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Ma Y, Qiu Y, Sun L. Chinese adaptation of the reckless driving behaviour scale: Testing its psychometric properties and links with safe driving climate among family and peers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34446. [PMID: 39104484 PMCID: PMC11298909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to revise the Reckless Driving Behaviour Scale (RDBS) and examined its reliability and validity among young Chinese drivers. Methods The RDBS, the Safe Driving Climate among Friends Scale (SDCaF), the Family Climate for Road Safety Scale (FCRSS) and a social desirability scale were administrated to 560 young drivers. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 250) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n = 250) were conducted to examine the factorial structure of the RDBS. Results The Chinese version of the RDBS has 18 items that are divided into 4 factors: distraction, substance use, extreme behaviour and positioning. Both the results of EFA and CFA confirmed its factorial structure. The reliability of the RDBS was acceptable and the concurrent validity of the scale was supported by its significant associations with the SDCaF and FCRSS factors. Finally, drivers who had violation involvement scored higher on all four factors than their peers who did not have violation involvement, providing evidence for its known-group validity. Conclusion The revised RDBS has similar structure with the original version and its reliability and validity were satisfactory. It is an effective tool to measure the reckless driving behaviour of young drivers in China and interventions that incorporated joint efforts of family and peers should be developed.
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Rodwell D. An exploratory study of parent acceptance of sanctions for driving offenses committed by their children. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:345-353. [PMID: 38324628 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2296861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems are effective at reducing young driver crashes but rely on active parental involvement. However, some parents may accept sanctions (e.g., demerit points, monetary fines) for traffic offenses committed by their children, leading to experiences of punishment avoidance by young drivers. This aim of this exploratory study was to investigate several demographic and psychosocial influences that could possibly be associated with parent acceptance of sanctions. METHOD An online survey was completed by parents of young drivers (N = 149, M = 48.88 years, SD = 4.76 years; female = 86%) from 3 Australian states. The survey included measures of sociodemographic characteristics and driving history (e.g., crash involvement), socioeconomic status, parenting style, knowledge of their child's driving behavior, perceptions of their ability to manage their child's driving, attitudes toward GDL, and previous or potential acceptance of demerit points or payment of fines for road offenses committed by their child. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent of parents had accepted or would accept a sanction on behalf of their child. Number of children overall, number of children licensed, and household income were associated with parent acceptance of a sanction. Parenting style, attitude toward GDL restrictions, parent confidence in their knowledge of GDL restrictions and ability to manage their child's driving, and belief that their child would follow rules were not associated with (non)acceptance of a sanction. CONCLUSIONS These exploratory findings suggest that family size and income may be important influences on parent acceptance of sanctions on behalf of their offending children. The findings related to the psychosocial variables are discussed considering other research and the limitations of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodwell
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Senserrick T, Möller H, Boufous S, Stevenson M, Williamson A, Patton G, McLean R, Chen HY, Cullen P, Woodward M, Ivers R. Learning With a Supervisor Who has Traffic Offences and Young Driver Crashes: The DRIVE Study 13-Year Follow-Up. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:859-865. [PMID: 37642621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Young learner drivers commonly must record substantial supervised practice driving before independent licensure. Supervisory driver requirements can be limited or highly regulated, yet research is lacking on the effectiveness of different approaches. The current objective was to explore whether young drivers who were mostly supervised by someone who they perceived had traffic offences versus no offences had different crash records over a period of 13 years postlicensing. METHODS DRIVE is an Australian prospective cohort study of more than 20,000 drivers who were aged 17-24 years and newly licensed during 2003-2004. They completed detailed baseline questionnaires, including whether the person they identified as supervising their learner driving the most had perceived traffic offences in the past 12 months. Responses were linked to their state crash, hospitalization, and death records to 2016. A parametric survival model was created to calculate hazard ratios of time to crash for those reporting that their supervisor had 0 versus 1 and 0 versus 2+ perceived offences, adjusting for the participants' prior crash history and other covariates. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, 369 participants reporting supervisory drivers with 2+ perceived offences, compared to 15,451 participants reporting no such offences, had up to 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.10-2.53 at 6 months) times the rate of any crash for the first 2.5 years and up to 2.01 (95% confidence interval 1.26-3.19 at 3.5 years) times the rate of crashes resulting in injury for 5.5 years. DISCUSSION Although overall supervision by a driver with two or more perceived offences was low, further attention is needed to ensure improved supervised driving experiences, with mentoring programs and professional instructor partnerships worthy of exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Senserrick
- Western Australian Centre for Road Safety Research, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Holger Möller
- School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety Research, School of Aviation, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Transport Health and Urban Design Research Lab, Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann Williamson
- Transport and Road Safety Research, School of Aviation, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Development, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rebecca McLean
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Huei-Yang Chen
- Evidence, Agency for Clinical Innovation, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Ngarruwan Ngadju: First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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Estilos parentais, impulsividade e comportamento de jovens universitários condutores. PSICO 2022. [DOI: 10.15448/1980-8623.2022.1.37260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Devido à alta taxa de jovens envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as relações entre estilos parentais, impulsividade e comportamentos de direção em uma amostra de 292 jovens adultos. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Inventário de Estilos Parentais, do Questionário do Comportamento do motorista e da Escala de Impulsividade de Barrat. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação negativa (p < 0,01) entre estilos maternos positivos com o comportamento de risco no trânsito e uma correlação positiva (p < 0,01) entre impulsividade e comportamento de risco, de forma que o baixo controle inibitório apresentou interação com práticas parentais negativas e associação significativa (p = 0,04) com erros, lapsos e violações no trânsito. Os modelos de regressão linear múltipla apontaram que os estilos parentais e a impulsividade são preditores do comportamento de risco do motorista.
