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Bashir S, Aiman A, Chaudhary AA, Khan N, Ahanger IA, Sami N, Almugri EA, Ali MA, Khan SUD, Shahid M, Basir SF, Hassan MI, Islam A. Probing protein aggregation through spectroscopic insights and multimodal approaches: A comprehensive review for counteracting neurodegenerative disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27949. [PMID: 38689955 PMCID: PMC11059433 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant accumulation of protein misfolding can cause aggregation and fibrillation and is one of the primary characteristic features of neurodegenerative diseases. Because they are disordered, misfolded, and aggregated proteins pose a significant setback in drug designing. The structural study of intermediate steps in these kinds of aggregated proteins will allow us to determine the conformational changes as well as the probable pathways encompassing various neurodegenerative disorders. The analysis of protein aggregates involved in neurodegenerative diseases relies on a diverse toolkit of biophysical techniques, encompassing both morphological and non-morphological methods. Additionally, Thioflavin T (ThT) assays and Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy facilitate investigations into aggregation kinetics and secondary structure alterations. The collective application of these biophysical techniques empowers researchers to comprehensively unravel the intricate nature of protein aggregates associated with neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the topics covered in this review have summed up a handful of well-established techniques used for the structural analysis of protein aggregation. This multifaceted approach advances our fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases and informs potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Bashir
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ayesha Aiman
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashrah Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Ahanger
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Neha Sami
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Eman Abdullah Almugri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A.M. Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Universi-ty (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seemi Farhat Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
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2
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Yarawsky AE, Gough ES, Zai-Rose V, Figueroa NI, Cunningham HM, Burgner JW, DeLion MT, Paul LN. BASIS: BioAnalysis SEDFIT integrated software for cGMP analysis of SV-AUC data. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2024; 53:111-121. [PMID: 38329496 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-024-01700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) has long been an important method for characterization of antibody therapeutics. Recently, SV-AUC has experienced a wave of new interest and usage from the gene and cell therapy industry, where SV-AUC has proven itself to be the "gold standard" analytical approach for determining capsid loading ratios for adeno-associated virus (AAV) and other viral vectors. While other more common approaches have existed in the realm of cGMP-compliant techniques for years, SV-AUC has long been used strictly for characterization, but not for release testing. This manuscript describes the challenges faced in bringing SV-AUC to a cGMP environment and describes a new program, "BASIS", which allows for 21 CFR Part 11-compliant data handling and data analysis using the well-known and frequently cited SEDFIT analysis software.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik S Gough
- BioAnalysis, LLC, 3401 I Street Suite 206, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA
| | - Valeria Zai-Rose
- BioAnalysis, LLC, 3401 I Street Suite 206, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA
| | | | | | - John W Burgner
- BioAnalysis, LLC, 3401 I Street Suite 206, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA
| | - Michael T DeLion
- BioAnalysis, LLC, 3401 I Street Suite 206, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA
| | - Lake N Paul
- BioAnalysis, LLC, 3401 I Street Suite 206, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA.
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3
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Klepach A, Tran H, Ahmad Mohammed F, ElSayed ME. Characterization and impact of peptide physicochemical properties on oral and subcutaneous delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114322. [PMID: 35526665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptides, an emerging modality within the biopharmaceutical industry, are often delivered subcutaneously with evolving prospects on oral delivery. Barrier biology within the subcutis or gastrointestinal tract is a significant challenge in limiting absorption or otherwise disrupting peptide disposition. Aspects of peptide pharmacokinetic performance and ADME can be mitigated with careful molecular design that tailors for properties such as effective size, hydrophobicity, net charge, proteolytic stability, and albumin binding. In this review, we endeavor to highlight effective techniques in qualifying physicochemical properties of peptides and discuss advancements of in vitro models of subcutaneous and oral delivery. Additionally, we will delineate empirical findings around the relationship of these physicochemical properties and in vivo (animal or human) impact. We conclude that robust peptide characterization methods and in vitro techniques with demonstrated correlations to in vivo data are key routines to incorporate in the drug discovery and development to improve the probability of technical and commercial success of peptide therapeutics.
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4
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Bou-Assaf GM, Budyak IL, Brenowitz M, Day ES, Hayes D, Hill J, Majumdar R, Ringhieri P, Schuck P, Lin JC. Best Practices for Aggregate Quantitation of Antibody Therapeutics by Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2121-2133. [PMID: 34986360 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a critical analytical tool supporting the development and manufacture of protein therapeutics. AUC is routinely used as an assay orthogonal to size exclusion chromatography for aggregate quantitation. This article distills the experimental and analysis procedures used by the authors for sedimentation velocity AUC into a series of best-practices considerations. The goal of this distillation is to help harmonize aggregate quantitation approaches across the biopharmaceutical industry. We review key considerations for sample and instrument suitability, experimental design, and data analysis best practices and conversely, highlight potential pitfalls to accurate aggregate analysis. Our goal is to provide experienced users benchmarks against which they can standardize their analyses and to provide guidance for new AUC analysts that will aid them to become proficient in this fundamental technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Michael Brenowitz
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Eric S Day
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech a Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - David Hayes
- IntlSoSci, 23 Washington St., Gorham, NH 03581
| | - John Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Ranajoy Majumdar
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Paola Ringhieri
- Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Guidonia, RM, Italy; an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Peter Schuck
- Laboratory of Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jasper C Lin
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech a Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080.
