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Memeh E, Ali Y, Javier Rubio F, Hancock C, Mazharul Haque M. Gap acceptance behaviour and crash risks of mobile phone distracted young drivers at roundabouts: A random parameters survival model. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 206:107720. [PMID: 39024830 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Navigating through complex road geometries, such as roundabouts, poses significant challenges and safety risks for drivers. These challenges may be exacerbated when drivers are distracted by mobile phone conversations. The interplay of road geometry, driving state, and driver characteristics in creating compound risks remains an underexplored area in existing literature. Proper understanding of such compound crash risk is not only crucial to improve road geometric design but also to educate young drivers, who are particularly risk-takers and to devise strict penalties for mobile phone usage whilst driving. To fill this gap, this study examines crash risks associated with gap acceptance manoeuvres at roundabouts in the simulated environment of the CARRS-Q driving simulators, where 32 licenced young drivers were exposed to a gap acceptance scenario in three phone conditions: baseline (no phone conversation), handheld, and hands-free. A parametric random parameters survival modelling approach is adopted to understand safety margins-characterised by gap times-during gap acceptance scenarios at roundabouts, concurrently uncover driver-level heterogeneity with mobile phone distraction and capture repeated measures of experiment design. The model specification includes the handheld phone condition as a random parameter and hands-free phone condition, acceleration noise, gap size, crash history, and gender as non-random parameters. Results suggest that the majority of handheld distracted drivers have smaller safety margins, reflecting the negative consequences of engaging in handheld phone conversations. Interestingly, a group of drivers in the same handheld phone condition have been found to exhibit cautious/safer behaviour, as evidenced by longer gap times, reflecting their risk compensation behaviour. Female distracted drivers are also found to exhibit safer gap acceptance behaviour compared to distracted male drivers. The findings of this study shed light on the compound risk of mobile phone distraction and gap acceptance at roundabouts, requiring policymakers and authorities to devise strict penalties and laws for distracted driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Memeh
- Loughborough University, School of Architecture, Building, and Civil Engineering, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Yasir Ali
- Loughborough University, School of Architecture, Building, and Civil Engineering, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Francisco Javier Rubio
- University College London, Department of Statistical Science, London W1T 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Craig Hancock
- Loughborough University, School of Architecture, Building, and Civil Engineering, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Md Mazharul Haque
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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Nguyen MH, Nguyen-Phuoc DQ, Nguyen NAN, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Distracted on duty: A theory-based exploration of influences leading to mobile phone distracted riding among food delivery workers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 202:107538. [PMID: 38703589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Using mobile phones while riding is a form of distracted riding that significantly elevates crash risk. Regrettably, the factors contributing to mobile phone use while riding (MPUWR) among food delivery riders remain under-researched. Addressing this literature gap, the current study employs the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and various socio-economic factors to examine the determinants of MPUWR. The research incorporates data from 558 delivery workers in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study utilizes two analytical methods to empirically test the hypotheses, considering non-linear relationships between variables: Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results reveal mixed impacts of factors connected to job resources. Although social support appears to deter MPUWR, work autonomy and rewards seemingly encourage it. Furthermore, a predisposition towards risk-taking behaviour significantly impacts the frequency of mobile phone usage among delivery riders. Interestingly, riders with higher incomes and those who have previously been fined by the police exhibit more frequent mobile phone use. The findings of this study present valuable insights into the crucial factors to be addressed when designing interventions aimed at reducing phone use among food delivery riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Transport - Economics, University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Quy Nguyen-Phuoc
