerged as promising agents for controlling IBD. The drugs to be developed should possess direct antiviral properties by targeting viral entry mechanisms, enhancing the host immune response, and inhibiting viral protein synthesis. Phytochemicals have potential to contribute to food security by minimizing the possibility of disease outbreaks and ensuring that consumers worldwide obtain healthy poultry products. It has been now claimed that direct and indirect activities of phytochemicals can be effective in the control of IBDV. Although available evidence suggest that the phytochemicals can contribute in controlling occurrence IBDV, there is a definite need of focused studies to gain more insight and develop rational strategies for their practical use. This review highlights the disease caused by IBDV, inhibition of viral replication, boosting the immune system, disruption of viral membrane, and important phytochemicals showing antiviral activities against IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Tahir
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Oladokun S, Sharif S. Exploring the complexities of poultry respiratory microbiota: colonization, composition, and impact on health. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:25. [PMID: 38711114 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
An accurate understanding of the ecology and complexity of the poultry respiratory microbiota is of utmost importance for elucidating the roles of commensal or pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract, as well as their associations with health or disease outcomes in poultry. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate aspects of the poultry respiratory microbiota, focusing on its colonization patterns, composition, and impact on poultry health. Firstly, an updated overview of the current knowledge concerning the composition of the microbiota in the respiratory tract of poultry is provided, as well as the factors that influence the dynamics of community structure and diversity. Additionally, the significant role that the poultry respiratory microbiota plays in economically relevant respiratory pathobiologies that affect poultry is explored. In addition, the challenges encountered when studying the poultry respiratory microbiota are addressed, including the dynamic nature of microbial communities, site-specific variations, the need for standardized protocols, the appropriate sequencing technologies, and the limitations associated with sampling methodology. Furthermore, emerging evidence that suggests bidirectional communication between the gut and respiratory microbiota in poultry is described, where disturbances in one microbiota can impact the other. Understanding this intricate cross talk holds the potential to provide valuable insights for enhancing poultry health and disease control. It becomes evident that gaining a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted roles of the poultry respiratory microbiota, as presented in this review, is crucial for optimizing poultry health management and improving overall outcomes in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Oladokun
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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3
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Hernandez JM, Almeida GBS, Portela ACR, Cardoso JF, Junior ECS, Lucena MSS, Nunes MRT, Gabbay YB, Silva LD. Microbial Diversity in Children with Gastroenteritis in the Amazon Region of Brazil: Development and Validation of a Molecular Method for Complete Sequencing of Viral Genomes. J Genomics 2024; 12:47-54. [PMID: 38638167 PMCID: PMC11024607 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.94116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metagenomic sequencing is a powerful tool that is widely used in laboratories worldwide for taxonomic characterization of microorganisms in clinical and environmental samples. In this study, we utilized metagenomics to investigate comprehensively the microbial diversity in fecal samples of children over a four-year period. Our methods were carefully designed to ensure accurate and reliable results. MATERIAL AND METHODS Validated and analyzed were metagenomic data obtained from sequencing 27 fecal samples from children under 10 years old with gastroenteritis over a four-year period (2012-2016). The fecal specimens were collected from patients who received care at public health facilities in the northern region of Brazil. Sequencing libraries were prepared from cDNA and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq. Kraken-2 was utilized to classify bacterial taxonomy based on the 16S rRNA gene, using the Silva rRNA database. Additionally, the Diamond program was used for mapping to the non-redundant protein database (NR database). Phylogenomic analyses were conducted using Geneious R10 and MEGA X software, and Bayesian estimation of phylogeny was performed using the MrBayes program. The results indicate significant heterogeneity among norovirus strains, with evidence of recombination and point mutations. This study presents the first complete genome of parechovirus 8 in the region. Additionally, it describes the bacterial populations and bacteriophages present in feces, with a high abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, including an increased proportion of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The presented data demonstrate the genetic diversity of microbial populations and provide a comprehensive report on viral molecular characterization. These findings are relevant for genomic studies in gastrointestinal infections. The metagenomic approach is a powerful tool for investigating microbial diversity in children with gastroenteritis. However, further studies are imperative to conduct genomic analysis of identified bacterial strains and thoroughly analyze antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Merces Hernandez
