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Kłos K, Jaskóła-Polkowska D, Plewka-Barcik K, Rożyńska R, Pietruszka-Wałęka E, Żabicka M, Kania-Pudło M, Maliborski A, Plicht K, Angielski G, Wojtyszek A, Jahnz-Różyk K, Chciałowski A. Pulmonary Function, Computed Tomography Lung Abnormalities, and Small Airway Disease after COVID-19: 3-, 6-, and 9-Month Follow-Up. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2733. [PMID: 38792275 PMCID: PMC11122501 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course may differ among individuals-in particular, those with comorbidities may have severe pneumonia, requiring oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilation. Post-COVID-19 long-term structural changes in imaging studies can contribute to persistent respiratory disturbance. This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 sequels affecting the possibility of persistent structural lung tissue abnormalities and their influence on the respiratory function of peripheral airways and gas transfer. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups according to severity grades described by the World Health Organization. Among the 176 hospitalized patients were 154 patients with mask oxygen supplementation and 22 patients with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or mechanical ventilation. All tests were performed at 3, 6, and 9 months post-hospitalization. Results: Patients in the severe/critical group had lower lung volumes in FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1%, LC, TLC%, and DLCO% at three months post-hospitalization. At 6 and 9 months, neither group had significant FVC and FEV1 value improvements. The MEF 25-75 values were not significantly higher in the mild/moderate group than in the severe/critical group at three months. There were weak significant correlations between FVC and FEV1, MEF50, MEF 75, plethysmography TLC, disturbances in DLCO, and total CT abnormalities in the severe/critical group at three months. In a mild/moderate group, there was a significant negative correlation between the spirometry, plethysmography parameters, and CT lesions in all periods. Conclusions: Persistent respiratory symptoms post-COVID-19 can result from fibrotic lung parenchyma and post-infectious stenotic small airway changes not visible in CT, probably due to persistent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kłos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (K.P.-B.); (A.C.)
| | - Dominika Jaskóła-Polkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (K.P.-B.); (A.C.)
| | - Katarzyna Plewka-Barcik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (K.P.-B.); (A.C.)
| | - Renata Rożyńska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology, Pneumonology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (R.R.); (K.J.-R.)
| | - Ewa Pietruszka-Wałęka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology, Pneumonology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (R.R.); (K.J.-R.)
| | - Magdalena Żabicka
- Department of Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.K.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Marta Kania-Pudło
- Department of Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.K.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Artur Maliborski
- Department of Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.K.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Plicht
- 7th Polish Navy Hospital, Polanki Str. 117, 80-305 Gdansk, Poland; (K.P.); (G.A.); (A.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Angielski
- 7th Polish Navy Hospital, Polanki Str. 117, 80-305 Gdansk, Poland; (K.P.); (G.A.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrzej Wojtyszek
- 7th Polish Navy Hospital, Polanki Str. 117, 80-305 Gdansk, Poland; (K.P.); (G.A.); (A.W.)
| | - Karina Jahnz-Różyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology, Pneumonology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (R.R.); (K.J.-R.)
| | - Andrzej Chciałowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserow Str. 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (K.P.-B.); (A.C.)
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Rutkowska E, Kwiecień I, Pietruszka-Wałęka E, Więsik-Szewczyk E, Rzepecki P, Jahnz-Różyk K. Analysis of Leukocyte Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry during Hospitalization Depending on the Severity of COVID-19 Course. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2728. [PMID: 37893102 PMCID: PMC10604221 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the immune response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the recovery process have not been fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to analyze leukocyte subpopulations in patients at significant time points (at diagnosis, and 3 and 6 months after infection) selected according to the analysis of changes in the lungs by the CT classification system, considering the severity of the disease. The study groups consisted of severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. There was a significant decrease in CD8+ T cells, NK and eosinophils, with an increasing percentage of neutrophils during hospitalization. We noticed lower levels of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and CD16+ monocytes and elevated neutrophil levels in severe patients relative to non-severe patients. Three months after infection, we observed higher levels of basophils, and after 6 months, higher CD4/CD8 ratios and T cell levels in the severe compared to non-severe group. Non-severe patients showed significant changes in the leukocyte populations studied at time of hospitalization and both within 3 months and 6 months of onset. The CT CSS classification with parameters of the flow cytometry method used for COVID-19 patients determined changes that proved useful in the initial evaluation of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Rutkowska
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Kwiecień
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Pietruszka-Wałęka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.-W.); (E.W.-S.); (K.J.-R.)
| | - Ewa Więsik-Szewczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.-W.); (E.W.-S.); (K.J.-R.)
| | - Piotr Rzepecki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karina Jahnz-Różyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.-W.); (E.W.-S.); (K.J.-R.)