- Faculty of Road and Bridge Engineering, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen An Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Perez J, Hyun K, Boni JA. Use of smartphone apps while driving: Variations on driving performances and perceived risks. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 198:107474. [PMID: 38290408 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Distracted driving increases the crash frequencies on the road and subsequently leads to fatalities involved with crashes. As technology has evolved, drivers are continuously exposed to newer technology in their vehicles and applications in their phones, which has led to technology representing one of the main secondary tasks that distract drivers on the road. The impact of technology-involved distraction appears to be different by the type of distraction since a secondary task that can be exceedingly distracting to the driver causes more reckless and risky driving. Moreover, the impact of distracted driving may differ by roadway geometries since distracted drivers' performance may vary depending on how actively they interact with other vehicles or surrounding environments. This study aims to understand the impacts of smartphone application distractions, in particular social media activities (e.g., video, feed, message), on different road geometries using a mixed-method analysis consisting of a survey, a driving simulator experiment, and individual interview. Results from the interview and simulation experiments show that most social media activities cause unsafe lane changes regardless of road geometry. Among various social-media activities, watching reels (videos) represent an unintentional but deeper level of engagement that consequently causes a driver to deviate in their lane, make unintentional lane changes, suddenly change their speed and acceleration, and headway. The interview also revealed varying levels of risk perception about distracted driving, in particular the lower level of risk perception in using GPS and music applications. This study concludes that the distractions caused by smartphone applications and social media activities combined with lower awareness and risk perception could significantly elevate the crash risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Perez
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Kate Hyun
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Jobaidul Alam Boni
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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Ortiz-Peregrina S, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Ortiz C, Anera RG. Self-Regulation of Driving Behavior Under the Influence of Cannabis: The Role of Driving Complexity and Driver Vision. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:1506-1524. [PMID: 34601949 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211047799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed the self-regulation behaviors of drivers under the influence of cannabis and its relationship with road complexity and some driver traits, including visual deterioration. BACKGROUND Cannabis is the illicit drug most often detected in drivers; its use results in significant negative effects in terms of visual function. Self-regulation behaviors involve the mechanisms used by drivers to maintain or reduce the risk resulting from different circumstances or the driving environment. METHODS Thirty-one young, occasional cannabis users were assessed both in a baseline session and after smoking cannabis. We evaluated the visual function (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) and driver self-regulation variables of both longitudinal and lateral control as the speed adaptation and standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP). RESULTS Visual function was significantly impaired after cannabis use. Recreational cannabis use did not result in self-regulation, although some road features such as curved roads did determine self-regulation. Male participants adopted mean faster driving speeds with respect to the speed limit. Driver age also determined better lateral control with lower SDLPs. In addition, visual impairment resulting from cannabis use (contrast sensitivity) was linked with self-regulation by changes in longitudinal and lateral control. CONCLUSION Contrast sensitivity could be a good indicator of individual visual status to help determine how drivers self-regulate their driving both in normal conditions and while under the influence of cannabis. APPLICATION The findings provide new insights about driver self-regulation under cannabis effects and are useful for policy making and awareness campaigns.
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Boboc RG, Voinea GD, Buzdugan ID, Antonya C. Talking on the Phone While Driving: A Literature Review on Driving Simulator Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710554. [PMID: 36078267 PMCID: PMC9517811 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Distracted driving is a growing concern around the world and has been the focus of many naturalistic and simulator-based studies. Driving simulators provide excellent practical and theoretical help in studying the driving process, and considerable efforts have been made to prove their validity. This research aimed to review relevant simulator-based studies focused on investigating the effects of the talking-on-the-phone-while-driving distraction on drivers' behavior. This work is a scoping review which followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The search was performed on five databases, covering twenty years of research results. It was focused on finding answers to three research questions that could offer an overview of the main sources of distraction, the research infrastructure, and the measures that were used to analyze and predict the effects of distractions. A number of 4332 studies were identified in the database search, from which 83 were included in the review. The main findings revealed that TPWD distraction negatively affects driving performance, exposing drivers to dangerous traffic situations. Moreover, there is a general understanding that the driver's cognitive, manual, visual, and auditory resources are all involved, to a certain degree, when executing a secondary task while driving.