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Mendes de Almeida V, Engel DF, Ricci MF, Cruz CS, Lopes ÍS, Alves DA, d’ Auriol M, Magalhães J, Machado EC, Rocha VM, Carvalho TG, Lacerda LSB, Pimenta JC, Aganetti M, Zuccoli GS, Smith BJ, Carregari VC, da Silva Rosa E, Galvão I, Dantas Cassali G, Garcia CC, Teixeira MM, André LC, Ribeiro FM, Martins FS, Saia RS, Costa VV, Martins-de-Souza D, Hansbro PM, Marques JT, Aguiar ERGR, Vieira AT. Gut microbiota from patients with COVID-19 cause alterations in mice that resemble post-COVID symptoms. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2249146. [PMID: 37668317 PMCID: PMC10481883 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2249146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 are frequent and of major concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection affects the host gut microbiota, which is linked to disease severity in patients with COVID-19. Here, we report that the gut microbiota of post-COVID subjects had a remarkable predominance of Enterobacteriaceae strains with an antibiotic-resistant phenotype compared to healthy controls. Additionally, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were reduced in feces. Fecal transplantation from post-COVID subjects to germ-free mice led to lung inflammation and worse outcomes during pulmonary infection by multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. transplanted mice also exhibited poor cognitive performance. Overall, we show prolonged impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the gut microbiota that persist after subjects have cleared the virus. Together, these data demonstrate that the gut microbiota can directly contribute to post-COVID sequelae, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani Mendes de Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daiane F. Engel
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Mayra F. Ricci
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Clênio Silva Cruz
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Santos Lopes
- Laboratory of Virus Bioinformatics - Department of Biological Science, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Daniele Almeida Alves
- Laboratory of RNA Interference and Antiviral Immunity - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mirna d’ Auriol
- Laboratory of Toxicology - Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Magalhães
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elayne C. Machado
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor M. Rocha
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Toniana G. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larisse S. B. Lacerda
- Center for Research and Development of Drugs - Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jordane C. Pimenta
- Center for Research and Development of Drugs - Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Aganetti
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S. Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics - Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bradley J. Smith
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics - Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Victor C. Carregari
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics - Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erika da Silva Rosa
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology - Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C. Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Center for Research and Development of Drugs - Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leiliane C. André
- Laboratory of Toxicology - Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Mara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flaviano S. Martins
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutic Agents - Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Simone Saia
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiology - Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Center for Research and Development of Drugs - Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics - Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade do Estado de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, Universidade do Estado de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - João Trindade Marques
- Laboratory of RNA Interference and Antiviral Immunity - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- CNRS UPR9022, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric R. G. R. Aguiar
- Laboratory of Virus Bioinformatics - Department of Biological Science, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Angélica T. Vieira
- Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation - Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Rhazi H, Tifrouin I, Mikou K, Belayadi O, Safini N, Alhyane M, Tadlaoui KO, Lenk M, Elharrak M. Poxvirus sensitivity of a novel diploid sheep embryonic heart cell line. Arch Virol 2023; 168:232. [PMID: 37594542 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), camelpox virus (CPV), and orf virus (ORFV) are members of the family Poxviridae. These viruses are usually isolated or produced in embryonated eggs or primary cells because continuous cell lines are less sensitive to infection. Disadvantages of the use of eggs or primary cells include limited availability, potential endogenous contaminants, and a limited ability to perform multiple passages. In this study, we developed a diploid cell culture from sheep embryonic hearts (EHs) and demonstrated its high proliferative and long-term storage capacities. In addition, we demonstrated its sensitivity to representatives of three genera of the family Poxviridae: Capripoxvirus (LSDV), Orthopoxvirus (CPV), and Parapoxvirus (ORFV). The cell culture had a doubling time of 24 h and reached 40 passages with satisfactory yield. This is comparable to that observed in primary lamb testis (LT) cells at passage 5 (P5). After infection, each poxvirus titer was 7.0-7.6 log TCID50/mL for up to five passages and approximately 6.8, 6.4, and 5.6 for the three viruses at P6-P25, P30, and P40, respectively. The sensitivity of sheep EH cells to poxvirus infection did not decrease after long-term storage in liquid nitrogen and was higher than that of primary LT cells, which are used for capripoxvirus and parapoxvirus detection and growth, and Vero cells, which are used for orthopoxvirus detection and growth. Thus, EH diploid cells are useful for poxvirus isolation and production without embryonated eggs or primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Rhazi
- Laboratory of Functional and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Sidi Mohammed, Ben Abdellah University, BP 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco.