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5
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Clark S, Jowitt TA, Harris LK, Knight CG, Dobson CB. The lexicon of antimicrobial peptides: a complete set of arginine and tryptophan sequences. Commun Biol 2021; 4:605. [PMID: 34021253 PMCID: PMC8140080 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has focused on well-characterized natural sequences, or limited sets of synthetic peptides designed de novo. We have undertaken a comprehensive investigation of the underlying primary structural features that give rise to the development of activity in AMPs. We consider a complete set of all possible peptides, up to 7 residues long, composed of positively charged arginine (R) and / or hydrophobic tryptophan (W), two features most commonly associated with activity. We found the shortest active peptides were 4 or 5 residues in length, and the overall landscapes of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and a yeast were positively correlated. For all three organisms we found a single activity peak corresponding to sequences with around 40% R; the presence of adjacent W duplets and triplets also conferred greater activity. The mechanistic basis of these activities comprises a combination of lipid binding, particularly to negatively charged membranes, and additionally peptide aggregation, a mode of action previously uninvestigated for such peptides. The maximum specific antimicrobial activity appeared to occur in peptides of around 10 residues, suggesting ‘diminishing returns’ for developing larger peptides, when activity is considered per residue of peptide. Clark et al. comprehensively explore the primary structural features underlying the activity of a complete set of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). They find that the shortest active peptides were 4 or 5 residues in length, with activity being associated with 40% arginine, and multiple adjacent tryptophan residues. This study provides insights into the design of effective AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Clark
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Lynda K Harris
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, The University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.,St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher G Knight
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Curtis B Dobson
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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6
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Clardy SM, Lee DH, Schuck P. Determining the Stoichiometry of a Protein-Polymer Conjugate Using Multisignal Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:942-949. [PMID: 33848127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advances in polymer science have broadened the applications of protein-polymer conjugates as biopharmaceuticals and biotechnology reagents. The complex nature of these conjugates makes characterization challenging. Here, we describe the use of multisignal sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation to measure the polymer-to-protein ratio. To demonstrate the principle, we applied this approach to a series of antibody-drug conjugates with different polymer-to-protein ratios and various degrees of heterogeneity, and validated results with orthogonal analytical techniques. We found that multisignal sedimentation velocity can provide accurate information on key attributes including polymer-to-protein ratio, which is important for maximizing the therapeutic potential of future protein-polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Clardy
- Mersana Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David H Lee
- Mersana Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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7
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Khasa H, Kilby G, Chen X, Wang C. Analytical band centrifugation for the separation and quantification of empty and full AAV particles. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:585-591. [PMID: 34095342 PMCID: PMC8142049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analytical band centrifugation (ABC) was first developed for the separation of macromolecules in centrifugation cells ~60 years ago. Since its development, ABC has been predominantly utilized to study macromolecular interactions or chemical reactions between two solutions in situ upon mixing. In this current study, we evaluated ABC separations on modern analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) instruments for therapeutic adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). ABC provided sufficient separation between the genome-containing full AAV particle and the empty AAV capsid, which need to be controlled during the manufacturing process. Because ABC produces a physical separation, no complex algorithm or sophisticated software is needed to process the experimental raw data. ABC profiles, dubbed "centrifugrams", can be analyzed with a similar approach as typically used for electrophoretic separations to produce relative percent area. Sedimentation coefficients (s) of analytes can also be determined from ABC. The relative area percent and s value obtained in ABC experiments were shown to be consistent with those determined by conventional sedimentation velocity AUC (SV-AUC). Additionally, the separation and quantification by ABC were found to be reproducible and did not appear to be sensitive to experimental variations of initial rotor temperature or cell misalignment. The robustness of the separation, ease of data processing, and universal applicability for analysis of different AAV serotypes make ABC a promising technique for routine analysis of empty and full AAV particle composition in therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Khasa
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Greg Kilby
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
- Corresponding author: Chunlei Wang, PhD, Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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8
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Gimpel AL, Katsikis G, Sha S, Maloney AJ, Hong MS, Nguyen TNT, Wolfrum J, Springs SL, Sinskey AJ, Manalis SR, Barone PW, Braatz RD. Analytical methods for process and product characterization of recombinant adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:740-754. [PMID: 33738328 PMCID: PMC7940698 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of upstream and downstream processes for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) with consistent quality depends on the ability to rapidly characterize critical quality attributes (CQAs). In the context of rAAV production, the virus titer, capsid content, and aggregation are identified as potential CQAs, affecting the potency, purity, and safety of rAAV-mediated gene therapy products. Analytical methods to measure these attributes commonly suffer from long turnaround times or low throughput for process development, although rapid, high-throughput methods are beginning to be developed and commercialized. These methods are not yet well established in academic or industrial practice, and supportive data are scarce. Here, we review both established and upcoming analytical methods for the quantification of rAAV quality attributes. In assessing each method, we highlight the progress toward rapid, at-line characterization of rAAV. Furthermore, we identify that a key challenge for transitioning from traditional to newer methods is the scarcity of academic and industrial experience with the latter. This literature review serves as a guide for the selection of analytical methods targeting quality attributes for rapid, high-throughput process characterization during process development of rAAV-mediated gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Gimpel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew John Maloney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Moo Sun Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tam N T Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacqueline Wolfrum
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Springs
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul W Barone
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Houser J, Kosourova J, Kubickova M, Wimmerova M. Development of 48-condition buffer screen for protein stability assessment. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:461-471. [PMID: 33554291 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The determination of a suitable buffer environment for a protein of interest is not an easy task. The requirements of advanced techniques, the demands on the biological material and the researcher time needed for buffer optimization, as well as personal inflexibility, lead frequently to the use of sub-optimal buffers. Here, we demonstrate the design of a 48-condition buffer screen that can be used to determine an appropriate environment for downstream studies. By the combination of several techniques (differential scanning fluorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and bio-layer interferometry), we are able to assess the protein stability, homogeneity and binding activity across the screen with less than half a milligram of protein in 1 day. The application of this screen helps to avoid unsuitable conditions, to explain problems observed upon protein analysis and to choose the most suitable buffers for further research. The screen can be routinely used as a primary screen for buffer optimization in labs and facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Houser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kosourova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kubickova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Doyle BL, Rauk AP, Weiss WF, Budyak IL. Quantitation of soluble aggregates by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation using an optical alignment system - Aspects of method validation. Anal Biochem 2020; 605:113837. [PMID: 32702436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) is routinely used for quantitation of soluble aggregates as an orthogonal technique to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). SV-AUC presents many advantages over the SEC, yet lower precision of aggregate quantitation by SV-AUC often complicates comparison between aggregate values generated by these techniques and subsequent decision making. In an earlier report, we described the development of an optical alignment (OA) system and evaluated the intermediate precision of aggregate quantitation offered by the OA. Here, we determine the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) which can be achieved with the OA. For a common setup using three cells, the improvement lent by the OA system is almost 2.5-fold compared to the earlier reported limits. In addition, we estimate the contribution of the fitting variability and compare options to further increase the precision of aggregate quantitation by SV-AUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Doyle
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Adam P Rauk
- Global Statistical Sciences, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - William F Weiss
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
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11