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Kaviani F, Young KL, Robards B, Koppel S. "Like it's wrong, but it's not that wrong:" Exploring the normalization of risk-compensatory strategies among young drivers engaging in illegal smartphone use. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 78:292-302. [PMID: 34399926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young drivers are the most vulnerable road users and most likely to use a smartphone illegally while driving. Although when compared with drink-driving, attitudes to illegal smartphone risk are nearly identical, smartphone use among young drivers continues to increase. METHOD Four in-depth focus groups were conducted with 13 young (18-25 years) drivers to gain insight into their perceptions of the risks associated with the behavior. Our aim was to determine how drivers navigate that risk and if their behavior shapes and informs perceptions of norms. RESULTS Three key themes emerged: (a) participants perceived illegal smartphone use as commonplace, easy, and benign; (b) self-regulatory behaviors that compensate for risk are pervasive among illegal smartphone users; and (c) risk-compensation strategies rationalize risks and perceived norms, reducing the seriousness of transgression when compared with drink-driving. Young drivers rationalized their own use by comparing their selfregulatory smartphone and driving skills with those of "bad drivers," not law abiders. Practical Applications: These findings suggest that smartphone behaviors shape attitudes to risk, highlighting the importance for any countermeasure aimed at reducing illegal use to acknowledge how a young person's continued engagement in illegal smartphone use is justified by the dynamic composition of use, risk assessment and the perceived norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Kaviani
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Kristie L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - Brady Robards
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Sjaan Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
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Jerome Z, Arvin R, Khattak AJ. Analyzing drivers' hazard recognition: Precursors to single-vehicle collisions. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 160:106304. [PMID: 34339912 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extensive driver behavior and performance information provided by real-world video surveillance and sensor data in the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study has enabled the examination of new layers and pathways leading to crash outcomes. We note that the prominence of hazards and the importance of recognizing them vary systematically across single vs. multi-vehicle crashes, and address a fundamental question about safety: why do around three-quarters of drivers involved in single-vehicle crashes not recognize, perceive, or react to the precipitating event (PE)? Using a path-analytic framework through marginal effects, this study investigates factors correlated to recognition of the PE in single-vehicle events, and how these correlations may act as crash precursors. Logit models, accounting for heterogeneity among events and drivers by estimating both fixed and random parameters, quantified correlations among key variables, given a crash or near-crash event (N = 543). The type of PE, roadway environment factors, and driving maneuvers heavily influenced recognition chances. Drivers had a harder time recognizing less conspicuous hazards (e.g. departing the travel way, decreased recognition chances by 48.29%), but seemed better at recognizing prominent hazards (e.g. vehicle losing control, increased recognition chances by 46.71%). In addition, drivers are less likely to recognize PEs when executing less involved driving maneuvers in more relaxed environments, such as daylight (decreased recognition chances by 16.00%), but are more adept in environments that already demand more attention. Recognition reduced the chances of a crash by 12.23%, so we found similar correlations with crash outcome. Future intelligent transportation systems may focus on increasing driver recognition of potential hazards by bringing attention to less conspicuous hazards and less involved driving environments and actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Jerome
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States
| | - Ramin Arvin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States.
| | - Asad J Khattak
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States
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Ortega CAC, Mariscal MA, Boulagouas W, Herrera S, Espinosa JM, García-Herrero S. Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Driving Performance: An Experimental Study of Workload and Traffic Violations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137101. [PMID: 34281034 PMCID: PMC8297239 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of communication technologies, e.g., mobile phones, has increased dramatically in recent years, and their use among drivers has become a great risk to traffic safety. The present study assessed the workload and road ordinary violations, utilizing driving data collected from 39 young participants who underwent a dual-task while driving a simulator, i.e., respond to a call, text on WhatsApp, and check Instagram. Findings confirmed that there are significant differences in the driving performance of young drivers in terms of vehicle control (i.e., lateral distance and hard shoulder line violations) between distracted and non-distracted drivers. Furthermore, the overall workload score of young drivers increases with the use of their mobile phones while driving. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the driving performance of distracted young drivers and thus they could be useful for further improvements to traffic safety strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Catalina Ortega
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Miguel A. Mariscal
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Wafa Boulagouas
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Sixto Herrera
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, ETS de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
| | - Juan M. Espinosa
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
| | - Susana García-Herrero