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Møller M, Hyldekær Janstrup K, Hjorth K, Twisk DAM. Introducing accompanied driving in Denmark. Safety-related differences between youth licensing with immediate or delayed access to solo driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 162:106394. [PMID: 34555592 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Denmark, the legal license age was lowered from 18 to 17, to allow practice with an experienced driver before solo driving from age 18. The change gives the candidate driver a choice between: a) licensing at age 17 followed by a phase of accompanied driving until solo driving at age 18 (L17), and b) licensing at age 18 (or older) giving immediate access to solo driving (L18). The purpose of this study is: First, to explore safety-related differences between youth choosing the L17 or the L18 option, with a particular focus on safety attitude and self-assessed driving skills. Second, to map patterns in the use of accompanied driving and its predictors as well as the interaction between the L17 driver and the accompanying person (ACP). A sample of 632 drivers (53% male) between 17 and 19 years of age completed a survey. Among the participants 61% licensed through L17 and 39% through L18. Our results identify different risk profiles between L17 and L18. A higher score on perceptual-motor skills, lower score on safety skills and lower support to speed limits predicted L17. Female L17 were more safety-oriented compared to male L17. L17 who had experienced a supportive atmosphere and engagement in complex traffic situations during the drive were more likely to indicate that accompanied driving had improved their driving skills. However, results also indicate that the amount of experience obtained by L17 may be insufficient to obtain a safety benefit. Measures to address speeding and other risk-taking behaviours among male candidate drivers are needed to ensure a safety benefit of the Danish accompanied driving scheme. In addition, requirements may be needed to increase the amount of accompanied driving. Finally, parent guidelines could support the creation of a positive atmosphere during the drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Møller
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Division of Transport, Bygningstorvet 116b, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kira Hyldekær Janstrup
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Division of Transport, Bygningstorvet 116b, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Hjorth
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Division of Transport, Bygningstorvet 116b, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Divera A M Twisk
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland, 130 Victoria Park Drive, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4069, Australia
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Bates L, Somoray K, Lennon A. Parenting style, young driver compliance and the imposition of additional driving restrictions within graduated driver licensing systems. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 144:105619. [PMID: 32553891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Provisional (or intermediate) drivers do not always comply with graduated driver licensing restrictions and road laws. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of parenting style on young driver compliance with licensing restrictions. Two surveys, the first a sample of parents of provisionally licensed drivers (n = 101) from Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory (Australia), while the second, and separate sample, was of provisionally licensed drivers (n = 132) from Queensland. A series of regression analyses identified that parents who reported higher levels of control were more likely to feel responsible for their child's driving and to have a child that complied with licensing restrictions. Parents who reported higher levels of support were more likely to offer their child practical assistance in order to help them to comply with licensing restrictions. Young drivers who reported that their parents had higher levels of control were more likely to indicate that they complied with restrictions. Given that parenting style appears to influence provisional driver compliance with licensing requirements, there may be an opportunity to develop interventions to enhance compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel Bates
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Klaire Somoray
- Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexia Lennon
- Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Belsham D, Lennon A, Bates L, Matthews S. Novice drivers’ experiences of parental encouragement with road rules in Queensland: Scope for a third party policing approach? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.33492/jacrs-d-18-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether a third party policing approach is appropriate for increasing young driver compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions. Focus groups (n = 3) and semi-structured interviews (n = 24) were conducted with young drivers from Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Participants (n = 39 in total) were aged 17 to 19 years and held a Provisional 1 or 2 licence. Many young drivers appreciated the involvement of their parents in their novice driving period and reported that parents provided practical support and planning strategies. There is potential for the use of a third party policing intervention to improve compliance amongst young drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Belsham
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexia Lennon
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyndel Bates
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia
