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Mills L, Freeman J. The drink and drug driving behaviours of young Queensland drivers and attitudes toward apprehension. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2023; 24:521-526. [PMID: 37345915 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2215889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the self-reported drink and drug driving behaviors of a sample of young drivers from Queensland (Australia) holding a learner license (N = 162, 27%), provisional 1 (P1) license (N = 251, 41.8%), or provisional 2 (P2) license (N = 188, 31.3%), as well as motorists' corresponding perceptions about the likelihood of apprehension and their future intentions to offend. METHODS The study involved 601 drivers aged between 16 and 24 years (302 males, 50.2% and 296 females, 49.3%) who all completed an online survey. RESULTS Almost half the sample acknowledged engaging in drink and/or drug driving behaviors in the previous 12 months (N = 264, 44%), with a total of 773 drink driving and 8842 drug driving events reported. Offending was more common among P2 drivers (62% reported at least once), and least common among learner drivers (25% reported at least once). When predicting future drink driving and drug driving intentions, lower certainty of apprehension and greater past offending both emerged as significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS Young drivers may benefit from reminders throughout the GDL process regarding the laws and risks associated with impaired driving. Greater policing resources for drug and alcohol testing may be needed for young drivers, to establish a high certainty of apprehension, as early as possible in their driving experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mills
- AIC/UniSC Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Freeman
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Dinh DD. Factors influencing drink driving intention among motorcyclists in Vietnam. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2023; 24:445-451. [PMID: 37358353 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2223328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reducing drink driving amongst motorcyclists has been deemed as a potential area for improving road traffic safety in most developing countries. However, research efforts paid on determining the underlying factors of drink driving intention amongst this road user group has been still scant. To fill this gap, this study explored the factors influencing motorcyclists' intention to drink and drive in Vietnam. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 451 Vietnamese motorcycle riders. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was utilized as a frame of reference to address this issue. Apart from the TPB standard variables (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) and extended TPB variables which have been previously investigated in literature (i.e., descriptive norm, past behavior, and risk perception), the present research introduced four extended factors to TPB including social sanctions, physical loss, perception of drink driving enforcement, and perceived ability to influence traffic police to avoid punishment. RESULTS The results showed significant effects of attitudes toward drink driving, perceived behavioral control, past behavior and social sanctions on motorcyclists' drink driving intention. In addition, the data showed that both new context-based variables (i.e., "perception of drink driving enforcement" and "perceived ability to influence traffic police to avoid punishment") were significantly related to drink driving intention. CONCLUSIONS Various underlying factors of motorcyclists' intention to drink and drive were identified under the TPB framework. The findings provide useful information for road safety interventions in Vietnam. In particular, making enforcement activities more visible to motorcyclists and putting more effort into reducing corruption and other illegal activities in the traffic police sector could be effective measures for obtaining desirable drink driving behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Duy Dinh
- Department of Highway and Traffic Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Cori JM, Wilkinson VE, Jackson M, Westlake J, Stevens B, Barnes M, Swann P, Howard ME. The impact of alcohol consumption on commercial eye blink drowsiness detection technology. Hum Psychopharmacol 2023:e2870. [PMID: 37291082 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Driver drowsiness detection technology that assesses eye blinks is increasingly being used as a safety intervention in the transport industry. It is unclear how alcohol consumption to common legal driving limits impacts upon this technology. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.05% and of 0.08% on drowsiness detection technology during simulated driving. METHODS Participants completed a 60-min driving simulation and sleepiness questionnaire under three conditions: 1-0.00% BAC, 2-0.05% BAC and 3-0.08% BAC. During the driving simulation task participants wore a commercial eye blink drowsiness detection technology (Optalert) with the drowsiness alarms silenced. RESULTS Twelve participants (3 female) completed all alcohol conditions. Relative to baseline, all eye blink parameters were affected at 0.08% BAC (all p < 0.05), whereas 0.05% BAC only affected the composite eye blink drowsiness measure (the Johns Drowsiness Scale). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption to 0.08% BAC impaired eye blink measures to a level that would be considered a moderate drowsiness risk. Therefore, employers should be aware that drowsiness alerts from these technologies may increase after alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Cori
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa E Wilkinson
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda Jackson
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justine Westlake
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Stevens