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (C.A.C.O.); (M.A.M.); (W.B.); (J.M.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Phuksuksakul N, Kanitpong K, Chantranuwathana S. Factors affecting behavior of mobile phone use while driving and effect of mobile phone use on driving performance. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 151:105945. [PMID: 33385967 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed factors affecting behavior of mobile phone use while driving and its effects on driving performance, in terms of speed, lateral position, steer deviation, steer speed, following distance, perception-reaction time, and occurrence of a near miss situation. To investigate the factors affecting behavior of mobile phone use while driving, 1106 respondents from four different regions in Thailand participated in the questionnaire survey study. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to explain these factors including two additional extended factors which are risk perception and law enforcement knowledge. The outcome of this part shows that attitude, norm, and law enforcement knowledge significantly affect the intention and behavior of the drivers. Even though approximately 90 percent of drivers realized that using a mobile phone while driving was dangerous and against the law, they have reported that they still use mobile phone while driving. To determine the effect of mobile phone use on driving performance, a 2-lane, straight rural highway, with a leading vehicle and an unexpected "STOP" sign, were simulated in order to examine the driving performance of drivers "without a phone", "talking on a phone call", and "texting a message" conditions. The results found that using mobile phone while driving can reduce speed and following distance, but increase lateral deviation, steer deviation, steer speed, perception-reaction time, and number of near misses leading to higher risks for road crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunnawee Kanitpong
- School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
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Arvin R, Khattak AJ. Driving impairments and duration of distractions: Assessing crash risk by harnessing microscopic naturalistic driving data. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 146:105733. [PMID: 32916552 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Distracted and impaired driving is a key contributing factor in crashes, leading to about 35% of all transportation-related deaths in recent years. Along these lines, cognitive issues like inattentiveness can further increase the chances of crash involvement. Despite its prevalence and importance, little is known about how the duration of these distractions is associated with critical events, such as crashes or near-crashes. With new sensors and increasing computational resources, it is possible to monitor drivers, vehicle performance, and roadway features to extract useful information, e.g., eyes off the road, indicating distraction and inattention. Using high-resolution microscopic SHRP2 naturalistic driving data, this study conducts in-depth analysis of both impairments and distractions. The data has more than 2 million seconds of observations in 7394 baselines (no event), 1228 near-crashes, and 617 crashes. The event data was processed and linked with driver behavior and roadway factors. The intervals of distracted driving during the period of observation (15 seconds) were extracted; next, rigorous fixed and random parameter logistic regression models of crash/near-crash risk were estimated. The results reveal that alcohol and drug impairment is associated with a substantial increase in crash/near-crash event involvement of 34%, and the highest correlations with crash risk include duration of distraction through dialing on a cellphone, texting while driving, and reaching for an object. Using detailed pre-crash data from instrumented vehicles, the study contributes by quantifying crash risk vis-à-vis detailed driving impairment and information on secondary task involvement, and discusses the implications of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Arvin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Asad J Khattak
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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Ortiz-Peregrina S, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Ortiz C, Casares-López M, Salas C, Anera RG. Factors determining speed management during distracted driving (WhatsApp messaging). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13263. [PMID: 32764627 PMCID: PMC7413379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate self-regulation behaviours, particularly speed management, under distracted conditions due to WhatsApp use. We also studied the influence of different environments and driver characteristics, introducing visual status as one of them. Seventy-five drivers were evaluated in a simulator study involving two test sessions under baseline and texting conditions. A cluster analysis was used to identify two groups with different visual capacity .Lastly, possible predictors of speed management were studied developing a generalised linear mixed model. Our results show that drivers reduced their speeds in the presence of more demanding driving conditions; while replying to a WhatsApp message, on curved road segments and when parked cars are present. Driving speed also correlated with driver characteristics such as age or dual task experience and human factors such as self-perceived risk. Finally, although there were significant differences in visual capacity between the two groups identified, the model did not identify visual capacity membership as a significant predictor of speed management. This study could provide a better understanding of the mechanisms drivers use when WhatsApp messaging and which environments and driver conditions influence how speed is managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ortiz-Peregrina
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miriam Casares-López
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Salas
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario G Anera