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Implementation is not enough: Graduated drivers licensing benefits from a comprehensive enforcement, education, and awareness campaigns. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 85:704-710. [PMID: 29985234 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graduated drivers license (GDLs) are required in most states. Graduated drivers licenses are intermediate licenses requiring a supervisory period prior to full licensure. Surveys suggests poor acceptance of GDL restrictions high variability in GDL compliance. New Jersey initiated GDLs in 2002 and introduced a comprehensive public health campaign in 2010. This study analyzed the effect of GDL and the campaign on teen driver-related fatalities and hypothesized that implementation alone was insufficient to decrease deaths. METHODS Data were analyzed from 1998 to 2016 from New Jersey's Fatal Accident Investigation Unit. In 2005, collaboration with state police added total crash fatalities and teen passenger deaths to the data set. Patterns in data before and after GDL implementation in 2002 and a comprehensive campaign in 2010 were evaluated to determine effects in New Jersey. Paired t tests, analysis of variance, and regression analyses were performed, with p value less than 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Little effect was seen after initiation of GDL, with no change in number of dead teen drivers (44 vs. 49, p > 0.05) or fatal accidents (117 vs.115, p > 0.05) in the 4 years before and after implementation. However, after the comprehensive campaign, decreases are seen in dead teenaged drivers (42 vs. 22, p < 0.005) and total fatal accidents involving teens (107 vs. 61, p < 0.005). Comparing 4 years before and 6 years after the campaign demonstrates decreases in total crash fatalities involving teen drivers (112 vs. 66, p < 0.05) and in the number of dead teenaged passengers in a vehicle operated by another teen (19 vs. 11 p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of GDLs alone may not be an effective strategy in decreasing the number of teen fatalities. A multipronged approach combining comprehensive, public-health based campaign with targeted enforcement is necessary to decrease the number of teen driver-related deaths. Additional studies are needed to assess the relationship between decreased death and compliance with GDLs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Retrospective comparative study, level III.
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Zeringue MM, Laird RD. Does parental support enhance the link between restrictions and adolescents' risky driving? JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Williams AF. Graduated driver licensing (GDL) in the United States in 2016: A literature review and commentary. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2017; 63:29-41. [PMID: 29203021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the sixth in a series of reviews of research on graduated driver licensing (GDL) published in the Journal of Safety Research, the present review covering the period mid-2012 through 2016. In the two decades since GDL programs began to be introduced on a widespread basis in the United States, a vast amount of research has been published. The current review discusses recent research and the present state of knowledge on the following topics: characteristics of the novice driver population; effects of GDL on crashes for ages 16-19; the learner and intermediate periods; night and passenger restrictions; cellphone laws; GDL for older novices; enforcement of GDL rules; and programs attempting to influence GDL compliance and safe driving practices in general. GDL stands out as a successful policy for reducing teen driver crashes and is worth building on to extend its benefits. Strengthening existing GDL programs has the most potential for producing further crash reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan F Williams
- Allan F Williams LLC, 8200 Beech Tree Rd., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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Bates L, Scott-Parker B, Darvell M, Watson B. Provisional drivers' perceptions of the impact of displaying P plates. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:820-825. [PMID: 28453311 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1322697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE P plates (or decals) identify a driver's license status to other road users. They are a compulsory part of the graduated driver licensing system in Queensland, Australia, for drivers on a P1 (provisional 1) or P2 (provisional 2) license. This study explored the perceptions of young drivers regarding the display of P plates (decals) in Queensland, Australia. METHODS In this study, 226 young drivers with a provisional (intermediate/restricted) license completed a 30-min online survey between October 2013 and June 2014. t Tests were used to compare the opinions of people who displayed their plates nearly always with those who displayed them less frequently. RESULTS Participants approved of the requirement to display P plates with 69% of those on a P1 license and 79% on a P2 license supporting the condition to display P1 (red) plates. Participants on a P1 license (62%) and a P2 license (68%) also approved the requirement to display P2 (green) plates. However, young drivers also perceived that the display of P plates (measured from 1 = never to 5 = nearly all the time) enabled newly licensed drivers to be targeted by police and other drivers (those who do not always display P plates: M = 3.72, SD = 0.94; those who nearly always display P plates: M = 3.43, SD = 1.09). CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that participants who nearly always display their P plates are more likely to report that having to display their plates resulted in them driving more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel Bates
- a School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute , Griffith University , Brisbane , Australia
- b Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) , Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Bridie Scott-Parker
- c Adolescent Risk Research Unit (ARRU), Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience-Thompson Institute , University of the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia
- d School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Business, and Law , University of the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia