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Ikram Tifrouin
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Karima Mikou
- Laboratory of Functional and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Sidi Mohammed, Ben Abdellah University, BP 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Belayadi
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Najete Safini
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Meryem Alhyane
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Collection of Cell Lines in Veterinary Medicine, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Laboratory of Research and Development Virology, MCI Animal Health, B.P: 278, Lot. 157, Zone Industrielle Sud-Ouest (ERAC), 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
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Chen Q, Zhang X, Shi W, Du X, Ma L, Wang W, Tao S, Xiao Y. Longitudinal Investigation of Enteric Virome Signatures from Parental-Generation to Offspring Pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0002323. [PMID: 37166318 PMCID: PMC10269631 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00023-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, studies on the swine gut microbiome have focused almost exclusively on bacteria. Despite recent advances in the understanding of the swine gut bacteriome at different growth stages, a comprehensive longitudinal study of the lifetime dynamics of the swine gut virome is lacking. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing combined with bioinformatic analysis techniques to characterize the gut viromes of parental-generation and offspring pigs at different biological classification levels. We collected 54 fecal samples from 36 parental-generation pigs (18 breeding boars [Duroc] and 18 pregnant/lactating sows [Landrace]) and 108 fecal samples from 18 offspring pigs during the lactation (day 3), nursery (days 26, 35, and 49), growing (day 120), and finishing (day 180) stages. Alpha diversity, including community richness (richness index) and diversity (Shannon index), showed an overall increasing trend in offspring pigs. Distinct shifts (beta diversity) in the microbiome structure along different growth stages were observed. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) algorithm revealed 53 viral genus that are stage specific. Host prediction results showed that enteric viruses are probably correlated with carbohydrate decomposition. We identified abundant auxiliary carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes from enteric viruses, most of which are glycoside hydrolase genes and participate in the biolysis of complex polysaccharides. IMPORTANCE This study shows that distinct stage-associated swine gut viromes may be determined by age and/or gut physiology at different growth stages, and enteric viruses probably manipulate carbohydrate decomposition by abundant glycoside hydrolases. These findings fill a gap in the longitudinal pattern of the swine gut virome and lay the foundation for research on the function of swine enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Weiling Shi
- Zhejiang Dovro Animal Health Business Company, Jinhua, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Heredia-Rodríguez M, Balbás-Álvarez S, Lorenzo-López M, Gómez-Pequera E, Jorge-Monjas P, Rojo-Rello S, Sánchez-De Prada L, Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM, Martínez-Paz P, Gonzalo-Benito H, Tamayo-Velasco Á, Martín-Fernández M, Sánchez-Conde P, Tamayo E, Gómez-Sánchez E. PCR-based diagnosis of respiratory virus in postsurgical septic patients: A preliminary study before SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29902. [PMID: 35960076 PMCID: PMC9370242 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are part of the normal microbiota of the respiratory tract, which sometimes cause infection with/without respiratory insufficiency and the need for hospital or ICU admission. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of respiratory viruses in nontransplanted postoperative septic patients as well as lymphocyte count influence in their presence and its relationship to mortality. 223 nontransplanted postsurgical septic patients were recruited on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid prior to the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Patients were split into 2 groups according to the presence/absence of respiratory viruses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors related to positive respiratory virus PCR test. Respiratory viruses were isolated in 28.7% of patients. 28-day mortality was not significantly different between virus-positive and virus-negative groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lymphocyte count ≤ 928/µl is independently associated with a positive PCR result [OR 3.76, 95% CI (1.71-8.26), P = .001] adjusted by platelet count over 128,500/µL [OR 4.27, 95% CI (1.92-9.50) P < .001] and the presence of hypertension [OR 2.69, 95% CI (1.13-6.36) P = .025] as confounding variables. Respiratory viruses' detection by using PCR in respiratory samples of nontransplanted postoperative septic patients is frequent. These preliminary results revealed that the presence of lymphopenia on sepsis diagnosis is independently associated to a positive virus result, which is not related to a higher 28-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Heredia-Rodríguez
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sara Balbás-Álvarez
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mario Lorenzo-López
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Gómez-Pequera
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pablo Jorge-Monjas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo-Rello
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-De Prada
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ivan Sanz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - José María Eiros