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Li X, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Rakotonirainy A. Drivers' gap acceptance behaviours at intersections: A driving simulator study to understand the impact of mobile phone visual-manual interactions. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 138:105486. [PMID: 32109686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone use is often considered to be the main source of distraction on the road. Gap acceptance at intersections is a frequent and complex driving task that requires high visual attention from drivers. This study aims to investigate the effect of mobile phone use on the gap acceptance manoeuvre at intersections. Different mobile phone use positions, intersection type, gap size and driver characteristics were considered in the study. A total of 41 licenced drivers drove in an advanced driving simulator in three phone use conditions: baseline (no phone use), using the phone under the steering wheel (covert) and using the phone above the steering wheel (overt). Drivers drove the simulator three times and experienced two intersection types (straight-forward vs. left-turn) and two gap sizes (4 s vs. 7 s) during each drive. A parametric accelerated failure time (AFT) duration model was developed to evaluate the intersection crossing completion time of drivers. The results showed no significant difference of gap acceptance behaviours between the two phone use positions. The distraction task did not affect drivers' gap acceptance decision, but it increased the crossing completion time by over 10 % compared to baseline. Besides, drivers behaved conservatively at intersections while using a mobile phone, such as adopting a larger deceleration, waiting a longer time, and mainting a larger distance to the front vehicle, etc. However, these compensational behaviours were not helpful in improving the intersection traffic situation regarding both safety and efficiency. Intersection type and gap size were both significant factors of gap acceptance decision and crossing completion time. Additionally, younger drivers were more likely to accept a gap than older drivers, and female drivers spent longer time to cross the intersection than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Andry Rakotonirainy
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
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Bowden VK, Loft S, Wilson MK, Howard J, Visser TAW. The long road home from distraction: Investigating the time-course of distraction recovery in driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 124:23-32. [PMID: 30610996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Driver distraction is a leading cause of accidents. While there has been significant research examining driver performance during a distraction, there has been less focus on how much time is required to recover performance following a distraction. To address this issue, participants in the current study completed a simulated 40-min drive while being presented with distractions. Distractions were followed by a visual Detection Response Task (DRT) to assess participants' resource availability and potential capacity to respond to hazards, as well as continuous measures of driving performance including their ability to maintain a consistent speed and lane position. We examined recovery for a 40 s period following three types of distraction: cognitive only, cognitive + visual, and cognitive + visual + manual. Since safe driving requires cognitive, visual, and manual resources, we expected recovery to take longer when the distraction involved more of these resources. Consistent with this, each additional level of distraction further slowed DRT response times and increased speed variability during 0-10 s post-distraction. However, DRT accuracy was equally impaired for all conditions during 0-20 s post-distraction, while lane position maintenance from 0 to 10 s post-distraction was only impaired when the distraction included a manual component. In addition, while participants in all three conditions exhibited some degree of post-distraction impairment, only those in the cognitive + visual + manual condition reduced their speed during the time when distracted, suggesting drivers show limited awareness of the potential persistent consequences of distraction.
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Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Haque MM, King M, Demmel S. Driving behaviour while self-regulating mobile phone interactions: A human-machine system approach. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 118:253-262. [PMID: 29653674 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone distracted driving is a recurrent issue in road safety worldwide. Recent research on driving behaviour of distracted drivers suggests that in certain circumstances drivers seem to assume safer behaviours while using a mobile phone. Despite a high volume of research on this topic, self-regulation by mobile phone distracted drivers is not well understood as many driving simulator experiments are designed to impose an equal level of distraction to participants being tested for their driving performance. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between self-regulatory secondary task performance and driving. By a driving simulator experiment in which participants were allowed to perform their secondary tasks whenever they feel appropriate, the driving performance of 35 drivers aged 18-29 years was observed under three phone conditions including non-distraction (no phone use), hands-free interactions and visual-manual interactions in the CARRS-Q advanced driving simulator. Drivers' longitudinal and lateral vehicle control observed across various road traffic conditions were then modelled by Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) with exchangeable correlation structure accounting for heterogeneity resulting from multiple observations from the same driver. Results show that the extent of engagement in the secondary task influence both longitudinal and lateral control of vehicles. Drivers who engaged in a large number of hands-free interactions are found to select lower driving speed. In contrast, longer visual-manual interactions are found to result in higher driving speed among drivers self-regulating their secondary task. Among the road traffic conditions, drivers distracted by their self-regulated secondary tasks are found to select lower speeds along the s-curve compared to straight and motorway segments. In summary, the applied human-machine system approach suggests that road traffic demands play a vital role in both secondary task management and driving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Faculty of Health, Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland, Australia; Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Colombia.