- e Sustainability Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Business , University of the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia
| | - Millie Darvell
- b Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) , Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Barry Watson
- b Queensland University of Technology, Centre of Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) , Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation , Brisbane , Australia
- f Global Road Safety Partnership , Geneva , Switzerland
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Abstract
An increasing number of countries are requiring an extended learner permit prior to independent driving. The question of when drivers begin the learner permit period, and how long they hold the permit before advancing to independent licensure has received little research attention. Licensure timing is likely to be related to "push" and "pull" factors which may encourage or inhibit the process. To examine this question, we recruited a sample of 90 novice drivers (49 females and 41 males, average age of 15.6 years) soon after they obtained a learner permit and instrumented their vehicles to collect a range of driving data. Participants completed a series of surveys at recruitment related to factors that may influence licensure timing. Two distinct findings emerged from the time-to-event analysis that tested these push and pull factors in relation to licensure timing. The first can be conceptualized as teens' motivation to drive (push), reflected in a younger age when obtaining a learner permit and extensive pre-permit driving experience. The second finding was teens' perceptions of their parents' knowledge of their activities (pull); a proxy for a parents' attentiveness to their teens' lives. Teens who reported higher levels of their parents' knowledge of their activities took longer to advance to independent driving. These findings suggest time-to-licensure may be related to teens' internal motivation to drive, and the ability of parents to facilitate or impede early licensure.
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Cook S, Shank D, Bruno T, Turner NE, Mann RE. Self-reported driving under the influence of alcohol and cannabis among Ontario students: Associations with graduated licensing, risk taking, and substance abuse. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:449-455. [PMID: 28095034 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1149169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article describes the patterns of self-reported driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) and driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) among licensed Ontario students in 2009 and examines their associations with graduated licensing, risk taking, and substance use problems for understanding DUIA and DUIC behaviors. Ontario's graduated licensing system requires new drivers to hold a G1 license for a minimum of 8 months and a G2 license for a minimum of 12 months before a full and unrestricted G license can be obtained. Among other restrictions, G1 drivers must maintain a 0 blood alcohol content (BAC), have an experienced driver in the passenger seat, not drive on any high-speed expressways, and not drive between the hours of midnight and 5 a.m. A G2 license is more similar to a G license, with fewer restrictions. METHOD This study analyzed data from the 2009 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS). The OSDUHS is a biennial population-based survey of students (grades 7 to 12) in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS The results showed that 16.3% of licensed students in Ontario reported DUIC and 11.5% reported DUIA during the past year. After controlling for the effect of age, type of license emerged as a robust predictor for both DUIA and DUIC behavior, because students with a G2 and full license were significantly more likely to report DUIA and DUIC than drivers with a G1 license. Multivariate analyses suggested that risk-seeking behaviors were more important for understanding DUIA behavior than for DUIC behavior. Elevated problem indicators for alcohol and for cannabis were associated with DUIA and DUIC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Though much attention has been paid to drinking and driving among adolescents, this research shows that more Ontario students now report driving after cannabis use than after drinking alcohol. The results identify important correlates of both behaviors that may be useful for prevention purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cook
- a School of Social Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff , Wales
- b Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice , Nipissing University , North Bay , Ontario
| | - Danielle Shank
- b Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice , Nipissing University , North Bay , Ontario
| | - Tara Bruno
- c Department of Sociology , King's University College , London , Ontario
| | - Nigel E Turner
- d Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Ontario
- e Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario
| | - Robert E Mann
- d Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Ontario
- e Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario