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Barnes
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Swann
- Psychology Unit, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark E Howard
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Morrison CN, Gobaud AN, Mehranbod CA, Bushover BR, Branas CC, Wiebe DJ, Peek-Asa C, Chen Q, Ferris J. Optimizing sobriety checkpoints to maximize public health benefits and minimize operational costs. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:17. [PMID: 36915163 PMCID: PMC10010209 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sobriety checkpoints are a highly effective strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving, but they are used infrequently in the USA. Recent evidence from observational studies suggests that using optimized sobriety checkpoints-operating for shorter duration with fewer officers-can minimize operational costs without reducing public health benefits. The aim of this research was to conduct a pilot study to test whether police can feasibly implement optimized sobriety checkpoints and whether researchers can examine optimized sobriety checkpoints compared to usual practice within a non-randomized controlled trial study design. METHODS The study site was the Town of Apex, NC. We worked with Apex Police Department to develop a schedule of sobriety checkpoints during calendar year 2021 that comprised 2 control checkpoints (conducted according to routine practice) and 4 optimized checkpoints staffed by fewer officers. Our primary operations aim was to test whether police can feasibly implement optimized sobriety checkpoints. Our primary research aim was to identify barriers and facilitators for conducting an intervention study of optimized sobriety checkpoints compared to usual practice. A secondary aim was to assess motorist support for sobriety checkpoints and momentary stress while passing through checkpoints. RESULTS Apex PD conducted 5 of the 6 checkpoints and reported similar operational capabilities and results during the optimized checkpoints compared to control checkpoints. For example, a mean of 4 drivers were investigated for possibly driving while impaired at the optimized checkpoints, compared to 2 drivers at control checkpoints. The field team conducted intercept surveys among 112 motorists at 4 of the 6 checkpoints in the trial schedule. The survey response rate was 11% from among 1,045 motorists who passed through these checkpoints. Over 90% of respondents supported sobriety checkpoints, and momentary stress during checkpoints was greater for motorists who reported consuming any alcohol in the last 90 days compared to nondrinkers (OR = 6.7, 95%CI: 1.6, 27.1). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate the sobriety checkpoints can feasibly be optimized by municipal police departments, but it will be very difficult to assess the impacts of optimized checkpoints compared to usual practice using an experimental study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ariana N Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christina A Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brady R Bushover
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, R505, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Douglas J Wiebe
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corinne Peek-Asa
- Office of Research Affairs, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Liu X, Zhao X, Wang B. Analysis of personal psychological motivation and social psychological motivation of Retaliatory Justice under moral public opinion: Chinese cases. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1021577. [PMID: 36571036 PMCID: PMC9780485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From a social psychology perspective, this study explored the personal and social psychological motivation of Retaliatory Justice. This study constructed a four-dimensional model of the psychological motivation of Retaliatory Justice from the two dimensions of "Self vs. Society" and "Identity vs. Resource." They were Identity-Based Self-Oriented Motivation (Pacifying Outrage), Resource-Based Self-Oriented Motivation (Occupying Resource), Identity-Based Society-Oriented Motivation (Value Confirmation), and Resource-Based Society-Oriented Motivation (Deterrence and Control). In this study, 497 sets of valid data were extracted from 6 universities in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China, using 3 sets of situational experiments and the "Questionnaire Star" online survey platform as a vehicle to explore the personal motivations and psychosocial motivations of Retaliatory Justice. The empirical results showed that the situational experiment significantly verified the existence of Pacifying Outrage and Value Confirmation, and partially verified the existence of Deterrence and Control and Occupying Resource. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only the effect of Pacifying Outrage on Retaliatory Justice showed a main effect, and the interaction between Pacifying Outrage and Deterrence and Control was not significant. Pacifying Outrage significantly affects Retaliatory Justice, while Occupying Resource significantly affects Retaliatory Justice, but the interaction between the two was not significant. Value Confirmation significantly affects Retaliatory Justice. Value Confirmation and Deterrence and Control synergistically affect Retaliatory Justice, but Deterrence and Control had no significant effect on Retaliatory Justice. Taking emotions as clues, this paper discussed the realistic value of the rheological paths of the psychological motivation of Retaliatory Justice, which brought enlightenment to the improvement of social morality, the cultivation of judicial trust, and the construction of psychological service system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- School of Law, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- School of Foreign Studies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- School of Law, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Baomin Wang