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Paz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Hugo Gonzalo-Benito
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCyL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Martín-Fernández
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Esther Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
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8
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Blanco JR, Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Amiama A, Muñoz-Galván S. The circadian rhythm of viruses and its implications on susceptibility to infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1109-1117. [PMID: 35546444 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2072296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circadian genes have an impact on multiple hormonal, metabolic, and immunological pathways and have recently been implicated in some infectious diseases. AREAS COVERED We review aspects related to the current knowledge about circadian rhythm and viral infections, their consequences, and the potential therapeutic options. EXPERT OPINION Expert opinion: In order to address a problem, it is necessary to know the topic in depth. Although in recent years there has been a growing interest in the role of circadian rhythms, many relevant questions remain to be resolved. Thus, the mechanisms linking the circadian machinery against viral infections are poorly understood. In a clear approach to personalized precision medicine, in order to treat a disease in the most appropriate phase of the circadian rhythm, and in order to achieve the optimal efficacy, it is highly recommended to carry out studies that improve the knowledge about the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Ramon Blanco
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro, Logroño, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Eva M Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Amiama
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galván
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wirusanti NI, Baldridge MT, Harris VC. Microbiota regulation of viral infections through interferon signaling. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:778-792. [PMID: 35135717 PMCID: PMC9344482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) response is the major early innate immune response against invading viral pathogens and is even capable of mediating sterilizing antiviral immunity without the support of the adaptive immune system. Cumulative evidence suggests that the gut microbiota can modulate IFN responses, indirectly determining virological outcomes. This review outlines our current knowledge of the interactions between the gut microbiota and IFN responses and dissects the different mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may alter IFN expression to diverse viral infections. This knowledge offers a basis for translating experimental evidence from animal studies into the human context and identifies avenues for leveraging the gut microbiota–IFN–virus axis to improve control of viral infections and performance of viral vaccines.
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10
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Jankowski P, Gan J, Le T, McKennitt M, Garcia A, Yanaç K, Yuan Q, Uyaguari-Diaz M. Metagenomic community composition and resistome analysis in a full-scale cold climate wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:3. [PMID: 35033203 PMCID: PMC8760730 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater treatment plants are an essential part of maintaining the health and safety of the general public. However, they are also an anthropogenic source of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, we characterized the resistome, the distribution of classes 1-3 integron-integrase genes (intI1, intI2, and intI3) as mobile genetic element biomarkers, and the bacterial and phage community compositions in the North End Sewage Treatment Plant in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Samples were collected from raw sewage, returned activated sludge, final effluent, and dewatered sludge. A total of 28 bacterial and viral metagenomes were sequenced over two seasons, fall and winter. Integron-integrase genes, the 16S rRNA gene, and the coliform beta-glucuronidase gene were also quantified during this time period. RESULTS Bacterial classes observed above 1% relative abundance in all treatments were Actinobacteria (39.24% ± 0.25%), Beta-proteobacteria (23.99% ± 0.16%), Gamma-proteobacteria (11.06% ± 0.09%), and Alpha-proteobacteria (9.18 ± 0.04%). Families within the Caudovirales order: Siphoviridae (48.69% ± 0.10%), Podoviridae (23.99% ± 0.07%), and Myoviridae (19.94% ± 0.09%) were the dominant phage observed throughout the NESTP. The most abundant bacterial genera (in terms of average percent relative abundance) in influent, returned activated sludge, final effluent, and sludge, respectively, includes Mycobacterium (37.4%, 18.3%, 46.1%, and 7.7%), Acidovorax (8.9%, 10.8%, 5.4%, and 1.3%), and Polaromonas (2.5%, 3.3%, 1.4%, and 0.4%). The most abundant class of antibiotic resistance in bacterial samples was tetracycline resistance (17.86% ± 0.03%) followed by peptide antibiotics (14.24% ± 0.03%), and macrolides (10.63% ± 0.02%). Similarly, the phage samples contained a higher prevalence of macrolide (30.12% ± 0.30%), peptide antibiotic (10.78% ± 0.13%), and tetracycline (8.69% ± 0.11%) resistance. In addition, intI1 was the most abundant integron-integrase gene throughout treatment (1.14 × 104 gene copies/mL) followed by intI3 (4.97 × 103 gene copies/mL) while intI2 abundance remained low (6.4 × 101 gene copies/mL). CONCLUSIONS Wastewater treatment successfully reduced the abundance of bacteria, DNA phage and antibiotic resistance genes although many antibiotic resistance genes remained in effluent and biosolids. The presence of integron-integrase genes throughout treatment and in effluent suggests that antibiotic resistance genes could be actively disseminating resistance between both environmental and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jankowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellors Circle, Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jaydon Gan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellors Circle, Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Tri Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellors Circle, Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michaela McKennitt
- Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of the Environment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Audrey Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellors Circle, Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kadir Yanaç
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Qiuyan Yuan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Miguel Uyaguari-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellors Circle, Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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11
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Sirisereewan C, Thanawongnuwech R, Kedkovid R. Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Porcine Circovirus 3. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010064. [PMID: 35056012 PMCID: PMC8778431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circoviruses are closed, circular, single-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the family Circoviridae and the genus Circovirus. To date, at least four porcine circoviruses (PCVs) have been recognized, including PCV1 to PCV4, respectively. Similar to PCV2 pathogenesis, PCV3 has been reported worldwide with myriad clinical and pathological presentations such as reproductive disorders, respiratory diseases, diarrhea etc. Current understanding of PCV3 pathogenesis is very limited since the majority of studies were mostly field observations. Interpretation of the results from such studies is not always simple. Various confounding factors affect the clinical appearance and pathological changes of the infected pigs. Recently, several experimental PCV3 infection studies have been reported, providing a better understanding of its pathogenesis. In this review, we focused on novel findings regarding PCV3 pathogenesis from both field observation and experimental infection studies. Possible factors involved in the conflicting results among the experimental infection studies are also discussed. This review article provides important insight into the current knowledge on PCV3 pathogenesis which would aid in prioritizing research in order to fill the knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (R.K.)
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (R.K.)
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12
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Legese L, Wakjira B, Teshome T, Woldemichael DN, Waktole H, Regassa F, Tufa TB. Comparative Immunogenicity Evaluation of Two Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccines Commonly Used in Broiler Chickens in Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:31-38. [PMID: 35083129 PMCID: PMC8784269 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s346659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most endemic diseases of commercial poultry in Ethiopia. Vaccination is used as the major means of IBD prevention and control. A study was conducted to compare the immunogenicity of two commercially available IBD vaccines in broiler chicken with maternally derived antibody (MDA). Methods A total of 270 day-one-old chicks were randomly assigned to three groups, group 1 vaccinated with product A vaccine at the age of 7 and 19 days and group 2 with product B vaccine on day 15 and 22 while group 3 were kept as control. Six chickens were also randomly selected and bled on day 1 for differential leukocyte count (DLC) and determination of MDA. Representative chickens from each group were bled at 24th and 42nd days of age for antibody titration using the indirect ELISA test. DLC scores were determined in the 1st and 24th days. Results The result revealed highly significant differences (P = 0.001) between group 1 and group 2 in DLC at 24th days of age. Antibody titers against IBD were differed significantly (P = 0.02) at 24th and 42nd days of age in broilers vaccinated with product A and product B vaccines. Conclusion Both vaccines have induced an adequate immunological response at the end of the experiment; however, product A has shown significantly higher antibody titers against the IBDV and DLC than product B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likelesh Legese
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Berhane Wakjira
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tsedale Teshome
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hika Waktole
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fikru Regassa
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Takele Beyene Tufa, Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O. Box: 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, Tel +251 911 532131, Email
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13