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3
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Abstract
COVID-19 is a primary respiratory illness that is frequently complicated by systemic involvement of the vasculature. Vascular involvement leads to an array of complications ranging from thrombosis to pulmonary edema secondary to loss of barrier function. This review will address the vasculopathy of COVID-19 with a focus on the role of the endothelium in orchestrating the systemic response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The endothelial receptor systems and molecular pathways activated in the setting of COVID-19 and the consequences of these inflammatory and prothrombotic changes on endothelial cell function will be discussed. The sequelae of COVID-19 vascular involvement at the level of organ systems will also be addressed, with an emphasis on the pulmonary vasculature but with consideration of effects on other vascular beds. The dramatic changes in endothelial phenotypes associated with COVID-19 has enabled the identification of biomarkers that could help guide therapy and predict outcomes. Knowledge of vascular pathogenesis in COVID-19 has also informed therapeutic approaches that may control its systemic sequelae. Because our understanding of vascular response in COVID-19 continues to evolve, we will consider areas of controversy, such as the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 directly infects endothelium and the degree to which vascular responses to SARS-CoV-2 are unique or common to those of other viruses capable of causing severe respiratory disease. This conceptual framework describing how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects endothelial inflammation, prothrombotic transformation, and barrier dysfunction will provide a context for interpreting new information as it arises addressing the vascular complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alec A Schmaier
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Iwanicka J, Iwanicki T, Kaczmarczyk M, Mazur W. Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Coronaviruses with Particular Emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:141-159. [PMID: 35716167 PMCID: PMC9252140 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly spreading Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global health crisis and has left a deep mark on society, culture, and the global economy. Despite considerable efforts made to contain the disease, SARS-CoV-2 still poses a threat on a global scale. The current epidemiological situation caused an urgent need to understand the basic mechanisms of the virus transmission and COVID-19 severe course. This review summarizes current knowledge on clinical courses, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19. Moreover, we have included the latest research results on the genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 and genetic determinants of susceptibility and severity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Iwanicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Iwanicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Kaczmarczyk
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Mazur
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Chorzów, Poland
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Nandan A, Siddiqui NA, Singh C, Aeri A, Gwenzi W, Ighalo JO, de Carvalho Nagliate P, Meili L, Singh P, Chaukura N, Rangabhashiyam S. COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand, India: Environmental recovery or degradation? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:106595. [PMID: 34692403 PMCID: PMC8523312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The human coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is now a global pandemic. Personal hygiene such as hand-washing, the use of personal protective equipment, and social distancing via local and national lockdowns are used to reduce the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 and the associated lockdowns may have significant impacts on environmental quality and ergonomics. However, limited studies exists on the impacts of COVID-19 and the associated lockdowns on environmental quality and ergonomics in low-income settings. Therefore, the present study investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on socioeconomics, ergonomics and environment (water quality, air quality and noise) in Uttarakhand, India. Approximately 55% of respondents experienced headaches, and the other common health-related issue was back pain, with 45% of respondents having problems with their backs. Water and air quality significantly improved during the lockdown relative to the pre-lockdown period, but was observed to return to their previous characteristics afterwards. Lockdowns significant increased the concentration of indoor air pollutants while noise pollution levels significantly declined. In summary, lockdowns have adverse impacts on ergonomics, resulting in work-related human health risks. The impacts of lockdowns on environmental quality are mixed: temporary improvements on water and air quality, and noise reduction were observed, but indoor air quality deteriorated. Therefore, during lockdowns there is a need to minimize the adverse environmental and ergonomic impacts of lockdowns while simultaneously enhancing the beneficial impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Nandan
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Premnagar, Dehradun, India
| | - N A Siddiqui
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Premnagar, Dehradun, India
| | - Chandrakant Singh
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Premnagar, Dehradun, India
| | - Ashish Aeri
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Premnagar, Dehradun, India
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | | | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Process, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212, India
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Selvasembian Rangabhashiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Elbadwi FA, Khairy EA, Alsamani FO, Mahadi MA, Abdalrahman SE, Ahmed ZAM, Elsayed I, Ibraheem W, Alzain AA. Identification of novel transmembrane Protease Serine Type 2 drug candidates for COVID-19 using computational studies. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 26:100725. [PMID: 34514079 PMCID: PMC8421083 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emergence has resulted in a global health crisis. As a consequence, discovering an effective therapy that saves lives and slows the spread of the pandemic is a global concern currently. In silico drug repurposing is highly regarded as a precise computational method for obtaining fast and reliable results. Transmembrane serine-type 2 (TMPRSS2) is a SARS CoV-2 enzyme that is essential for viral fusion with the host cell. Inhibition of TMPRSS2 may block or lessen the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we aimed to perform an in silico drug repurposing to identify drugs that can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 TMPRSS2. As there is no 3D structure of TMPRSS2 available, homology modeling was performed to build the 3D structure of human TMPRSS2. 3848 world-approved drugs were screened against the target. Based on docking scores and visual outcomes, the best-fit drugs were chosen. Molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) studies were also conducted. Five potential drugs (Amikacin, isepamicin, butikacin, lividomycin, paromomycin) exhibited promising binding affinities. In conclusion, these findings empower purposing these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A Elbadwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Elaf A Khairy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Fatima O Alsamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Mariam A Mahadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Segood E Abdalrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Zain Alsharf M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Inas Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Walaa Ibraheem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Abdulrahim A Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
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7
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Sandor-Keri J, Benedek I, Polexa S, Benedek I. The Link between SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Inflammation and Hypercoagulability-Impact of Hemorheologic Alterations on Cardiovascular Mortality. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3015. [PMID: 34300181 PMCID: PMC8307227 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between severe forms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and cardiovascular diseases has been well documented by various studies that indicated a higher risk of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients, in parallel with a higher risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases. It seems that inflammation, which is a major pathophysiological substrate for both acute myocardial infarction and severe forms of COVID-19, may play a pivotal role in the interrelation between these two critical conditions, and hypercoagulability associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection could be responsible for acute cardiovascular complications. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) proved to be independent predictors for prognosis in acute coronary syndromes and systemic inflammatory diseases; therefore, they may be used as independent prognostic markers of disease severity in COVID-19 infection. The aim of this review is to present the most recent advances in understanding the complex link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation and alteration of blood coagulability and hemorheology, leading to major cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sandor-Keri
- Clinic of Cardiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology, George Emil Palade of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.P.); (I.B.)
| | - Istvan Benedek
- Clinic of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology, George Emil Palade of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Stefania Polexa
- Clinic of Cardiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology, George Emil Palade of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.P.); (I.B.)
| | - Imre Benedek
- Clinic of Cardiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology, George Emil Palade of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.P.); (I.B.)
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