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Ogden J, Brown PM, George AM. Young drivers and smartphone use: The impact of legal and non-legal deterrents. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:329-338. [PMID: 36481024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young drivers continue to be overrepresented in road crash statistics and smartphone use has been identified as a dangerous form of driver distraction. Previous research has identified factors encouraging drivers to use their mobile phone, with few examining what deters drivers. This study examines the influence of legal and non-legal deterrents on smartphone use while driving (SWD) in a young adult sample. METHOD An online survey was administered to a sample of 524 Australian drivers aged 17-25 years. Measures included demographic variables, legal deterrents (certainty, severity, and swiftness), and non-legal deterrents: social loss (peers and parents), internal loss (anticipated regret) and physical loss (injury to self/others). Self-reported SWD was the outcome variable, measured separately for initiating SWD and responding SWD behaviors. RESULTS Responding behaviors were reported more frequently than initiating, and social, internal, and physical loss were perceived as higher for initiating versus responding behaviors. Anticipated action regret and physical loss were significant negative predictors of SWD across both modalities of communication. Anticipated inaction regret was also a significant positive predictor of initiating behaviors. Both legal deterrents and social loss were non-significant predictors for both modalities of SWD. CONCLUSIONS The results reinforce previous evidence showing that legal deterrence variables are not consistently effective at reducing offending behaviors. Future research should continue to explore the effect of non-legal deterrents across different modalities of SWD. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Road safety interventions aimed at young drivers should evaluate the impact of highlighting anticipated regret and potential injury to self and others associated with risky driving behaviors, such as SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannah Ogden
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Patricia M Brown
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Amanda M George
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari Street, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia.
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Jomnonkwao S, Uttra S, Khampirat B, Ratanavaraha V. Applying multilevel analysis and the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) on unsafe actions under a road safety policy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277750. [PMID: 36383547 PMCID: PMC9668140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this research are: to investigate and develop a multilevel analysis of unsafe actions or risky behaviors; to study the influence of road safety policy factors on risky behaviors; and to analyze personal characteristics that influence risky behaviors. Data were collected using 1,474 samples from locations countrywide at the district level, including 76 clusters, via the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and road safety policy. The results indicate that, for the district-level model, the participation factor directly and negatively influenced risky behaviors, and government support indirectly had a negative impact through participation. Thus, people's participation in the area caused a decrease in unsafe behaviors. Meanwhile, safety policy support in the area partially caused people to participate at a significant level. At the personal level, income, having a driver's license, past violations, and past accidents significantly affected risky behaviors, especially having a driver's license, which had a negative influence. This meant that people who had a driver's license facilitated a positive effect in terms of decreasing risky behaviors, while people with past violations and past accidents influenced this situation positively. The more traffic law violations and accidents the participants had, the more they engaged in unsafe actions. Based on the findings, acknowledging and solving the problem of unsafe driving at a spatial level can address the issue by supporting different measures to help people in the area improve the situation. In addition, we should assist people who have a driver's license by offering them useful training to decrease traffic law violations and inform them about accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao
- School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Savalee Uttra
- School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Buratin Khampirat
- School of General Education, Institute of Social Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Vatanavongs Ratanavaraha
- School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Auksė E, Slavinskienė J, Šeibokaitė L, Markšaitytė R, Sullman M. Differences in the perceived justice of penalties for road traffic offences between Lithuanian offenders and non-offenders. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269239. [PMID: 35749488 PMCID: PMC9231706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most countries around the world use the penalties’ system in order to increase compliance with road traffic rules. However, it can be argued that the most penalties’ systems are ineffective, as drivers do not change offending behavior due to received penalty and repeatedly violate them. The perceived fairness of these penalties may be related to the level of adherence to these traffic rules. Therefore, this research explored the perceived justice of penalties for road traffic rules in a sample of Lithuanian drivers and investigated the differences between offenders and non-offenders. The sample consisted of 358 participants (63.4 percent females, aged 18–75, mean age 35.2 years) who completed an online survey. Participants were asked to report how fair they believed penalties were for road traffic rule offences in general and using a list of 23 specific penalties, including: drink driving, speeding, dangerous maneuverings, illegal overtaking, handheld phone use while driving, etc. The survey measured demographic data, as well as data regarding driving exposure, traffic offences and crashes during the last 12 months. The results revealed that in general drivers perceived the penalties as fair or adequate. The answer “adequate/fair” was chosen most frequently for almost all penalties (from 41.1 to 71.3 percent), with only the penalty for carrying a child without a car seat (€30–50) being perceived as too mild (55.5%). Gender differences were found in the evaluation of the penalty for driving under the influence of alcohol, while age and driving frequency differences were found in the perceived fairness of the penalties for not using a seatbelt, aberrant driving and using a handheld mobile phone while driving. Drivers who reported no offences during the last year, perceived the penalties for speeding as being too mild, when compared to drivers with at least one penalty over the previous year. Contrarily, offenders reported the penalties for speeding as being too severe. Offenders, who experienced driving license suspension, perceived the penalties as being too severe for drink driving and aberrant driving than offenders who received monetary fines. In summary, both Lithuanian offenders and non-offenders generally perceived the penalties for traffic rule offences as adequate and fair, but individual differences and the experience of traffic sanctions were related to the perceived justice of specific penalties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Sullman
- Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Cathelyn F, Van Dessel P, De Houwer J. Predicting drunk driving using a variant of the implicit association test. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 81:134-142. [PMID: 35589284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drunk driving is one of the primary causes of road traffic injuries and fatalities. A possible approach to reduce drunk driving rates is to identify which individuals are at risk of such behavior and establish targeted prevention. Simply asking individuals about drunk driving in real-world contexts would be problematic because of potential deception. The use of implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) could overcome this problem because they are less controllable than self-reports and thus less susceptible to deception. However, previous studies have shown poor predictive utility of implicit measures for drunk driving behavior. The current studies aimed to test the predictive utility of a variant of the IAT designed to assess beliefs about past driving under the influence (the P-DUI-IAT). METHOD Study 1 (N = 216) tested whether the P-DUI-IAT could predict self-reported prior drunk driving and future likelihood of drunk driving. We also examined incremental predictive validity of the P-DUI-IAT for these outcomes. Study 2 (N = 159) examined whether results from Study 1 were reproducible. RESULTS In both studies, results showed that the P-DUI-IAT discriminated well between participants who had engaged in drunk driving and participants who had not. The P-DUI-IAT also showed independent and incremental predictive validity for past drunk driving and future likelihood of drunk driving. CONCLUSIONS These studies provided initial evidence for the predictive utility of the P-DUI-IAT for drunk driving. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The P-DUI-IAT is a promising tool for identifying which individuals are at risk of drunk driving. The application of this measure could especially be valuable for identifying young novice drivers at risk for drunk driving-related accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Cathelyn
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Van Dessel
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kiwango G, Francis F, Moshiro C, Möller J, Hasselberg M. Association between alcohol consumption, marijuana use and road traffic injuries among commercial motorcycle riders: A population-based, case-control study in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 160:106325. [PMID: 34390892 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption and psychoactive drug use are well-recognised risk factors for road traffic injuries (RTIs). Both types of use may impair and affect drivers' performance. Yet, there is limited literature on their contribution to RTIs among commercial motorcycle riders, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. This study aimed to determine the association between alcohol consumption, marijuana use and RTIs among commercial motorcycle riders in the city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS We conducted a case-control study between July 2018 and March 2019. Cases (n = 164) were commercial motorcycle riders who had sustained an RTIs and attended at a hospital. Controls (n = 400) were commercial motorcycle riders who had not experienced an RTIs that led to hospital attendance during the past six months. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification (AUDIT) score, which classified participants as a non-drinker, normal drinker(1-7 scores) and risky drinker (scores ≥ 8). Marijuana use was assessed through self-reported use in the past year. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) using logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic, driver-, and work-related factors. RESULTS Risky drinking was associated with close to six times the odds of RTIs compared to non-drinkers (OR = 5.98, 95% CI: 3.25 - 11.0). The association remained significant even after adjusting for sociodemographic, driving and work-related factors (OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.01 - 5.76). The crude odds ratios of RTIs were significantly higher among users of marijuana than non-users (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.38 - 3.95). However, the association did not remain statistically significant after adjusting for confounders (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.49-2.48). CONCLUSION Our findings confirm increased odds of RTIs among commercial motorcycle riders with risky drinking behaviour even after taking sociodemographic, driving and work-related factors into account. Unlike alcohol consumption the relationship between marijuana use and RTIs among commercial motorcycle riders was unclear. Since motorcycle riders are more susceptible to the effect of alcohol due to higher demands of balance and coordination and because commercial motorcyclist riders, in particular, they spend a considerable amount of time on the road, our results underscore the importance of addressing hazardous alcohol consumption and marijuana use in future prevention strategies to enhance road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kiwango