| | - Md Mazharul Haque
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Faculty of Health, Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Faculty of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sebastien Demmel
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Faculty of Health, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Caird JK, Simmons SM, Wiley K, Johnston KA, Horrey WJ. Does Talking on a Cell Phone, With a Passenger, or Dialing Affect Driving Performance? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies. HUMAN FACTORS 2018; 60:101-133. [PMID: 29351023 DOI: 10.1177/0018720817748145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective An up-to-date meta-analysis of experimental research on talking and driving is needed to provide a comprehensive, empirical, and credible basis for policy, legislation, countermeasures, and future research. Background The effects of cell, mobile, and smart phone use on driving safety continues to be a contentious societal issue. Method All available studies that measured the effects of cell phone use on driving were identified through a variety of search methods and databases. A total of 93 studies containing 106 experiments met the inclusion criteria. Coded independent variables included conversation target (handheld, hands-free, and passenger), setting (laboratory, simulation, or on road), and conversation type (natural, cognitive task, and dialing). Coded dependent variables included reaction time, stimulus detection, lane positioning, speed, headway, eye movements, and collisions. Results The overall sample had 4,382 participants, with driver ages ranging from 14 to 84 years ( M = 25.5, SD = 5.2). Conversation on a handheld or hands-free phone resulted in performance costs when compared with baseline driving for reaction time, stimulus detection, and collisions. Passenger conversation had a similar pattern of effect sizes. Dialing while driving had large performance costs for many variables. Conclusion This meta-analysis found that cell phone and passenger conversation produced moderate performance costs. Drivers minimally compensated while conversing on a cell phone by increasing headway or reducing speed. A number of additional meta-analytic questions are discussed. Application The results can be used to guide legislation, policy, countermeasures, and future research.
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Choudhary P, Velaga NR. Mobile phone use during driving: Effects on speed and effectiveness of driver compensatory behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 106:370-378. [PMID: 28715728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study analysed and modelled the effects of conversation and texting (each with two difficulty levels) on driving performance of Indian drivers in terms of their mean speed and accident avoiding abilities; and further explored the relationship between speed reduction strategy of the drivers and their corresponding accident frequency. 100 drivers of three different age groups (young, mid-age and old-age) participated in the simulator study. Two sudden events of Indian context: unexpected crossing of pedestrians and joining of parked vehicles from road side, were simulated for estimating the accident probabilities. Generalized linear mixed models approach was used for developing linear regression models for mean speed and binary logistic regression models for accident probability. The results of the models showed that the drivers significantly compensated the increased workload by reducing their mean speed by 2.62m/s and 5.29m/s in the presence of conversation and texting tasks respectively. The logistic models for accident probabilities showed that the accident probabilities increased by 3 and 4 times respectively when the drivers were conversing or texting on a phone during driving. Further, the relationship between the speed reduction patterns and their corresponding accident frequencies showed that all the drivers compensated differently; but, among all the drivers, only few drivers, who compensated by reducing the speed by 30% or more, were able to fully offset the increased accident risk associated with the phone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Choudhary
- Transportation systems engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai-400 076, India.
| | - Nagendra R Velaga
- Transportation systems engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India.