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LeBrun T, Schuck P, Wei R, Yoon JS, Dong X, Morgan NY, Fagan J, Zhao H. A radial calibration window for analytical ultracentrifugation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201529. [PMID: 30059530 PMCID: PMC6066226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first-principles based method for studying macromolecules and particles in solution by monitoring the evolution of their radial concentration distribution as a function of time in the presence of a high centrifugal field. In sedimentation velocity experiments, hydrodynamic properties relating to size, shape, density, and solvation of particles can be measured, at a high hydrodynamic resolution, on polydisperse samples. In a recent multilaboratory benchmark study including data from commercial analytical ultracentrifuges in 67 laboratories, the calibration accuracy of the radial dimension was found to be one of the dominant factors limiting the accuracy of AUC. In the present work, we develop an artifact consisting of an accurately calibrated reflective pattern lithographically deposited onto an AUC window. It serves as a reticle when scanned in AUC control experiments for absolute calibration of radial magnification. After analysis of the pitch between landmarks in scans using different optical systems, we estimate that the residual uncertainty in radial magnification after external calibration with the radial scale artifact is ≈0.2 %, of similar magnitude to other important contributions after external calibration such as the uncertainty in temperature and time. The previous multilaboratory study had found many instruments with errors in radial measurements of 1 % to 2 %, and a few instruments with errors in excess of 15 %, meaning that the use of the artifact developed here could reduce errors by 5-to 10-fold or more. Adoption of external radial calibration is thus an important factor for assuring accuracy in studies related to molecular hydrodynamics and particle size measurements by AUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas LeBrun
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TL); (PS); (HZ)
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TL); (PS); (HZ)
| | - Ren Wei
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, United States of America
| | - Justine S. Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Xianghui Dong
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Nicole Y. Morgan
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, United States of America
| | - Huaying Zhao
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TL); (PS); (HZ)
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12
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Measurement of impurities to support process development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Uchiyama S, Noda M, Krayukhina E. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation for characterization of therapeutic antibodies. Biophys Rev 2017; 10:259-269. [PMID: 29243091 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) coupled with direct computational fitting of the observed concentration profiles (sedimentating boundary) have been developed and widely used for the characterization of macromolecules and nanoparticles in solution. In particular, size distribution analysis by SV-AUC has become a reliable and essential approach for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals including therapeutic antibodies. In this review, we describe the importance and advantages of SV-AUC for studying biopharmaceuticals, with an emphasis on strategies for sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis. Recent discoveries enabled by AUC with a fluorescence detection system and potential future applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masanori Noda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,U-Medico Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Elena Krayukhina
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,U-Medico Inc., Osaka, Japan
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14
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Some Lessons Learned From a Comparison Between Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography to Characterize and Quantify Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2178-2186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Wolff M, Zhang-Haagen B, Decker C, Barz B, Schneider M, Biehl R, Radulescu A, Strodel B, Willbold D, Nagel-Steger L. Aβ42 pentamers/hexamers are the smallest detectable oligomers in solution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2493. [PMID: 28559586 PMCID: PMC5449387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers may play a decisive role in Alzheimer's disease related neurodegeneration, but their structural properties are poorly understood. In this report, sedimentation velocity centrifugation, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and molecular modelling were used to identify the small oligomeric species formed by the 42 amino acid residue long isoform of Aβ (Aβ42) in solution, characterized by a sedimentation coefficient of 2.56 S, and a radius of gyration between 2 and 4 nm. The measured sedimentation coefficient is in close agreement with the sedimentation coefficient calculated for Aβ42 hexamers using MD simulations at µM concentration. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report detailing the Aβ42 oligomeric species by SANS measurements. Our results demonstrate that the smallest detectable species in solution are penta- to hexamers. No evidences for the presence of dimers, trimers or tetramers were found, although the existence of those Aβ42 oligomers at measurable quantities had been reported frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wolff
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Physikalische Biochemie, University Potsdam, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang-Haagen
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems, Neutron Scattering (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Decker
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bogdan Barz
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mario Schneider
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Biehl
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science & Institute of Complex Systems, Neutron Scattering (JCNS-1&ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Outstation at MLZ (JCNS-MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Outstation at MLZ (JCNS-MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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16
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Doyle BL, Budyak IL, Rauk AP, Weiss WF. An optical alignment system improves precision of soluble aggregate quantitation by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. Anal Biochem 2017; 531:16-19. [PMID: 28529050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate characterization of soluble aggregates is an important aspect of biologics development and manufacturing, and sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) is often used an orthogonal technique to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) for this purpose. Precise quantification of low levels of soluble aggregates by SV-AUC can be adversely impacted by improper cell alignment. This report describes the development of an optical system capable of quantifying cell alignment that affords a substantial improvement compared to historical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Doyle
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Adam P Rauk
- Global Statistical Sciences, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - William F Weiss
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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17
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Budyak IL, Griffiths KL, Weiss WF. Estimating analytical variability in two-dimensional data. Anal Biochem 2016; 513:36-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Desai A, Krynitsky J, Pohida TJ, Zhao H, Schuck P. 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155201. [PMID: 27525659 PMCID: PMC4985148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a classical technique of physical biochemistry providing information on size, shape, and interactions of macromolecules from the analysis of their migration in centrifugal fields while free in solution. A key mechanical element in AUC is the centerpiece, a component of the sample cell assembly that is mounted between the optical windows to allow imaging and to seal the sample solution column against high vacuum while exposed to gravitational forces in excess of 300,000 g. For sedimentation velocity it needs to be precisely sector-shaped to allow unimpeded radial macromolecular migration. During the history of AUC a great variety of centerpiece designs have been developed for different types of experiments. Here, we report that centerpieces can now be readily fabricated by 3D printing at low cost, from a variety of materials, and with customized designs. The new centerpieces can exhibit sufficient mechanical stability to withstand the gravitational forces at the highest rotor speeds and be sufficiently precise for sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity experiments. Sedimentation velocity experiments with bovine serum albumin as a reference molecule in 3D printed centerpieces with standard double-sector design result in sedimentation boundaries virtually indistinguishable from those in commercial double-sector epoxy centerpieces, with sedimentation coefficients well within the range of published values. The statistical error of the measurement is slightly above that obtained with commercial epoxy, but still below 1%. Facilitated by modern open-source design and fabrication paradigms, we believe 3D printed centerpieces and AUC accessories can spawn a variety of improvements in AUC experimental design, efficiency and resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiksha Desai
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Krynitsky
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Pohida
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Huaying Zhao
