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Manchia M, Paribello P, Pinna M, Steardo L, Carpiniello B, Pinna F, Pisanu C, Squassina A, Hajek T. Lithium and its effects: does dose matter? Int J Bipolar Disord 2024; 12:23. [PMID: 38914810 PMCID: PMC11196441 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-024-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of clinical research have demonstrated the efficacy of lithium in treating acute episodes (both manic and depressive), as well as in preventing recurrences of bipolar disorder (BD). Specific to lithium is its antisuicidal effect, which appears to extend beyond its mood-stabilizing properties. Lithium's clinical effectiveness is, to some extent, counterbalanced by its safety and tolerability profile. Indeed, monitoring of lithium levels is required by its narrow therapeutic index. There is consensus that adequate serum levels should be above 0.6 mEq/L to achieve clinical effectiveness. However, few data support the choice of this threshold, and increasing evidence suggests that lithium might have clinical and molecular effects at much lower concentrations. CONTENT This narrative review is aimed at: (1) reviewing and critically interpreting the clinical evidence supporting the use of the 0.6 mEq/L threshold, (2) reporting a narrative synthesis of the evidence supporting the notion that lithium might be effective in much lower doses. Among these are epidemiological studies of lithium in water, evidence on the antisuicidal, anti-aggressive, and neuroprotective effects, including efficacy in preventing cognitive impairment progression, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), of lithium; and (3) revieweing biological data supporting clinically viable uses of lithium at low levels with the delineation of a mechanistic hypothesis surrounding its purported mechanism of action. The study selection was based on the authors' preference, reflecting the varied and extensive expertise on the review subject, further enriched with an extensive pearl-growing strategy for relevant reviews and book sections. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and molecular effects of lithium are numerous, and its effects also appear to have a certain degree of specificity related to the dose administered. In sum, the clinical effects of lithium are maximal for mood stabilisation at concentrations higher than 0.6 mEq/l. However, lower levels may be sufficient for preventing depressive recurrences in older populations of patients, and microdoses could be effective in decreasing suicide risk, especially in patients with BD. Conversely, lithium's ability to counteract cognitive decline appears to be exerted at subtherapeutic doses, possibly corresponding to its molecular neuroprotective effects. Indeed, lithium may reduce inflammation and induce neuroprotection even at doses several folds lower than those commonly used in clinical settings. Nevertheless, findings surrounding its purported mechanism of action are missing, and more research is needed to investigate the molecular targets of low-dose lithium adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Paribello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martina Pinna
- Unit of Forensic Psychiatry, Health Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Liu R, Guo L, Zhao Y, Wu D, Yu J, Liu P. Study on multi-target effects of the novel HDAC6 inhibitor W5 on Aβ/Cu 2+-induced Alzheimer's disease model of rats. Brain Res 2024; 1832:148847. [PMID: 38442843 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a key therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been demonstrated to play an essential role in memory function and microtubule-associated tau physiology. In this study, W5 was used to treat AD model rats induced by Aβ/Cu2+ to study the improving effect of W5 on learning and memory impairment in AD rats and its related mechanism, to provide the basis for the subsequent development of W5 as an anti-AD drug. Results showed that W5 could decrease the expression of Aβ, Tau, and p-Tau proteins in the hippocampus of AD rats to inhibit the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, down-regulate the expression of Bax mRNA and Caspase-3 mRNA, and up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA to reduce the apoptosis of neuron cells, reverse the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA to regulate neuroinflammatory response in AD rat brain. W5 also could regulate the oxidative stress state of AD rats, and balance the neurotransmitter disorder in AD rats' brain tissue. Overall, W5 could recover the morphology of hippocampal neurons and improve the learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats by regulating multiple targets in AD rats, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linli Guo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiasi Yu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Mokarrami S, Jahanshahi M, Elyasi L, Badelisarkala H, Khalili M. Naringin prevents the reduction of the number of neurons and the volume of CA1 in a scopolamine-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD): a stereological study. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:364-371. [PMID: 35861379 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mokarrami
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Jahanshahi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - L Elyasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - H Badelisarkala
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Khalili
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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4