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Dey P, Chaudhuri SR, Efferth T, Pal S. The intestinal 3M (microbiota, metabolism, metabolome) zeitgeist - from fundamentals to future challenges. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:265-285. [PMID: 34610364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestine in human health and disease has historically been neglected and was mostly attributed to digestive and absorptive functions. In the past two decades, however, discoveries related to human nutrition and intestinal host-microbe reciprocal interaction have established the essential role of intestinal health in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases and the overall wellbeing. That transfer of gut microbiota could be a means of disease phenotype transfer has revolutionized our understanding of chronic disease pathogenesis. This narrative review highlights the major concepts related to intestinal microbiota, metabolism, and metabolome (3M) that have facilitated our fundamental understanding of the association between the intestine, and human health and disease. In line with increased interest of microbiota-dependent modulation of human health by dietary phytochemicals, we have also discussed the emerging concepts beyond the phytochemical bioactivities which emphasizes the integral role of microbial metabolites of parent phytochemicals at extraintestinal tissues. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and future prospects in defining the 3M interactions and has emphasized the fact that, it takes 'guts' to stay healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sirshendu Pal
- Mukherjee Hospital, Mitra's Clinic and Nursing Home, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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14
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Pearson JA, Voisey AC, Boest-Bjerg K, Wong FS, Wen L. Circadian Rhythm Modulation of Microbes During Health and Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721004. [PMID: 34512600 PMCID: PMC8430216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, referring to 24-h daily oscillations in biological and physiological processes, can significantly regulate host immunity to pathogens, as well as commensals, resulting in altered susceptibility to disease development. Furthermore, vaccination responses to microbes have also shown time-of-day-dependent changes in the magnitude of protective immune responses elicited in the host. Thus, understanding host circadian rhythm effects on both gut bacteria and viruses during infection is important to minimize adverse effects on health and identify optimal times for therapeutic administration to maximize therapeutic success. In this review, we summarize the circadian modulations of gut bacteria, viruses and their interactions, both in health and during infection. We also discuss the importance of chronotherapy (i.e., time-specific therapy) as a plausible therapeutic administration strategy to enhance beneficial therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Christopher Voisey
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrine Boest-Bjerg
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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15
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Xu Q, Qiao Q, Gao Y, Hou J, Hu M, Du Y, Zhao K, Li X. Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Health and Metabolic Disease of Dairy Cow. Front Nutr 2021; 8:701511. [PMID: 34422882 PMCID: PMC8371392 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.701511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are mostly herbivorous animals that employ rumen fermentation for the digestion of feed materials, including dairy cows. Ruminants consume plant fibre as their regular diet, but lack the machinery for their digestion. For this reason, ruminants maintain a symbiotic relation with microorganisms that are capable of producing enzymes to degrade plant polymers. Various species of microflora including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archaea, and bacteriophages are hosted at distinct concentrations for accomplishing complete digestion. The ingested feed is digested at a defined stratum. The polysaccharic plant fibrils are degraded by cellulolytic bacteria, and the substrate formed is acted upon by other bacteria. This sequential degradative mechanism forms the base of complete digestion as well as harvesting energy from the ingested feed. The composition of microbiota readily gets tuned to the changes in the feed habits of the dairy cow. The overall energy production as well as digestion is decided by the intactness of the resident communal flora. Disturbances in the homogeneity gastrointestinal microflora has severe effects on the digestive system and various other organs. This disharmony in communal relationship also causes various metabolic disorders. The dominance of methanogens sometimes lead to bloating, and high sugar feed culminates in ruminal acidosis. Likewise, disruptive microfloral constitution also ignites reticuloperitonitis, ulcers, diarrhoea, etc. The role of symbiotic microflora in the occurrence and progress of a few important metabolic diseases are discussed in this review. Future studies in multiomics provides platform to determine the physiological and phenotypical upgradation of dairy cow for milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinqin Qiao
- College of Information Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Ya Gao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiu Hou
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Du
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Yousof SM, Tanvir I, Kolieb E, Atta R. Work Stress, Dysbiosis, and Immune Dysregulation: The Interconnected Triad in COVID-19 Infection in the Medical Team Staff - A Mini-Review. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 10:147-153. [PMID: 36687328 PMCID: PMC9846923 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has hit most of the communities around the globe. Earlier researches have reported the psychological effects of pandemics either on the general populations or on specific communities such as students and health professionals. A scanty number of papers have focused on the interaction among complex factors underlying the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we aimed to integrate the accessible data about the possible mechanistic processes predisposing to COVID-19 infection in the health professions. We summarized these factors as "stress, microbiota, and immunity triad." We utilized the PubMed database, Google, and Google Scholar search engines to search the literature related to combinations of these keywords: "pandemics, COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV2;" "gut microbiota, gut-lung axis, dysbiosis, nutrition;" "work stress, workload, health workers, health professions, and medical team;" and "immunity, cytokine storm, and viral load." We detected no discussions combining the suggested triad concerning the medical team personnel. We cast light, for the first time to our knowledge, on the potential pathogenic role of "stress, microbiota, and immunity triad" in COVID-19-infected health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Mohammad Yousof