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wafer L, Kloczewiak M, Luo Y. Quantifying Trace Amounts of Aggregates in Biopharmaceuticals Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation Sedimentation Velocity: Bayesian Analyses and F Statistics. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:849-60. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Zhao H, Ghirlando R, Alfonso C, Arisaka F, Attali I, Bain DL, Bakhtina MM, Becker DF, Bedwell GJ, Bekdemir A, Besong TMD, Birck C, Brautigam CA, Brennerman W, Byron O, Bzowska A, Chaires JB, Chaton CT, Cölfen H, Connaghan KD, Crowley KA, Curth U, Daviter T, Dean WL, Díez AI, Ebel C, Eckert DM, Eisele LE, Eisenstein E, England P, Escalante C, Fagan JA, Fairman R, Finn RM, Fischle W, de la Torre JG, Gor J, Gustafsson H, Hall D, Harding SE, Cifre JGH, Herr AB, Howell EE, Isaac RS, Jao SC, Jose D, Kim SJ, Kokona B, Kornblatt JA, Kosek D, Krayukhina E, Krzizike D, Kusznir EA, Kwon H, Larson A, Laue TM, Le Roy A, Leech AP, Lilie H, Luger K, Luque-Ortega JR, Ma J, May CA, Maynard EL, Modrak-Wojcik A, Mok YF, Mücke N, Nagel-Steger L, Narlikar GJ, Noda M, Nourse A, Obsil T, Park CK, Park JK, Pawelek PD, Perdue EE, Perkins SJ, Perugini MA, Peterson CL, Peverelli MG, Piszczek G, Prag G, Prevelige PE, Raynal BDE, Rezabkova L, Richter K, Ringel AE, Rosenberg R, Rowe AJ, Rufer AC, Scott DJ, Seravalli JG, Solovyova AS, Song R, Staunton D, Stoddard C, Stott K, Strauss HM, Streicher WW, Sumida JP, Swygert SG, Szczepanowski RH, Tessmer I, Toth RT, Tripathy A, Uchiyama S, Uebel SFW, Unzai S, Gruber AV, von Hippel PH, Wandrey C, Wang SH, Weitzel SE, Wielgus-Kutrowska B, Wolberger C, Wolff M, Wright E, Wu YS, Wubben JM, Schuck P. A multilaboratory comparison of calibration accuracy and the performance of external references in analytical ultracentrifugation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126420. [PMID: 25997164 PMCID: PMC4440767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first principles based method to determine absolute sedimentation coefficients and buoyant molar masses of macromolecules and their complexes, reporting on their size and shape in free solution. The purpose of this multi-laboratory study was to establish the precision and accuracy of basic data dimensions in AUC and validate previously proposed calibration techniques. Three kits of AUC cell assemblies containing radial and temperature calibration tools and a bovine serum albumin (BSA) reference sample were shared among 67 laboratories, generating 129 comprehensive data sets. These allowed for an assessment of many parameters of instrument performance, including accuracy of the reported scan time after the start of centrifugation, the accuracy of the temperature calibration, and the accuracy of the radial magnification. The range of sedimentation coefficients obtained for BSA monomer in different instruments and using different optical systems was from 3.655 S to 4.949 S, with a mean and standard deviation of (4.304 ± 0.188) S (4.4%). After the combined application of correction factors derived from the external calibration references for elapsed time, scan velocity, temperature, and radial magnification, the range of s-values was reduced 7-fold with a mean of 4.325 S and a 6-fold reduced standard deviation of ± 0.030 S (0.7%). In addition, the large data set provided an opportunity to determine the instrument-to-instrument variation of the absolute radial positions reported in the scan files, the precision of photometric or refractometric signal magnitudes, and the precision of the calculated apparent molar mass of BSA monomer and the fraction of BSA dimers. These results highlight the necessity and effectiveness of independent calibration of basic AUC data dimensions for reliable quantitative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Zhao
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Carlos Alfonso
- Analytical Ultracentrifugacion and Light Scattering Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Fumio Arisaka
- Life Science Research Center, Nihon University, College of Bioresource Science, Fujisawa, 252–0880, Japan
| | - Ilan Attali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - David L. Bain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, United States of America
| | - Marina M. Bakhtina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Donald F. Becker
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Bedwell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Ahmet Bekdemir
- Supramolecular Nanomaterials and Interfaces Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tabot M. D. Besong
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chad A. Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - William Brennerman
- Beckman Coulter, Inc., Life Science Division, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, United States of America
| | - Olwyn Byron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G37TT, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Bzowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02–089, Poland
| | - Jonathan B. Chaires
- JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202, United States of America
| | - Catherine T. Chaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Keith D. Connaghan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Crowley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States of America
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tina Daviter
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Biophysics Centre, Birkbeck, University of London and University College London, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - William L. Dean
- JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Díez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30071, Spain
| | - Christine Ebel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Debra M. Eckert
- Protein Interactions Core, Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, United States of America
| | - Leslie E. Eisele
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, 12208, United States of America
| | - Edward Eisenstein
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, United States of America
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Centre of Biophysics of Macromolecules and Their Interactions, Paris, 75724, France
| | - Carlos Escalante
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23220, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, United States of America
| | - Robert Fairman
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, 19041, United States of America
| | - Ron M. Finn
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischle
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jayesh Gor
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Damien Hall
- Research School of Chemistry, Section on Biological Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew B. Herr
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Howell
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996–0840, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Isaac
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
| | - Shu-Chuan Jao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Biophysics Core Facility, Scientific Instrument Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Davis Jose
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States of America
| | - Soon-Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan, 534–729, Korea
| | - Bashkim Kokona
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, 19041, United States of America
| | - Jack A. Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dalibor Kosek
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Krayukhina
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Daniel Krzizike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Kusznir
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Hyewon Kwon
- Analytical Biopharmacy Core, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
| | - Adam Larson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Laue
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States of America
| | - Aline Le Roy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew P. Leech
- Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, United States of America
| | - Juan R. Luque-Ortega
- Analytical Ultracentrifugacion and Light Scattering Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jia Ma
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Carrie A. May
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States of America
| | - Ernest L. Maynard
- Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, United States of America
| | - Anna Modrak-Wojcik
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02–089, Poland
| | - Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Instute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norbert Mücke
- Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | | | - Geeta J. Narlikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
| | - Masanori Noda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Amanda Nourse
- Molecular Interaction Analysis Shared Resource, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States of America
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Chad K. Park
- Analytical Biophysics & Materials Characterization, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States of America
| | - Jin-Ku Park
- Central Instrument Center, Mokpo National University, Muan, 534–729, Korea
| | - Peter D. Pawelek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Erby E. Perdue
- Beckman Coulter, Inc., Life Science Division, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Craig L. Peterson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Peverelli
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Peter E. Prevelige
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Bertrand D. E. Raynal
- Institut Pasteur, Centre of Biophysics of Macromolecules and Their Interactions, Paris, 75724, France
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alison E. Ringel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Rose Rosenberg
- Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Arthur J. Rowe
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Arne C. Rufer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - David J. Scott
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Javier G. Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, United States of America
| | - Alexandra S. Solovyova
- Proteome and Protein Analysis, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Renjie Song
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, 12208, United States of America
| | - David Staunton
- Molecular Biophysics Suite, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford, Oxon, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Stoddard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
| | - Katherine Stott
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Werner W. Streicher
- Protein Function and Interactions, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - John P. Sumida
- Analytical Biopharmacy Core, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
| | - Sarah G. Swygert
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States of America
| | - Roman H. Szczepanowski
- Core Facility, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02–109, Poland
| | - Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronald T. Toth
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Stephan F. W. Uebel
- Biochemistry Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Satoru Unzai
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Anna Vitlin Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Peter H. von Hippel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States of America
| | - Christine Wandrey
- Laboratoire de Médecine Régénérative et de Pharmacobiologie, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Szu-Huan Wang
- Biophysics Core Facility, Scientific Instrument Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Steven E. Weitzel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States of America
| | - Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02–089, Poland
| | - Cynthia Wolberger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Martin Wolff
- ICS-6, Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Juelich, 52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Edward Wright
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996–0840, United States of America
| | - Yu-Sung Wu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States of America
| | - Jacinta M. Wubben