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Shim SS, Berglund K, Yu SP. Lithium: An Old Drug for New Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2023; 23:1-12. [PMID: 37666228 DOI: 10.1159/000533797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, the effective treatment of AD is not available currently. Multiple trials of drugs, which were developed based on the amyloid hypothesis of AD, have not been highly successful to improve cognitive and other symptoms in AD patients, suggesting that it is necessary to explore additional and alternative approaches for the disease-modifying treatment of AD. The diverse lines of evidence have revealed that lithium reduces amyloid and tau pathology, attenuates neuronal loss, enhances synaptic plasticity, and improves cognitive function. Clinical studies have shown that lithium reduces the risk of AD and deters the progress of mild cognitive impairment and early AD. SUMMARY Our recent study has revealed that lithium stabilizes disruptive calcium homeostasis, and subsequently, attenuates the downstream neuropathogenic processes of AD. Through these therapeutic actions, lithium produces therapeutic effects on AD with potential to modify the disease process. This review critically analyzed the preclinical and clinical studies for the therapeutic effects of lithium on AD. We suggest that disruptive calcium homeostasis is likely to be the early neuropathological mechanism of AD, and the stabilization of disruptive calcium homeostasis by lithium would be associated with its therapeutic effects on neuropathology and cognitive deficits in AD. KEY MESSAGES Lithium is likely to be efficacious for AD as a disease-modifying drug by acting on multiple neuropathological targets including disruptive calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Sool Shim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Department of Veteran's Affair, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Veteran's Affair, Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Veteran's Affair, Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Veteran's Affair, Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Owen JE, Zhu Y, Fenik P, Zhan G, Bell P, Liu C, Veasey S. Late-in-life neurodegeneration after chronic sleep loss in young adult mice. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab057. [PMID: 33768250 PMCID: PMC8361366 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic short sleep (CSS) is prevalent in modern societies and has been proposed as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In support, short-term sleep loss acutely increases levels of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau in wild type (WT) mice and humans, and sleep disturbances predict cognitive decline in older adults. We have shown that CSS induces injury to and loss of locus coeruleus neurons (LCn), neurons with heightened susceptibility in AD. Yet whether CSS during young adulthood drives lasting Aβ and/or tau changes and/or neural injury later in life in the absence of genetic risk for AD has not been established. Here, we examined the impact of CSS exposure in young adult WT mice on late-in-life Aβ and tau changes and neural responses in two AD-vulnerable neuronal groups, LCn and hippocampal CA1 neurons. Twelve months following CSS exposure, CSS-exposed mice evidenced reductions in CA1 neuron counts and volume, spatial memory deficits, CA1 glial activation, and loss of LCn. Aβ 42 and hyperphosphorylated tau were increased in the CA1; however, amyloid plaques and tau tangles were not observed. Collectively the findings demonstrate that CSS exposure in the young adult mouse imparts late-in-life neurodegeneration and persistent derangements in amyloid and tau homeostasis. These findings occur in the absence of a genetic predisposition to neurodegeneration and demonstrate for the first time that CSS can induce lasting, significant neural injury consistent with some, but not all, features of late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Owen
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Polina Fenik
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guanxia Zhan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick Bell
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cathy Liu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sigrid Veasey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Haussmann R, Noppes F, Brandt MD, Bauer M, Donix M. Lithium: A therapeutic option in Alzheimer's disease and its prodromal stages? Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136044. [PMID: 34119602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data reveal that lithium is capable of attenuating Alzheimer's disease pathology and stimulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Clinical studies show procognitive effects in lithium-treated patients with amnestic MCI and Alzheimer's disease. These procognitive effects are associated with changes of CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. After 3 months of lithium treatment with low lithium levels, a slowing of cognitive decline is observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In patients with amnestic MCI with low-dose lithium treatment a trend of a reduced Alzheimer's disease conversion rate and longer cognitive stability was reported. Thus, lithium might be a therapeutic option in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and its prodromal stages. But its therapeutic efficacy needs further evaluation. Further studies should include head-to-head comparisons with approved dementia treatment options. Due to lithium's therapeutic toxicity a thorough preselection of patients and a closely therapeutic monitoring is necessary. This manuscript is based on a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Haussmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Felix Noppes
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz D Brandt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Donix
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
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7