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Filbert Francis
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania.
| | - Candida Moshiro
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jette Möller
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Hasselberg
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kaviani F, Benier K, Robards B, Young KL, Koppel S. "Does that mean I can't use my phone to pay when I'm in the Maccas drive thru?": Younger drivers' uncertainty and attitude toward smartphone law and punishment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 160:106314. [PMID: 34325288 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a mixed methods approach (a survey [n = 2,774] and focus groups [n = 16]) to understand the perceptions of younger drivers (18-25) on current smartphone laws in the Australian state of Victoria. First, by analysing quantitative data gathered from an online survey regarding smartphone laws, perceptions of punishment when breaking the law, and attitudes to both the law and fines, this study found younger drivers were less likely to understand the law around phone use while driving, even after direct or indirect experience with police. Additionally, the severity and impact of fines were perceived as more impactful and severe among younger drivers, women, and those on lower incomes, and the most common types of illegal use younger drivers engaged with were navigation, music applications, and hands-free calling, mostly facilitated through Bluetooth with their device placed out of sight. Consequently, focus groups were conducted with a subset of these younger drivers to explore these findings in more depth. It was revealed that smartphone laws were perceived to be ambiguous, at times unreasonable, and difficult to access conclusive information regarding the law or receive information throughout the Graduated Licencing Program. Additionally, of full licenced drivers breaking smartphone laws (n = 807), 61.7 percent never used a cradle. Among probationary drivers breaking the law (n = 209), 76.1 percent never used a cradle. This suggests rampant surreptitious illegal use. As such, younger drivers learning to drive are also learning methods to avoid punishment while breaking smartphone laws. This included not using a cradle and opting instead for Bluetooth connectivity or engaging in hand-held use, a choice that continued into Full Licensed driving. The severity of punishment was not common knowledge and was perceived to be incommensurate to the risks associated with certain types of use. In their opinion all of these factors reduced the legitimacy of the law. Addressing these factors with evidence-based countermeasures may increase compliance and road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kaviani
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia.
| | - K Benier
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - B Robards
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - K L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Australia
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Truelove V, Freeman J, Kaye SA, Watson B, Mills L, Davey J. A unified deterrence-based model of legal and non-legal factors that influence young driver speeding behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 160:106327. [PMID: 34371286 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Young driver speeding behaviour remains a large contributor to road trauma worldwide. In order to provide a more-in depth understanding of how to deter young drivers from this behaviour, this study developed and tested a model of the legal and non-legal factors that influence young driver's intentional speeding behaviour (exceeding the speed limit by more than 10 km/hr). A prospective survey design was conducted to measure the impact of perceptions of legal factors (including classical deterrence and reconceptualised deterrence variables) and non-legal factors (including the variables of fear of physical loss, material loss and perceived social sanctions, as well as the perception that it is safe to engage in the behaviour without being involved in a crash) at time 1, on engagement in speeding behaviour at time 2, which occurred 3 months later. A total of 200 participants aged 17-25 years completed both surveys (Mean age = 20.44 years). Using structural equation modelling, a unique model combining classical and extended deterrence theory, as well as prominent non-legal factors was created, and the variables were able to explain 41% of the variance in speeding behaviour. A high perceived severity of the punishment, experiencing direct punishment avoidance and perceiving that it is safe to speed were significant direct predictors. Meanwhile, there were also numerous significant partially mediated relationships found for both legal and non-legal variables. These findings provide important implications for both the application of deterrence-based theories in road safety and for improving countermeasures to deter young drivers more effectively from engagement in speeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Truelove
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia.