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schilling K, Krause F. Analysis of antibody aggregate content at extremely high concentrations using sedimentation velocity with a novel interference optics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120820. [PMID: 25803582 PMCID: PMC4372433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent the most important group of protein-based biopharmaceuticals. During formulation, manufacturing, or storage, antibodies may suffer post-translational modifications altering their physical and chemical properties. Such induced conformational changes may lead to the formation of aggregates, which can not only reduce their efficiency but also be immunogenic. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the amount of size variants to ensure consistency and quality of pharmaceutical antibodies. In many cases, antibodies are formulated at very high concentrations > 50 g/L, mostly along with high amounts of sugar-based excipients. As a consequence, all routine aggregation analysis methods, such as size-exclusion chromatography, cannot monitor the size distribution at those original conditions, but only after dilution and usually under completely different solvent conditions. In contrast, sedimentation velocity (SV) allows to analyze samples directly in the product formulation, both with limited sample-matrix interactions and minimal dilution. One prerequisite for the analysis of highly concentrated samples is the detection of steep concentration gradients with sufficient resolution: Commercially available ultracentrifuges are not able to resolve such steep interference profiles. With the development of our Advanced Interference Detection Array (AIDA), it has become possible to register interferograms of solutions as highly concentrated as 150 g/L. The other major difficulty encountered at high protein concentrations is the pronounced non-ideal sedimentation behavior resulting from repulsive intermolecular interactions, for which a comprehensive theoretical modelling has not yet been achieved. Here, we report the first SV analysis of highly concentrated antibodies up to 147 g/L employing the unique AIDA ultracentrifuge. By developing a consistent experimental design and data fit approach, we were able to provide a reliable estimation of the minimum content of soluble aggregates in the original formulations of two antibodies. Limitations of the procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Krause
- Nanolytics Gesellschaft für Kolloidanalytik, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Liu J, Yadav S, Andya J, Demeule B, Shire SJ. Analytical Ultracentrifugation and Its Role in Development and Research of Therapeutical Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2015; 562:441-76. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Remmele RL, Bee JS, Phillips JJ, Mo WD, Higazi DR, Zhang J, Lindo V, Kippen AD. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates and Emerging Technologies. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1202.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Remmele
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jared S. Bee
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. Phillips
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjun David Mo
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Higazi
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair D. Kippen
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Analytical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
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Arthur KK, Kendrick BS, Gabrielson JP. Guidance to Achieve Accurate Aggregate Quantitation in Biopharmaceuticals by SV-AUC. Methods Enzymol 2015; 562:477-500. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Molloy S, Fesinmeyer RM, Fesinmeyer RM, Martinez T, Piedmonte DM, Murphy PD, Pelletier MEH, Pelletier ME, Treuheit MJ, Kleemann GR. Optimized UV detection of high-concentration antibody formulations using high-throughput SE-HPLC. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:508-14. [PMID: 25392911 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-concentration antibody solutions (>100 mg/mL) present significant challenges for formulation and process development, including formulation attributes such as increased solution viscosity, and the propensity for self-association. An additional challenge comes from the adaptation of analytical methods designed for low-concentration formulations to the high-concentration regime. The oligomeric state is a good example: it is a quality attribute monitored during pharmaceutical development and is one that can be affected by dilution; a typical first step in the analysis of high-concentration solutions. The objective of this work was to develop a size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) method that would allow the injection of high-concentration antibody formulations without the need for dilution prior to injection and their analysis in a high-throughput manner that does not create a bottleneck for the execution of complex formulation development studies. It was found that changing the UV detection wavelength from 215 to 235 nm simplified sample preparation by allowing for an approximately fivefold increase in injection load while maintaining the signal within the linear range of detection. In addition, the chromatographic peak properties (i.e., peak symmetry, resolution, and sensitivity) were determined to be consistent when compared with analytical methods developed for formulations with lower antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Molloy
- Drug Product Formulation Technologies, Process Development, Amgen. Inc., Seattle, Washington
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26
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Brautigam CA, Ouyang Z, Deka RK, Norgard MV. Sequence, biophysical, and structural analyses of the PstS lipoprotein (BB0215) from Borrelia burgdorferi reveal a likely binding component of an ABC-type phosphate transporter. Protein Sci 2013; 23:200-12. [PMID: 24318969 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted via a tick vector, is dependent on its tick and mammalian hosts for a number of essential nutrients. Like other bacterial diderms, it must transport these biochemicals from the extracellular milieu across two membranes, ultimately to the B. burgdorferi cytoplasm. In the current study, we established that a gene cluster comprising genes bb0215 through bb0218 is cotranscribed and is therefore an operon. Sequence analysis of these proteins suggested that they are the components of an ABC-type transporter responsible for translocating phosphate anions from the B. burgdorferi periplasm to the cytoplasm. Biophysical experiments established that the putative ligand-binding protein of this system, BbPstS (BB0215), binds to phosphate in solution. We determined the high-resolution (1.3 Å) crystal structure of the protein in the absence of phosphate, revealing that the protein's fold is similar to other phosphate-binding proteins, and residues that are implicated in phosphate binding in other such proteins are conserved in BbPstS. Taken together, the gene products of bb0215-0218 function as a phosphate transporter for B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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Ghirlando R, Balbo A, Piszczek G, Brown PH, Lewis MS, Brautigam CA, Schuck P, Zhao H. Improving the thermal, radial, and temporal accuracy of the analytical ultracentrifuge through external references. Anal Biochem 2013; 440:81-95. [PMID: 23711724 PMCID: PMC3826449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity (SV) is a method based on first principles that provides a precise hydrodynamic characterization of macromolecules in solution. Due to recent improvements in data analysis, the accuracy of experimental SV data emerges as a limiting factor in its interpretation. Our goal was to unravel the sources of experimental error and develop improved calibration procedures. We implemented the use of a Thermochron iButton temperature logger to directly measure the temperature of a spinning rotor and detected deviations that can translate into an error of as much as 10% in the sedimentation coefficient. We further designed a precision mask with equidistant markers to correct for instrumental errors in the radial calibration that were observed to span a range of 8.6%. The need for an independent time calibration emerged with use of the current data acquisition software (Zhao et al., Anal. Biochem., 437 (2013) 104-108), and we now show that smaller but significant time errors of up to 2% also occur with earlier versions. After application of these calibration corrections, the sedimentation coefficients obtained from 11 instruments displayed a significantly reduced standard deviation of approximately 0.7%. This study demonstrates the need for external calibration procedures and regular control experiments with a sedimentation coefficient standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea Balbo
- Bioengineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patrick H. Brown
- Bioengineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marc S. Lewis
- Bioengineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chad A. Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Huaying Zhao
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Filipe V, Hawe A, Carpenter JF, Jiskoot W. Analytical approaches to assess the degradation of therapeutic proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Analysis of monoclonal antibodies by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 988:227-40. [PMID: 23475724 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-327-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Development of a thorough understanding of the solution polydispersity of therapeutic glycoproteins including monoclonal antibodies is an important and challenging undertaking. Degradation pathways involving fragmentation could result in loss of therapeutic efficacy. Protein aggregation on the other hand is frequently considered a critical quality attribute, and concerns exist that protein aggregates could result in undesirable immunological consequences (1). Sedimentation velocity analysis performed in the analytical ultracentrifuge (SV-AUC) provides a uniquely powerful first principal measure of the hydrodynamic size and shape of proteins under conditions that can come very close to the formulated drug product. This technique avoids the potential pitfalls associated with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) including on-column dilution, adsorption or disruption of species by a stationary phase, and the need to use high ionic strength mobile phases to screen unwanted electrostatic interactions (2, 3). Furthermore, not only does SV-AUC provide a quantitative size distribution analysis, but it also provides information about macromolecular conformation. For these reasons, use of SV-AUC for analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies has become widespread throughout the biopharmaceutical industry and is one of the most common orthogonal techniques to SEC for measuring aggregate and fragment levels (4-9). The studies outlined in this chapter describe the basic principles of designing, collecting, and analyzing experimental data using SV-AUC with a focus on methods for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and other similar biologics. Details are given that facilitate the acquisition of high quality data sets that in turn simplify data analysis resulting in robust and accurate measures of solution polydispersity.