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Address for correspondence: Dr. Shimaa Mohammad Yousof, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Imrana Tanvir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Branch, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Kolieb
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rasha Atta
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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17
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Vale AP, Shubin L, Cummins J, Leonard FC, Barry G. Detection of bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, and Virulence Factors in E. coli Isolated From Seals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:583759. [PMID: 33763460 PMCID: PMC7982830 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.583759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals are frequently considered good sentinels for human, animal and environmental health due to their long lifespan, coastal habitat, and characteristics as top chain predators. Using a One Health approach, marine mammals can provide information that helps to enhance the understanding of the health of the marine and coastal environment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the quintessential One Health problem that poses a well-recognised threat to human, animal, and ecosystem health worldwide. Treated and untreated sewage, hospital waste and agricultural run-off are often responsible for the spread of AMR in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Rescued seals (n = 25) were used as sentinels to investigate the levels of AMR in the Irish coastal ecosystem. Faecal swabs were collected from these animals and bacterial isolates (E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant non-E. coli) from each swab were selected for further investigation. E. coli isolates were characterised in terms of phylogenetic group typing, AMR, and virulence factors. All E. coli isolates investigated in this study (n = 39) were ampicillin resistant while 26 (66.6%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Resistance genes bla OXA-1 and bla TEM-1 were detected in 16/39 and 6/39 isolates, respectively. Additionally, virulence factors associated with adhesion (sfa, papA, and papC) and siderophores (fyuA and iutA) were identified. An additional 19 faecal cefotaxime-resistant non-E. coli isolates were investigated for the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes. These isolates were identified as presumptive Leclercia, Pantoea and Enterobacter, however, none were positive for the presence of the genes investigated. To the authors knowledge this is the first study reporting the detection of bla OXA-1 and bla TEM-1 in phocid faecal E. coli in Europe. These results highlight the importance of marine mammals as sentinels for the presence and spread of AMR in the marine and coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Vale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lynae Shubin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Juliana Cummins
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerald Barry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Gut microbiome associations with outcome following co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs immunized with a PRRS modified live virus vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109018. [PMID: 33639341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most significant pathogens affecting swine. Co-infections are common and result in respiratory disease and reduced weight gain in growing pigs. Although PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are widely used to decrease PRRS-associated losses, they are generally considered inadequate for disease control. The gut microbiome provides an alternative strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy and improve PRRS control. The objective of this study was to identify gut microbiome characteristics associated with improved outcome in pigs immunized with a PRRS MLV and co-challenged with PRRSV and PCV2b. Twenty-eight days after vaccination and prior to co-challenge, fecal samples were collected from an experimental population of 50 nursery pigs. At 42 days post-challenge, 20 pigs were retrospectively identified as having high or low growth outcomes during the post-challenge period. Gut microbiomes of the two outcome groups were compared using the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA) and 16S rDNA sequencing. High growth outcomes were associated with several gut microbiome characteristics, such as increased bacterial diversity, increased Bacteroides pectinophilus, decreased Mycoplasmataceae species diversity, higher Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios, increased relative abundance of the phylum Spirochaetes, reduced relative abundance of the family Lachnospiraceae, and increased Lachnospiraceae species C6A11 and P6B14. Overall, this study identifies gut microbiomes associated with improved outcomes in PRRS vaccinated pigs following a polymicrobial respiratory challenge and provides evidence towards the gut microbiome playing a role in PRRS vaccine efficacy.