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Curry AE. Estimating young novice drivers' compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions: A novel approach. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:35-40. [PMID: 27064815 PMCID: PMC5237583 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1171857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current methods of estimating compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) restrictions among young drivers with intermediate driver's licenses-which include surveys, direct observations, and naturalistic studies-cannot sufficiently answer many critical foundational questions: What is the extent of noncompliance among the population of young intermediate drivers? How does compliance change over the course of licensure? How does compliance differ by driver subgroup and in certain driving environments? This article proposes an alternative and complementary approach to estimating population-level compliance with GDL nighttime and passenger restrictions via application of the quasi-induced exposure (QIE) method. METHODS The article summarizes the main limitations of previous methods employed to estimate compliance. It then introduces the proposed method of borrowing the fundamental assumption of the QIE method-that young intermediate drivers who are nonresponsible in clean (i.e., one and only one responsible driver) multivehicle crashes are reasonably representative of young intermediate drivers on the road-to estimate population-based compliance. I describe formative work that has been done to ensure this method can be validly applied among young intermediate drivers and provide a practical application of this method: an estimate of compliance with New Jersey's passenger restrictions among 8,006 nonresponsible 17- to 20-year-old intermediate drivers involved in clean 2-vehicle crashes from July 2010 through June 2012. RESULTS Over the study period, an estimated 8.4% (95% confidence interval, 7.8%, 9.0%) of intermediate drivers' trips were not in compliance with New Jersey's GDL passenger restriction. These findings were remarkably similar to previous estimates from more resource-intensive naturalistic studies (Goodwin et al. 2006 ; Klauer et al. 2011 ). CONCLUSION Studies can practically apply proposed methods to estimate population-level compliance with GDL passenger and night restrictions; examine how compliance varies by relevant driver, vehicle, and environmental factors; and evaluate the implementation of a GDL provision or other intervention aimed at increasing compliance with these restrictions. Important considerations and potential limitations and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Curry
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Scott-Parker B, Proffitt C. Validation of the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS) in a New Zealand young driver population. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 77:62-71. [PMID: 25697670 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale, the BYNDS (Scott-Parker et al., 2010), is a reliable and valid self-report 44-item instrument which explores the frequency of a breadth of risky driving behaviours which appear to place young and novice drivers at an increased risk of road crash injury. As part of a larger collaborative research project, the Australian-developed BYNDS was piloted in a sample of 20 young New Zealand drivers n=14 aged 16-18 years, 9 males; n=6 aged 19-24 years, 2 males. The wording of 21 BYNDS items was modified to reflect the cultural context of the participating New Zealand drivers. The refined BYNDS was applied in a sample of 325 young drivers n=116 aged 16-18 years, 65 males; n=209 aged 19-24 years, 98 males, and the factor structure examined, including exploratory factor analysis for each gender. The 5-factor structure of the BYNDS was supported, with young drivers reporting considerable engagement in risky driving exposure, moderate engagement in transient violations and mood-related driving, and less fixed violations and driving misjudgements. Risky driving exposure was predictive of self-reported crash involvement for both males and females, suggesting targeted intervention regarding when, and the circumstances under which, the young driver is on the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridie Scott-Parker
- University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research (USCAR), Faculty of Arts and Business, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs Road, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Catherine Proffitt
- University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research (USCAR), Faculty of Arts and Business, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs Road, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
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Carpentier A, Brijs K, Declercq K, Brijs T, Daniels S, Wets G. The effect of family climate on risky driving of young novices: the moderating role of attitude and locus of control. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 73:53-64. [PMID: 25173998 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the relative importance of young novice drivers' family climate on their driving behavior. A sample of young novice drivers (N=171) between the age of 17 and 24, who held their permanent (or temporary) driver's license for no longer than one year, participated. The questionnaire included items related to the participants' family climate, 3 socio-cognitive determinants (i.e., attitude, locus of control and social norm), and risky driving behaviors. We expected both family climate and the socio-cognitive determinants to exert a direct effect on risky driving. Furthermore we hypothesized that the socio-cognitive determinants would moderate the impact of family climate on risky driving. The results showed that the effect of family climate on risky driving only originated from one single factor (i.e., noncommitment). Besides that, the results confirmed the importance of the three socio-cognitive determinants to the degree that attitude, locus of control, and social norm significantly predicted the self-reported risky driving. In line of what we hypothesized, attitude moderated the relationship between noncommitment and risky driving. Lastly, we found an unexpected three-way interaction which indicated that locus of control moderated the relation between noncommitment and risky driving only when young drivers' attitude was risk-supportive. We recommend scholars and practitioners to take into account the interaction between external sources of influence (such as an individual's family climate) and more personally oriented dispositions (such as an individual's attitude, social norm and locus of control) when trying to explain and change young novices' risky driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Carpentier