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Krayukhina E, Uchiyama S, Nojima K, Okada Y, Hamaguchi I, Fukui K. Aggregation analysis of pharmaceutical human immunoglobulin preparations using size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Berkowitz SA, Engen JR, Mazzeo JR, Jones GB. Analytical tools for characterizing biopharmaceuticals and the implications for biosimilars. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:527-40. [PMID: 22743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are much more complex than small-molecule drugs, which raises challenging questions for the development and regulatory evaluation of follow-on versions of such biopharmaceutical products (also known as biosimilars) and their clinical use once patent protection for the pioneering biologic has expired. With the recent introduction of regulatory pathways for follow-on versions of complex biologics, the role of analytical technologies in comparing biosimilars with the corresponding reference product is attracting substantial interest in establishing the development requirements for biosimilars. Here, we discuss the current state of the art in analytical technologies to assess three characteristics of protein biopharmaceuticals that regulatory authorities have identified as being important in development strategies for biosimilars: post-translational modifications, three-dimensional structures and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Berkowitz
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Krayukhina E, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Effects of rotational speed on the hydrodynamic properties of pharmaceutical antibodies measured by analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:367-74. [PMID: 22728396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity (AUC-SV) has recently become one of the most important tools for the measurement of hydrodynamic properties of proteins. Although a number of studies using AUC-SV as applied to pharmaceutical antibodies have been conducted, the effect of rotational speed on molecular properties has not been systematically examined. The present study aimed to elucidate the influence of rotational speed on the hydrodynamic parameters of pharmaceutical antibodies. A monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody were studied by using AUC-SV at 5 different rotor speeds, and the acquired data were analyzed either by using the computer programs SEDFIT or UltraScan. The frictional ratio of the studied antibodies decreased at high rotor speeds, resulting in underestimation of molecular weight. The frictional ratio value of the monoclonal antibody measured at the low rotor speed was consistent with that of human immunoglobulin G1 computed from its three-dimensional structure. The best agreement between the measured molecular weight and the value calculated from the antibody sequence was achieved at the lower rotor speed. Similar to the results obtained using antibodies, AUC-SV analysis of human serum albumin revealed that the frictional ratio and apparent molecular weight behave in a speed-dependent manner. We deduced that the findings were mainly attributable to the hydrostatic pressure in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The current study implies that rotor speed should be carefully considered in antibody studies using AUC-SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Krayukhina
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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33
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Kingsbury JS, Laue TM, Chase SF, Connors LH. Detection of high-molecular-weight amyloid serum protein complexes using biological on-line tracer sedimentation. Anal Biochem 2012; 425:151-6. [PMID: 22465331 PMCID: PMC3354566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The systemic amyloidoses are a rare but deadly class of protein folding disorders with significant unmet diagnostic and therapeutic needs. The current model for symptomatic amyloid progression includes a causative role for soluble toxic aggregates as well as for the fibrillar tissue deposits. Although much research is focused on elucidating the potential mechanism of aggregate toxicity, evidence to support their existence in vivo has been limited. We report the use of a technique we have termed biological on-line tracer sedimentation (BOLTS) to detect abnormal high-molecular-weight complexes (HMWCs) in serum samples from individuals with systemic amyloidosis due to aggregation and deposition of wild-type transthyretin (senile systemic amyloidosis, SSA) or monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain (AL amyloidosis). In this proof-of-concept study, HMWCs were observed in 31 of 77 amyloid samples (40.3%). HMWCs were not detected in any of the 17 nonamyloid control samples subjected to BOLTS analyses. These findings support the existence of potentially toxic amyloid aggregates and suggest that BOLTS may be a useful analytic and diagnostic platform in the study of the amyloidoses or other diseases where abnormal molecular complexes are formed in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Kingsbury
- Alan and Sandra Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory in the Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Thomas M. Laue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - Susan F. Chase
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - Lawreen H. Connors
- Alan and Sandra Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory in the Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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Sule SV, Sukumar M, Weiss WF, Marcelino-Cruz AM, Sample T, Tessier PM. High-throughput analysis of concentration-dependent antibody self-association. Biophys J 2012; 101:1749-57. [PMID: 21961601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are typically monomeric and nonviscous at low concentrations, yet they display highly variable associative and viscous behavior at elevated concentrations. Although measurements of antibody self-association are critical for understanding this complex behavior, traditional biophysical methods are not capable of characterizing such concentration-dependent self-association in a high-throughput manner. Here we describe a nanoparticle-based method, termed self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, that is capable of rapidly measuring concentration-dependent self-interactions for three human monoclonal antibodies with unique solution behaviors. We demonstrate that gold nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies at low protein concentrations (<40 μg/mL) display self-association behavior (as measured by the interparticle distance-dependent plasmon wavelength) that is well correlated with static light-scattering measurements obtained at three orders of magnitude higher antibody concentrations. Using this methodology, we find that the antibodies display a complex pH-dependent self-association behavior that is strongly influenced by the solution ionic strength. Importantly, we find that a polyclonal human antibody is nonassociative for all solution conditions evaluated in this work, suggesting that antibody self-association is more specific than previously realized. We expect that our findings will guide rational manipulation of antibody phase behavior, and enable studies that elucidate sequence and structural determinants of antibody self-association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu V Sule
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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35
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Hulse W, Forbes R. A Taylor dispersion analysis method for the sizing of therapeutic proteins and their aggregates using nanolitre sample quantities. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:394-7. [PMID: 21745555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of Biosimilars now being approved for development lends the need to develop new analytical techniques for rapid, cost effective analysis of these high value biotherapeutics. The presence of aggregates in biopharmaceutical products is undesirable for many reasons. A major concern is the potential immunogeneic response that aggregates can induce on administration. The detection of low levels of aggregated proteins in solution may only be determined by a limited number of techniques, many of which require in-depth method development, multi-stage sample preparation and lengthy time of analysis. We explore the use of a novel analytical instrument using UV area imaging and Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) to determine the hydrodynamic radius of BSA in an aggregated state and monitor it with time. Protein aggregation and its reversibility over time has been measured for a number of BSA samples (stressed and unstressed) by TDA with the results obtained being compared to those obtained from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and microcalorimetry. Correlations between the techniques for investigating protein aggregation behaviour were explored. The reproducibility of TDA measurements enabled the stability and reversibility of BSA aggregates to be more readily monitored than by using the other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Hulse
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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36
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Gabrielson JP, Arthur KK. Measuring low levels of protein aggregation by sedimentation velocity. Methods 2011; 54:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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37