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Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Haque MM, King M, Washington S. Self-regulation of driving speed among distracted drivers: An application of driver behavioral adaptation theory. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:599-605. [PMID: 28095026 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1278628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety–Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md. Mazharul Haque
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety–Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety–Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Washington
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety–Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Truong LT, De Gruyter C, Nguyen HTT. Calling, texting, and searching for information while riding a motorcycle: A study of university students in Vietnam. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:593-598. [PMID: 28112978 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1283490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of calling, texting, and searching for information while riding a motorcycle among university students and the influences of sociodemographic characteristics, social norms, and risk perceptions on these behaviors. METHODS Students at 2 university campuses in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, the 2 largest cities in Vietnam, were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. Data collection was conducted during March and May 2016. RESULTS There were 741 respondents, of whom nearly 90% of students (665) were motorcycle riders. Overall prevalence of mobile phone use while riding is 80.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.9-83.9%) with calling having a higher level of prevalence than texting or searching for information while riding: 74% (95% CI, 70.7-77.3%) vs. 51.7% (95% CI, 47.9-55.5%) and 49.9% (95% CI, 46.1-53.7%), respectively. Random parameter ordered probit modeling results indicate that mobile phone use while riding is associated with gender, motorcycle license duration, perceived crash risk, perceived risk of mobile phone snatching, and perceptions of friends' mobile phone use while riding. CONCLUSIONS Mobile phone use while riding a motorcycle is highly prevalent among university students. Educational programs should focus on the crash and economic risk of all types of mobile phone use while riding, including calling, texting, and searching for information. In addition, they should consider targeting the influence of social norms and peers on mobile phone use while riding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long T Truong
- a Monash Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
- b Directorate for Roads of Vietnam , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Chris De Gruyter
- a Monash Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Hang T T Nguyen
- c Institute of Construction Engineering , University of Transport and Communications , Hanoi , Vietnam
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Stavrinos D, Pope CN, Shen J, Schwebel DC. Distracted Walking, Bicycling, and Driving: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mobile Technology and Youth Crash Risk. Child Dev 2017; 89:118-128. [PMID: 28504303 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article examined the impact of mobile technology on young pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. A systematic search yielded 41 articles meeting inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed, published before February 1, 2016, behavioral outcome related to pedestrian, bicycling, or driving in the presence of mobile technology use, youth sample. Eleven studies were meta-analyzed to evaluate increased risk for crash/near-crash while distracted. Risk of bias and quality of research were assessed. Across methodologies, developmental stages, and type of distracting task, mobile technology use impairs youth safety on the road. Quality of evidence was low (pedestrian) to moderate (driving). Findings are discussed from the perspective of cognitive and visual distractions. Policy and behavioral efforts should continue to reduce mobile technology use in transportation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiabin Shen
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
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Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Haque MM, King M, Washington S. Effects of road infrastructure and traffic complexity in speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 101:67-77. [PMID: 28189943 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of mobile phones while driving remains a major human factors issue in the transport system. A significant safety concern is that driving while distracted by a mobile phone potentially modifies the driving speed leading to conflicts with other road users and consequently increases crash risk. However, the lack of systematic knowledge of the mechanisms involved in speed adaptation of distracted drivers constrains the explanation and modelling of the extent of this phenomenon. The objective of this study was to investigate speed adaptation of distracted drivers under varying road infrastructure and traffic complexity conditions. The CARRS-Q Advanced Driving Simulator was used to test participants on a simulated road with different traffic conditions, such as free flow traffic along straight roads, driving in urbanized areas, and driving in heavy traffic along suburban roads. Thirty-two licensed young drivers drove the simulator under three phone conditions: baseline (no phone conversation), hands-free and handheld phone conversations. To understand the relationships between distraction, road infrastructure and traffic complexity, speed adaptation calculated as the deviation of driving speed from the posted speed limit was modelled using a decision tree. The identified groups of road infrastructure and traffic characteristics from the decision tree were then modelled with a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with repeated measures to develop inferences about speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers. The GLMM also included driver characteristics and secondary task demands as predictors of speed adaptation. Results indicated that complex road environments like urbanization, car-following situations along suburban roads, and curved road alignment significantly influenced speed adaptation behaviour. Distracted drivers selected a lower speed while driving along a curved road or during car-following situations, but speed adaptation was negligible in the presence of high visual cutter, indicating the prioritization of the driving task over the secondary task. Additionally, drivers who scored high on self-reported safe attitudes towards mobile phone usage, and who reported prior involvement in a road traffic crash, selected a lower driving speed in the distracted condition than in the baseline. The results aid in understanding how driving task demands influence speed adaptation of distracted drivers under various road infrastructure and traffic complexity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701 Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Md Mazharul Haque
