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Elgán TH, Durbeej N, Holder HD, Gripenberg J. Effects of a multi-component alcohol prevention intervention at sporting events: a quasi-experimental control group study. Addiction 2021; 116:2663-2672. [PMID: 33651434 DOI: 10.1111/add.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol intoxication among spectators and related problems are common at sporting events. This study estimated the impact a multi-component community-based alcohol prevention intervention, implemented at Swedish Premier Football (soccer) League matches, had on intoxication levels among spectators and refusal rates of alcohol service to, and arena entry of, obviously intoxicated spectators. DESIGN A quasi-experimental controlled study using a repeated cross-sectional design. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Spectators and sport arenas in Stockholm and Gothenburg, Sweden. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR The intervention was implemented in Stockholm and consisted of community mobilisation and collaboration, training of staff and improved enforcement and policy work. Gothenburg was the comparison area and received usual care. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcomes were spectators' mean breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), proportion of spectators with high intoxication levels, (defined as BrAC ≥0.1%), overserving at licensed premises inside arenas and refused arena entry of obviously intoxicated spectators. Baseline data were collected during 2015 and follow-up during 2016 and 2017. FINDINGS BrAC assessments (n = 10 188), arena entry attempts (n = 201) and alcohol purchase attempts at premises inside arenas (n = 495) were collected. There was evidence that the refusal rates of alcohol purchase at premises inside arenas improved differently between study areas and over time (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.07, 1.06, P = 0.060, Bayes factor [BF] = 8.60). In both study areas, the arena entry refusal rates improved over time (aOR = 5.87, 95% CI = 1.16, 29.83, P = 0.033, BF = 17.7), but evidence that the rates improved differently between study areas and over time was equivocal (aOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.09, 3.56, P = 0.543, BF = 1.2). Mean BrAC levels decreased over time in both study areas (β = -0.032, 95% CI = -0.050, -0.015, P < 0.001), and differently (β = 0.104, 95% CI = 0.061, 0.146, P < 0.001), but evidence for an interaction effect was equivocal (β = -0.002, 95% CI = -0.022, 0.018, P = 0.868, BF = 1.0). Evidence was equivocal regarding whether the proportion of spectators with high intoxication levels decreased differently between study areas and over time (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.91, 1.50, P = 0.220, BF = 2.2). CONCLUSIONS A multi-component community-based alcohol prevention intervention at sporting events may have increased staff intervention toward obviously intoxicated spectators. It was not clear whether this translated into a reduction in intoxication, which can be explained by improvements in the comparison area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Elgán
- STAD (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie Durbeej
- STAD (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harold D Holder
- Prevention Research Center, PIRE (Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation), Oakland, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Scholes-Balog KE, Hemphill SA, Kremer PJ, Toumbourou JW. Relationships Between Sport Participation, Problem Alcohol Use, and Violence: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in Australia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:1501-1530. [PMID: 25604969 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514567962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a link between sport participation and violent behavior outside of the sporting context. However, there have been few studies that have investigated the basis of this relationship. The current study examined longitudinal relationships between sport participation, problem alcohol use, and various violent behaviors, and whether sport participation moderates relationships between problem alcohol use and violence. The sample comprised 2,262 young adults (55% female, age range at Time 1 = 17-24 years) from Victoria, Australia, surveyed in 2010 and 2012. When controlling for common risk factors, substance use, and past violence, sport participation was not associated with any violent behaviors 2 years later. However, sport participation moderated the relationship between problem alcohol use and fighting, whereby problem alcohol use was associated with engaging in fights 2 years later for sport participants, but not for nonparticipants. These findings suggest that it is not sport participation per se that influences later violence but the drinking norms or culture embedded within certain sporting contexts. Prevention approaches that address the drinking culture and social approval of excessive alcohol consumption within sporting contexts may reduce the incidence of violent behavior in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl A Hemphill
- Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - John W Toumbourou
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kingsland M, Wiggers JH, Vashum KP, Hodder RK, Wolfenden L. Interventions in sports settings to reduce risky alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2016; 5:12. [PMID: 26791417 PMCID: PMC4721008 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of risky alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm have been reported for sportspeople and supporters compared to non-sporting populations. Limited systematic reviews have been conducted to assess the effect of interventions targeting such behaviours. METHODS A review was undertaken to determine if interventions implemented in sports settings decreased alcohol consumption and related harms. Studies were included that implemented interventions within sports settings; measured alcohol consumption or alcohol-related injury or violence and were either randomised controlled trials, staggered enrollment trials, stepped-wedged trials, quasi-randomised trials, quasi-experimental trials or natural experiments. Studies without a parallel comparison group were excluded. Studies from both published and grey literature were included. Two authors independently screened potential studies against the eligibility criteria, and two authors independently extracted data from included studies and assessed risk of bias. The results of included studies were synthesised narratively. RESULTS The title and abstract of 6382 papers and the full text of 45 of these papers were screened for eligibility. Three studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. One of the included studies was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a cognitive-behavioural intervention with athletes within an Olympic training facility in the USA. The study reported a significant change in alcohol use between pre-test and follow-up between intervention and control groups. The other two studies were RCTs in community sports clubs in Ireland and Australia. The Australian study found a significant intervention effect for both risky alcohol consumption at sports clubs and overall risk of alcohol-related harm. The Irish study found no significant intervention effect. CONCLUSIONS A limited number of studies have been conducted to assess the effect of interventions implemented in sports settings on alcohol consumption and related harms. While two of the three studies found significant intervention effects, it is difficult to determine the extent to which such effects are generalisable. Further controlled trials are required in this setting. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42014001739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kingsland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
| | - John H Wiggers
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales, 2287, Australia.