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Martínez-González K, Islas-Hernández A, Martínez-Ezquerro JD, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Garcia-delaTorre P. Telomere length and oxidative stress variations in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease progression. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4863-4874. [PMID: 32594585 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and ageing is its major risk factor. Changes in telomere length have been associated with ageing and some degenerative diseases. Our aim was to explore some of the molecular changes caused by the progression of AD in a transgenic murine model (3xTg-AD; B6; 129-Psen1 <tm1Mpm> Tg (APPSwe, tauP301L) 1Lfa). Telomere length was assessed by qPCR in both brain tissue and peripheral blood cells and compared between three age groups: 5, 9 and 13 months. In addition, a possible effect of oxidative stress on telomere length and AD progression was explored. Shorter telomeres were found in blood cells of older transgenic mice compared to younger and wild-type mice but no changes in telomere length in the hippocampus. An increase in oxidative stress with age was found for all strains, but no correlation was found between oxidative stress and shorter telomere length for transgenic mice. Telomere length and oxidative stress are affected by AD progression in the 3xTg-AD murine model. Changes in blood cells are more noticeable than changes in brain tissue, suggesting that systemic changes can be detected early in the disease in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Martínez-González
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Coyoacán, México
| | - Azul Islas-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Coyoacán, México
| | - José Darío Martínez-Ezquerro
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Área de Envejecimiento, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Paola Garcia-delaTorre
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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Mundorf A, Knorr A, Mezö C, Klein C, Beyer DK, Fallgatter AJ, Schwarz M, Freund N. Lithium and glutamine synthetase: Protective effects following stress. Psychiatry Res 2019; 281:112544. [PMID: 31499341 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Even though lithium is widely used as treatment for mood disorders, the exact mechanisms of lithium in the brain remain unknown. A potential mechanism affects the downstream target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, specifically glutamine synthetase (GS). Here, we investigate the effect of lithium on GS-promoter activity in the brain. Over seven days, B6C3H-Glultm(T2A-LacZ) mice that carry LacZ as a reporter gene fused to the GS-promotor received either daily intraperitoneal injections of lithium carbonate (25 mg/kg) or NaCl, or no treatment. Following histochemical staining of β-galactosidase relative GS-promotor activity was measured by analyzing the intensity of the staining. Furthermore cell counts were conducted. GS-promotor activity was significantly decreased in female compared to male mice. Treatment group differences were only found in male hippocampi, with increased activity after NaCl treatment compared to both the lithium treatment and no treatment. Lithium treatment increased the overall number of cells in the CA1 region in males. Daily injections of NaCl might have been sufficient to induce stress-related GS-promotor activity changes in male mice; however, lithium was able to reverse the effect. Taken together, the current study indicates that lithium acts to prevent stress, rather affecting general GS-promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annakarina Mundorf
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, 44780, Germany; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Knorr
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, 44780, Germany
| | - Charlotte Mezö
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christina Klein
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, 44780, Germany
| | - Dominik Ke Beyer
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, 44780, Germany; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, 44780, Germany; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Cardillo GDM, De-Paula VDJR, Ikenaga EH, Costa LR, Catanozi S, Schaeffer EL, Gattaz WF, Kerr DS, Forlenza OV. Chronic Lithium Treatment Increases Telomere Length in Parietal Cortex and Hippocampus of Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:93-101. [PMID: 29614649 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length (TL) is a biomarker of cell aging, and its shortening has been linked to several age-related diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), telomere shortening has been associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The majority of studies on TL in AD were based on leucocyte DNA, with little information about its status in the central nervous system. In addition to other neuroprotective effects, lithium has been implicated in the maintenance of TL. The present study aims to determine the effect of chronic lithium treatment on TL in different regions of the mouse brain, using a triple-transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD). Eighteen transgenic and 22 wild-type (Wt) male mice were treated for eight months with chow containing 1.0 g (Li1) or 2.0 g (Li2) of lithium carbonate/kg, or standard chow (Li0). DNA was extracted from parietal cortex, hippocampus and olfactory epithelium and TL was quantified by real-time PCR. Chronic lithium treatment was associated with longer telomeres in the hippocampus (Li2, p = 0.0159) and in the parietal cortex (Li1, p = 0.0375) of 3xTg-AD compared to Wt. Our findings suggest that chronic lithium treatment does affect telomere maintenance, but the magnitude and nature of this effect depend on the working concentrations of lithium and characteristics of the tissue. This effect was observed when comparing 3xTg-AD with Wt mice, suggesting that the presence of AD pathology was required for the lithium modulation of TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo de Mattos Cardillo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Jesus Rodrigues De-Paula