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701 Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Mark King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Simon Washington
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701 Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Azadeh A, Zarrin M, Hamid M. A novel framework for improvement of road accidents considering decision-making styles of drivers in a large metropolitan area. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 87:17-33. [PMID: 26651129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Road accidents can be caused by different factors such as human factors. Quality of the decision-making process of drivers could have a considerable impact on preventing disasters. The main objective of this study is the analysis of factors affecting road accidents by considering the severity of accidents and decision-making styles of drivers. To this end, a novel framework is proposed based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) and statistical methods (SMs) to assess the factors affecting road accidents. In this study, for the first time, dominant decision-making styles of drivers with respect to severity of injuries are identified. To show the applicability of the proposed framework, this research employs actual data of more than 500 samples in Tehran, Iran. The empirical results indicate that the flexible decision style is the dominant style for both minor and severe levels of accident injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azadeh
- School of Industrial Engineering and Center of Excellence for Intelligent Based Experimental Mechanic, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Zarrin
- School of Industrial Engineering and Center of Excellence for Intelligent Based Experimental Mechanic, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hamid
- School of Industrial Engineering and Center of Excellence for Intelligent Based Experimental Mechanic, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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de Oña J, de Oña R, Eboli L, Forciniti C, Mazzulla G. How to identify the key factors that affect driver perception of accident risk. A comparison between Italian and Spanish driver behavior. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 73:225-235. [PMID: 25247553 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Road crashes can be caused by different factors, including infrastructure, vehicles, and human variables. Many research studies have focused solely on identifying the key factors that cause road crashes. From these studies, it emerged that human factors have the most relevant impact on accident severity. More specifically, accident severity depends on several factors related directly to the driver, i.e., driving experience, driver's socio-economic characteristics, and driving behavior and attitudes. In this paper, we investigate driver behaviors and attitudes while driving and specifically focus on different methods for identifying the factors that most affect the driver's perception of accident risk. To this end, we designed and conducted a survey in two different European contexts: the city of Cosenza, which is located in the south of Italy, and the city of Granada, which is located in the south of Spain. Samples of drivers were contacted for their opinions on certain aspects of driving rules and attitudes while driving, and different types of questions were addressed to the drivers to assess their judgments of these aspects. Consequently, different methods of data analysis were applied to determine the aspects that heavily influence driver perception of accident risk. An experiment based on the stated preferences (SP) was carried out with the drivers, and the SP data were analyzed using an ordered probit (OP) model. Interesting findings emerged from different analyses of the data and from the comparisons among the data collected in the two different territorial contexts. We found that both Italian and Spanish drivers consider driving in an altered psychophysical state and violating the overtaking rules to be the most risky behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Oña
- TRYSE Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Cuesta del Hospicio, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Rocio de Oña
- TRYSE Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Cuesta del Hospicio, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Eboli
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 46/B 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Carmen Forciniti
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 46/B 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Mazzulla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 46/B 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Abstract
Smartwatches and other wearables are being developed for the consumer market and will most likely be used by drivers, but there is little investigation into their influence on driver behaviour. Smartwatches are able to provide certain smartphone functionalities. For example, they can provide notifications, such as text mes-sages. Because watches are always “on-hand”, drivers may find it easier and be more compelled to interact with them in comparison to smartphones. We conducted an exploratory driving simulator study to compare a smartwatch and a smartphone in terms of time to engagement with the device and drivers’ glance patterns. The results show that participants (n=6) chose to engage with the smartwatch faster than with the smartphone, but took longer to read notifications. The smartwatch also led to a larger number of glances greater than 2 seconds than the smartphone. Further investigation of the effects on driving performance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C.W. Giang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto
| | | | - Birsen Donmez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto
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