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19
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Kwon MS, Jo HE, Lee J, Choi KS, Yu D, Oh YS, Park J, Choi HJ. Alteration of the gut microbiota in post-weaned calves following recovery from bovine coronavirus-mediated diarrhea. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:125-136. [PMID: 33987590 PMCID: PMC7882846 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is associated with severe diarrhea, dehydration, and
depression, which result in significant economic damages in the dairy and beef
cattle industries worldwide. However, differences in the gut microbiota
structure and their correlations with differing physiological parameters between
BCoV-infected calves with diarrhea and recovered calves are not well understood.
In this study, fecal specimens were collected from 10 post-weaned calves, before
and after 2 months of fluid therapy, and the samples were used for microbiota
analysis. Following recovery, the alpha-diversity profiles (observed operational
taxonomic units [OTUs], and Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices) changed
significantly when compared with those of calves with diarrhea. Beta-diversity
analysis exhibited significant differences in gut microbiota compositions
between calves with diarrhea and those in the recovered state. The abundances of
eight phyla and thirteen genera in feces changed markedly after restoration of
BCoV diarrhea. In addition, our correlation study clearly revealed that
increased abundances of the genera Caproiciproducens,
Pseudoflavonifractor, and Oscillibacter negatively
correlated with serum glucose, and phosphorus levels, but positively correlated
with serum chloride in calves with diarrhea, whereas increased abundances of the
genera Peptostreptococcaceae;Clostridium
(Clostridium cluster XI), Intestinibacter,
Cellulosilyticum, Ruminococcus, Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium,
Clostridiaceae;Clostridium and Turicibacter in
recovered calves showed the opposite pattern. These results suggest that
structural changes of the gut microbiota after recovery from BCoV infection
correlate with changes in physiological parameters. In conclusion, our data
provide evidence of gut microbiota-composition changes and their correlations
with the physical profiles of post-weaned calves, before and after fluid therapy
for BCoV-related diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Kwon
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Hee Eun Jo
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Dohyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea
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20
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Ferreira C, Viana SD, Reis F. Is Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis a Predictor of Increased Susceptibility to Poor Outcome of COVID-19 Patients? An Update. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010053. [PMID: 33379162 PMCID: PMC7824665 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific knowledge already attained regarding the way severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells and the clinical manifestations and consequences for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, especially the most severe cases, brought gut microbiota into the discussion. It has been suggested that intestinal microflora composition plays a role in this disease because of the following: (i) its relevance to an efficient immune system response; (ii) the fact that 5–10% of the patients present gastrointestinal symptoms; and (iii) because it is modulated by intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (which is the virus receptor). In addition, it is known that the most severely affected patients (those who stay longer in hospital, who require intensive care, and who eventually die) are older people with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and pulmonary diseases, the same people in which the prevalence of gut microflora dysbiosis is higher. The COVID-19 patients presenting poor outcomes are also those in which the immune system’s hyperresponsiveness and a severe inflammatory condition (collectively referred as “cytokine storm”) are particularly evident, and have been associated with impaired microbiota phenotype. In this article, we present the evidence existing thus far that may suggest an association between intestinal microbiota composition and the susceptibility of some patients to progress to severe stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferreira
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia D. Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-480-053
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