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Hulse WL, Forbes RT. A nanolitre method to determine the hydrodynamic radius of proteins and small molecules by Taylor dispersion analysis. Int J Pharm 2011; 411:64-8. [PMID: 21440611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The escalating number of new therapeutic biopharmaceuticals being developed and their high value increases the need for the development of novel analytical technologies. Faster analysis time, high accuracy, low sample consumption and the ability to monitor process flow are all essential prerequisites. We evaluate a novel analytical instrument that combines UV area imaging and Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) to determine the hydrodynamic radius of proteins and small molecules in solution. Benchmarking the results against dynamic light scattering, we report the influence of injection system, injection volume, flow rates, analyte concentration and highlight the importance of washing procedures. Issues arising from the manual injection valve in the alpha laboratory system that led to high standard deviations were eliminated by incorporating an automated injector in a beta system. The hydrodynamic radii obtained show good correlation with literature values and in most cases a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. The system is fully automated after coupling to the CE which allows for multiple injections and sample/buffer changes without operator intervention. The small sample size (approx. 60 nL), the lack of sample preparation required, and the speed of analysis (approx. 2-3 mins) makes this instrument highly applicable to the real-time analysis of inherently unstable, high cost biopharmaceutical materials where understanding their aggregation state and size is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Hulse
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Research and Biopharmaceutical Formulation Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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den Engelsman J, Garidel P, Smulders R, Koll H, Smith B, Bassarab S, Seidl A, Hainzl O, Jiskoot W. Strategies for the assessment of protein aggregates in pharmaceutical biotech product development. Pharm Res 2010; 28:920-33. [PMID: 20972611 PMCID: PMC3063870 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the European Immunogenicity Platform (EIP) ( http://www.e-i-p.eu ), the Protein Characterization Subcommittee (EIP-PCS) has been established to discuss and exchange experience of protein characterization in relation to unwanted immunogenicity. In this commentary, we, as representatives of EIP-PCS, review the current state of methods for analysis of protein aggregates. Moreover, we elaborate on why these methods should be used during product development and make recommendations to the biotech community with regard to strategies for their application during the development of protein therapeutics.
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Chelius D, Ruf P, Gruber P, Plöscher M, Liedtke R, Gansberger E, Hess J, Wasiliu M, Lindhofer H. Structural and functional characterization of the trifunctional antibody catumaxomab. MAbs 2010; 2:309-19. [PMID: 20418662 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.3.11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Triomab family of trifunctional, bispecific antibodies that maintain an IgG-like shape are novel tumor targeting agents. These chimeras consist of two half antibodies, each with one light and one heavy chain, that originate from parental mouse IgG2a and rat IgG2b isotypes. This combination allows cost-effective biopharmaceutical manufacturing at an industrial scale since this specific mouse/rat isotype combination favors matching of corresponding antibody halves during production by means of quadroma technology. Whereas every Triomab family member is composed of an anti-CD3 rat IgG2b half antibody for T cell recognition, the antigen binding site presented by the mouse IgG2a isotype is exchangeable. Several Triomab antibodies have been generated that bind to tumor-associated antigens, e.g., EpCAM (catumaxomab), HER2/neu (ertumaxomab), CD20 (FBTA05), gangliosides GD2/GD3 (Ektomun), on appropriate tumor target cells associated with carcinomas, lymphomas or melanomas. Catumaxomab (Removab) was launched in Europe for treatment of malignant ascites in April 2009. Here, we report the structural and functional characterization of this product. Mass spectrometry revealed an intact mass of 150511 Dalton (Da) and 23717 Da, 24716 Da, 51957 Da and 52019 Da of the reduced and alkylated rat light chain, mouse light chain, rat heavy chain, mouse heavy chain chains, respectively. The observed masses were in agreement with the expected masses based on the amino acid sequence obtained from cDNA sequencing. The glycosylation profile was similar to other human IgG consisting of biantennary oligosaccharides with different numbers of terminal galactose. CD spectroscopy showed mainly beta-sheets secondary structure that is typical for IgG antibodies. Binding measurement revealed the unique trifunctional features of catumaxomab. Other analytical tools were used to evaluate characteristics of catumaxomab preparations, including the presence of isoforms and aggregates.
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40
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Carpenter JF, Randolph TW, Jiskoot W, Crommelin DJ, Middaugh C, Winter G. Potential inaccurate quantitation and sizing of protein aggregates by size exclusion chromatography: Essential need to use orthogonal methods to assure the quality of therapeutic protein products. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2200-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Nishi H, Miyajima M, Nakagami H, Noda M, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Phase Separation of an IgG1 Antibody Solution under a Low Ionic Strength Condition. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1348-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Schuck P. Some statistical properties of differencing schemes for baseline correction of sedimentation velocity data. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:280-7. [PMID: 20206114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For the detailed analysis of sedimentation velocity data, the consideration of radial-dependent baseline offsets is indispensable. Two main approaches are data differencing ("delta-c" approach) and explicit inclusion of baseline parameters in the model ("direct boundary model" of the raw data). The current work aims to clarify the relationships between the two approaches. To this end, a simple model problem is examined. We show that the explicit consideration of the baseline in the model is equivalent to a differencing scheme where the average value is subtracted from all data points. Pairwise differencing in the delta-c approach always results in higher parameter uncertainty. For equidistant time points, the increase is smallest when the reference points are taken at intervals of 1/3 or 2/3 of the total number of time points. If the difference data are misinterpreted to be statistically independent samples, errors in the calculation of the parameter uncertainties can occur. Contrary to claims in the literature, we observe that there is no distinction in the approaches regarding their "model dependence"; both approaches arise from the integral or differential form of the same model, and both approaches can and should provide explicit estimates of the baseline values in the original data space for optimal discrimination between macromolecular sedimentation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Yumioka R, Sato H, Tomizawa H, Yamasaki Y, Ejima D. Mobile phase containing arginine provides more reliable SEC condition for aggregation analysis. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:618-20. [PMID: 19569199 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Loss of protein aggregates due to matrix protein interaction during SEC often causes underestimation of aggregate content in the quality control of pharmaceutical proteins. Since new columns especially show stronger tendency to bind proteins, an effort should be made to suppress protein adsorption. We examined the effects of arginine on protein binding to SEC columns and found that loss of aggregates was reduced in the presence of arginine, leading to a reliable estimate of aggregate content even with newly used column and small protein load. This is not due to increased ionic strength, as NaCl resulted in increased protein loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yumioka
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
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44
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Arthur KK, Gabrielson JP, Kendrick BS, Stoner MR. Detection of protein aggregates by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC): sources of variability and their relative importance. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3522-39. [PMID: 19130472 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) has found application in the biopharmaceutical industry as a method of detecting and quantifying protein aggregates. While the technique offers several advantages (i.e., matrix-free separation and minimal sample handling), its results exhibit a high degree of variability relative to orthogonal size-sensitive separation techniques such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The goal of this work is to characterize and quantify the sources of variability that affect SV-AUC results, particularly size distributions for a monoclonal antibody monomer/dimer system. Contributions of individual factors to the overall variability are examined. Results demonstrate that alignment of sample cells to the center of rotation is the most significant contributing factor to overall variability. The relative importance of other factors (e.g., temperature equilibration, time-invariant noise, meniscus misplacement, etc.) are quantified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Arthur
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Longmont, Colorado 80503, USA.