- Hasselt University, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Wetenschapspark 5, bus 6, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Kris Brijs
- Hasselt University, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Wetenschapspark 5, bus 6, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Faculty of Applied Engineering Sciences, Agoralaan-building H, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Declercq
- Hasselt University, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Wetenschapspark 5, bus 6, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Tom Brijs
- Hasselt University, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Wetenschapspark 5, bus 6, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Daniels
- Hasselt University, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Wetenschapspark 5, bus 6, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Geert Wets
- Hasselt University, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Wetenschapspark 5, bus 6, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Masten SV, Chapman EA, Atkinson DB, Browning KK. Non-compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) requirements: changes in GDL-related conviction rates over time among 16-17-year-old California drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 72:230-243. [PMID: 25086441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-reports by novice teen drivers in California and elsewhere suggest that many violate graduated driver licensing (GDL) nighttime and passenger restrictions, and to a lesser extent, drive on learner permits without being supervised. Is this corroborated by their traffic conviction records? METHOD We examined historical aggregated conviction rates for GDL-related violations before and after GDL, and Poisson regressions of conviction rates over time among 16-17-year-old California novices. RESULTS During the year before they received their provisional licenses, <1% of 16-year-old novices and <2% of 17-year-old novices were convicted of driving unlicensed or unsupervised on their learner permits. Statewide historical conviction rates for these offenses were not higher after GDL was implemented, despite the longer holding period. Convictions for violating GDL nighttime or passenger restrictions were highest almost immediately after provisional licensure, though only about 3% of 16-year-old novices and 2% of 17-year-old novices were ever convicted of violating either restriction. DISCUSSION California 16-17-year-old novice drivers were very rarely convicted of GDL-related violations. The contradictive, large differences between the current findings and self-report surveys are likely due in part to the fact that most self-reports assessed only whether teens had ever violated a GDL-related requirement, which exaggerates prevalence. Our conviction findings are more similar to estimates of non-compliance with GDL-related requirements from naturalistic driving studies that monitor actual driving behavior and take exposure into account, but are lower likely due to issues related to detection, enforcement, and adjudication of violations, as well as limitations of existing naturalistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Masten
- California Department of Motor Vehicles, Research and Development Branch, 2570 24th Street, MS H-126, Sacramento, CA 95818-2606, USA.
| | - Eric A Chapman
- California Department of Motor Vehicles, Research and Development Branch, 2570 24th Street, MS H-126, Sacramento, CA 95818-2606, USA
| | - Debra B Atkinson
- California Department of Motor Vehicles, Research and Development Branch, 2570 24th Street, MS H-126, Sacramento, CA 95818-2606, USA
| | - Kelly K Browning
- Impact Teen Drivers, P.O. Box 1611209, Sacramento, CA 95816-1209 USA
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Bates LJ, Allen S, Armstrong K, Watson B, King MJ, Davey J. Graduated Driver Licensing: An international review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e432-e441. [PMID: 25364543 PMCID: PMC4205052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graduated driver licensing (GDL) aims to gradually increase the exposure of new drivers to more complex driving situations and typically consists of learner, provisional and open licence phases. The first phase, the learner licence, is designed to allow novice drivers to obtain practical driving experience in lower risk situations. The learner licence can delay licensure, encourage novice drivers to learn under supervision, mandate the number of hours of practice required to progress to the next phase and encourage parental involvement. The second phase, the provisional licence, establishes various driving restrictions and thereby reduces exposure to situations of higher risk, such as driving at night, with passengers or after drinking alcohol. Parental involvement with a GDL system appears essential in helping novices obtain sufficient practice and in enforcing compliance with restrictions once the new driver obtains a provisional licence. Given the significant number of young drivers involved in crashes within Oman, GDL is one countermeasure that may be beneficial in reducing crash risk and involvement for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel J. Bates
- School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siobhan Allen
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerry Armstrong
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barry Watson
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J. King
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy Davey
- Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Morrissey D, Mello MJ. Commentary: Reducing Teen Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities: Do Parents Hold the Key? Ann Emerg Med 2014; 64:413-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Taubman-Ben-Ari O. The parental factor in adolescent reckless driving: the road ahead. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 69:1-4. [PMID: 24636671 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Taubman-Ben-Ari
- Bar Ilan University, The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, 52900 Ramat Gan, Israel.
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