| | - Khanrin P Vashum
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
| | - Rebecca K Hodder
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales, 2287, Australia.
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales, 2287, Australia.
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Kolar C, von Treuer K. Alcohol Misuse Interventions in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Workplace and Sports Management Alcohol Interventions. Int J Ment Health Addict 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-015-9558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Rowland BC, Wolfenden L, Dodds P, Kingsland M, Gillham KE, Wiggers JH. The impact of a hypothetical designated driver program on intended alcohol-related behavior: an RCT. Health Promot Int 2014; 30:7-15. [PMID: 25209918 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dau075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study was aimed to assess, using vignettes, the impact of a hypothetical 'designated driver' (DD) initiative on level of intended alcohol consumption. A secondary aim was to assess whether using any form of transport where someone else drove was associated with level of intended consumption. A total of 390 individual sports club members from 72 clubs in New South Wales, Australia, completed a telephone survey. Individuals were randomized into one of two groups: one receiving a hypothetical vignette where the sports club members drank in a setting that provided a DD program; and the other receiving a vignette where the setting in which sports club members drank did not have a DD program. Individuals in both groups were asked to estimate the amount of alcohol they would be likely to consume and the time over which they would consume alcohol, and to indicate the likely means of traveling home afterwards. No difference in the amount of alcohol intended to be consumed between those in the DD and the non-DD group was identified. However, secondary analysis identified that, after controlling for group allocation, greater alcohol consumption was reported by individuals who used transport that relied on someone else to drive them home. DD programs implemented in community sports clubs may not affect intended alcohol consumption by club members. However, using someone else to drive home was associated with greater alcohol consumption. To mitigate against this risk, licensed premises that implement safe transport strategies should consider the use of additional strategies to moderate alcohol consumption that may be inadvertently encouraged. TRIAL REGISTRATION (Australian Clinical Trials Registry) ACTRN12611000831987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosco C Rowland
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia NSW Cancer Institute, Australian Technology Park, Level 9, 8 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Pennie Dodds
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia
| | | | - Karen E Gillham
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia
| | - John H Wiggers
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia
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Kingsland M, Wolfenden L, Rowland BC, Gillham KE, Kennedy VJ, Ramsden RL, Colbran RW, Weir S, Wiggers JH. Alcohol consumption and sport: a cross-sectional study of alcohol management practices associated with at-risk alcohol consumption at community football clubs. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:762. [PMID: 23947601 PMCID: PMC3751764 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for considerable harm from chronic disease and injury. Within most developed countries, members of sporting clubs participate in at-risk alcohol consumption at levels above that of communities generally. There has been limited research investigating the predictors of at-risk alcohol consumption in sporting settings, particularly at the non-elite level. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the alcohol management practices and characteristics of community football clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members. METHODS A cross sectional survey of community football club management representatives and members was conducted. Logistic regression analysis (adjusting for clustering by club) was used to determine the association between the alcohol management practices (including alcohol management policy, alcohol-related sponsorship, availability of low- and non-alcoholic drinks, and alcohol-related promotions, awards and prizes) and characteristics (football code, size and location) of sporting clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members. RESULTS Members of clubs that served alcohol to intoxicated people [OR: 2.23 (95% CI: 1.26-3.93)], conducted 'happy hour' promotions [OR: 2.84 (95% CI: 1.84-4.38)] or provided alcohol-only awards and prizes [OR: 1.80 (95% CI: 1.16-2.80)] were at significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels than members of clubs that did not have such alcohol management practices. At-risk alcohol consumption was also more likely among members of clubs with less than 150 players compared with larger clubs [OR:1.45 (95% CI: 1.02-2.05)] and amongst members of particular football codes. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest a need and opportunity for the implementation of alcohol harm reduction strategies targeting specific alcohol management practices at community football clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kingsland
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales 2287, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- NSW Cancer Institute, Australian Technology Park, Level 9, 8 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, New South Wales 2015, Australia
| | - Bosco C Rowland
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Karen E Gillham
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales 2287, Australia
| | - Vanessa J Kennedy
- Australian Drug Foundation, Level 12, 607 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robyn L Ramsden
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
- Australian Drug Foundation, Level 12, 607 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Richard W Colbran
- Australian Drug Foundation, Level 12, 607 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sarah Weir
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales 2287, Australia
| | - John H Wiggers
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, New South Wales 2287, Australia
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