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psysbio (LIM-23), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliza Hiromi Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rodrigues Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM-10), Endocrinology and Metabolism Division of Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin Lisete Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Shikanai Kerr
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia Catarinense-Campus Camboriu, Camboriu, SC, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Hampel H, Lista S, Mango D, Nisticò R, Perry G, Avila J, Hernandez F, Geerts H, Vergallo A. Lithium as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Systems Pharmacology Perspective. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 69:615-629. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dalila Mango
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, European Brain Research Institute, Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, European Brain Research Institute, Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, One UTSA Circle, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jesus Avila
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Cientificas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera, 1. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative, Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Cientificas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolas Cabrera, 1. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative, Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Geerts
- In silico Biosciences, Computational Neuropharmacology, Berwyn, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
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11
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Wang S, Huang L, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Wang X, Peng Y. Protective Effects of L-3-n-Butylphthalide Against H2O2-Induced Injury in Neural Stem Cells by Activation of PI3K/Akt and Mash1 Pathway. Neuroscience 2018; 393:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Giorgi FS, Ryskalin L, Ruffoli R, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Ferrucci M, Busceti CL, Bonuccelli U, Fornai F. The Neuroanatomy of the Reticular Nucleus Locus Coeruleus in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:80. [PMID: 28974926 PMCID: PMC5610679 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) features the accumulation of β-amyloid and Tau aggregates, which deposit as extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), respectively. Neuronal Tau aggregates may appear early in life, in the absence of clinical symptoms. This occurs in the brainstem reticular formation and mostly within Locus Coeruleus (LC), which is consistently affected during AD. LC is the main source of forebrain norepinephrine (NE) and it modulates a variety of functions including sleep-waking cycle, alertness, synaptic plasticity, and memory. The iso-dendritic nature of LC neurons allows their axons to spread NE throughout the whole forebrain. Likewise, a prion-like hypothesis suggests that Tau aggregates may travel along LC axons to reach out cortical neurons. Despite this timing is compatible with cross-sectional studies, there is no actual evidence for a causal relationship between these events. In the present mini-review, we dedicate special emphasis to those various mechanisms that may link degeneration of LC neurons to the onset of AD pathology. This includes the hypothesis that a damage to LC neurons contributes to the onset of dementia due to a loss of neuroprotective effects or, even the chance that, LC degenerates independently from cortical pathology. At the same time, since LC neurons are lost in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders we considered which molecular mechanism may render these brainstem neurons so vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo S Giorgi
- Section of Neurology, Pisa University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruffoli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Section of Neurology, Pisa University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. NeuromedPozzilli, Italy
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13
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Esquerda-Canals G, Martí-Clúa J, Roda AR, Villegas S. An Intracellular Amyloid-β/AβPP Epitope Correlates with Neurodegeneration in those Neuronal Populations Early Involved in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1079-1096. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Esquerda-Canals
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Protein Folding and Stability Group, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Protein Folding and Stability Group, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia, Unitat de Citologia i d’Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Martí-Clúa
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Protein Folding and Stability Group, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia, Unitat de Citologia i d’Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro R. Roda
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Protein Folding and Stability Group, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Protein Folding and Stability Group, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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