| | - James Freeman
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Sherrie-Anne Kaye
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | - Barry Watson
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
| | - Laura Mills
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Jeremy Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
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Watson-Brown N, Truelove V, Parker E, Davey J. Drink driving during the COVID-19 pandemic. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART F, TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021; 78:369-380. [PMID: 36567963 PMCID: PMC9760111 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, static roadside random breath testing (RBT) was temporarily suspended between 16 March and 12 June 2020 in Queensland, Australia. In addition to restrictions on travel and social interactions, this provided a unique opportunity to examine changes in drink-driving behaviour during and after a reduction in RBT operations in the community. Three cross-sectional surveys were disseminated at different time points to examine these differences. Over three surveys, 1193 Queensland licensed drivers aged 18 years and over (M = 36.9, SD = 16.7) responded. While overall drink driving decreased over the three survey periods, there were groups where drink driving, or the intention to drink drive, increased over the same period. The overall decrease could be expected as a result of community restrictions on socialising and travel behaviours. In each of the surveys, prior engagement in drink driving was the strongest predictor of intention to increase future engagement and actual engagement. These drink drivers were more likely aged 18-24 years, male, and held restricted licensure. Notably, a small number of participants who reported drink driving, and/or intention to drink drive during the survey period, reported not having engaged in this behaviour previously. This suggested an increased likelihood of drink drivers experiencing punishment avoidance which may promote future engagement in this behaviour. Despite a decrease in social opportunities to drink, and the suspension of highly visible roadside breath testing sites, drink driving persisted. This research highlights the importance of RBTs as a general deterrent for drink driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Watson-Brown
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia
| | - Verity Truelove
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia
| | - Emily Parker
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia
| | - Jeremy Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia
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Freeman J, Parkes A, Truelove V, Lewis N, Davey JD. Does seeing it make a difference? The self-reported deterrent impact of random breath testing. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 76:1-8. [PMID: 33653540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Random Breath Testing (RBT) remains a primary method to both deter and apprehend drink drivers, yet a large proportion of road fatalities continue to be caused by the offense. Outstanding questions remain regarding how much exposure to RBT operations is needed to influence deterrence-based perceptions and subsequent offending. METHOD Given this, licensed motorists (N = 961) in Queensland were recruited to complete a questionnaire either in the community (N = 741) or on the side of the road after just being breath tested (N = 243). Survey items measured different types of exposure to RBT operations (e.g., "seen" vs. "being tested") and subsequent perceptions of apprehension as well as self-reported drink driving behaviors. RESULTS The key findings that emerged were: motorists were regularly exposed to RBT operations (both viewing and being tested), such exposure was not significantly correlated with perceptions of apprehension certainty, and a sizable proportion reported engaging in drink driving behaviors (e.g., approx. 25%), although roadside participants naturally reported a lower percentage of offending behaviors. Importantly, it was revealed that current "observations" of RBT was sufficient, but not actual levels of active testing (which needed to be doubled). Nevertheless, higher levels of exposure to RBT operations was found to be predictive of a lack of intention to drink and drive again in the future. CONCLUSIONS This paper suggests that mere exposure to enforcement may not create the intended rule compliance, and that the frequency of exposure is also essential for the roadside.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Freeman
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Alexander Parkes
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556 Queensland, Australia
| | - Verity Truelove
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556 Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi Lewis
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556 Queensland, Australia
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