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45
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Mahler HC, Friess W, Grauschopf U, Kiese S. Protein aggregation: pathways, induction factors and analysis. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2909-34. [PMID: 18823031 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Control and analysis of protein aggregation is an increasing challenge to pharmaceutical research and development. Due to the nature of protein interactions, protein aggregation may occur at various points throughout the lifetime of a protein and may be of different quantity and quality such as size, shape, morphology. It is therefore important to understand the interactions, causes and analyses of such aggregates in order to control protein aggregation to enable successful products. This review gives a short outline of currently discussed pathways and induction methods for protein aggregation and describes currently employed set of analytical techniques and emerging technologies for aggregate detection, characterization and quantification. A major challenge for the analysis of protein aggregates is that no single analytical method exists to cover the entire size range or type of aggregates which may appear. Each analytical method not only shows its specific advantages but also has its limitations. The limits of detection and the possibility of creating artifacts through sample preparation by inducing or destroying aggregates need to be considered with each method used. Therefore, it may also be advisable to carefully compare analytical results of orthogonal methods for similar size ranges to evaluate method performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Christian Mahler
- Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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46
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Gabrielson JP, Arthur KK, Stoner MR, Winn BC, Kendrick BS, Razinkov V, Svitel J, Jiang Y, Voelker PJ, Fernandes CA, Ridgeway R. Precision of protein aggregation measurements by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation in biopharmaceutical applications. Anal Biochem 2009; 396:231-41. [PMID: 19782040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) is routinely applied in biopharmaceutical development to measure levels of protein aggregation in protein products. SV-AUC is free from many limitations intrinsic to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) such as mobile phase and column interaction effects on protein self-association. Despite these clear advantages, SV-AUC exhibits lower precision measurements than corresponding measurements by SEC. The precision of SV-AUC is influenced by numerous factors, including sample characteristics, cell alignment, centerpiece quality, and data analysis approaches. In this study, we evaluate the precision of SV-AUC in its current practice utilizing a multilaboratory, multiproduct intermediate precision study. We then explore experimental approaches to improve SV-AUC measurement precision, with emphasis on utilization of high quality centerpieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gabrielson
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., 4000 Nelson Road, Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
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47
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Brown PH, Balbo A, Schuck P. On the analysis of sedimentation velocity in the study of protein complexes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 38:1079-99. [PMID: 19644686 PMCID: PMC2755746 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation has experienced a significant transformation, precipitated by the possibility of efficiently fitting Lamm equation solutions to the experimental data. The precision of this approach depends on the ability to account for the imperfections of the experiment, both regarding the sample and the instrument. In the present work, we explore in more detail the relationship between the sedimentation process, its detection, and the model used in the mathematical data analysis. We focus on configurations that produce steep and fast-moving sedimentation boundaries, such as frequently encountered when studying large multi-protein complexes. First, as a computational tool facilitating the analysis of heterogeneous samples, we introduce the strategy of partial boundary modeling. It can simplify the modeling by restricting the direct boundary analysis to species with sedimentation coefficients in a predefined range. Next, we examine factors related to the experimental detection, including the magnitude of optical aberrations generated by out-of-focus solution columns at high protein concentrations, the relationship between the experimentally recorded signature of the meniscus and the meniscus parameter in the data analysis, and the consequences of the limited radial and temporal resolution of the absorbance optical scanning system. Surprisingly, we find that large errors can be caused by the finite scanning speed of the commercial absorbance optics, exceeding the statistical errors in the measured sedimentation coefficients by more than an order of magnitude. We describe how these effects can be computationally accounted for in SEDFIT and SEDPHAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H. Brown
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 13, Rm. 3N17, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-5766 USA
| | - Andrea Balbo
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 13, Rm. 3N17, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-5766 USA
| | - Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 13, Rm. 3N17, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-5766 USA
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48
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Hughes H, Morgan C, Brunyak E, Barranco K, Cohen E, Edmunds T, Lee K. A multi-tiered analytical approach for the analysis and quantitation of high-molecular-weight aggregates in a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:335-41. [PMID: 19430910 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation (AUC-SV), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and circular dichroism (CD) methods for the detection and quantitation of protein aggregates using recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) as a model. The results of this study showed that the formation and molecular weight distribution of rhGAA aggregated species were dependent upon the formulation conditions as well as the storage or stress conditions used to induce aggregation. The utility of CD as a probe for non-native, aggregated species was affirmed, as this method was sensitive to rhGAA aggregation levels of < or = 4%. An extensive evaluation of AUC-SV variability was performed using nine levels of spiked rhGAA aggregate that were analyzed on six occasions. Based on our data, the precision of the AUC-SV results increased with increasing levels of aggregate, with a mean RSD of 37.2%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the AUC-SV method, which was based on a Precision criterion of RSD < 20%, was determined to be > or = 3% aggregated rhGAA. The Precision and LOQ of the SEC method, determined using the same rhGAA sample set, was found to be 3.8% and > or = 0.2%, respectively. In general, there was good agreement between the levels of aggregated rhGAA determined using the AUC-SV and SEC methods, with a slight positive bias noted for the AUC-SV results. These studies emphasize the value of applying multiple, well-characterized analytical tools in the evaluation of therapeutic protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hughes
- Biologics Research and Development, Genzyme Corporation, 1 Mountain Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701-9322, USA
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Improved Production of (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by a Codon-optimized R-specific Carbonyl Reductase from Candida parapsilosis in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:868-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Ser67Asp and His68Asp substitutions in candida parapsilosis carbonyl reductase alter the coenzyme specificity and enantioselectivity of ketone reduction. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2176-83. [PMID: 19201968 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02519-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A short-chain carbonyl reductase (SCR) from Candida parapsilosis catalyzes an anti-Prelog reduction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone to (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED) and exhibits coenzyme specificity for NADPH over NADH. By using site-directed mutagenesis, the mutants were designed with different combinations of Ser67Asp, His68Asp, and Pro69Asp substitutions inside or adjacent to the coenzyme binding pocket. All mutations caused a significant shift of enantioselectivity toward the (R)-configuration during 2-hydroxyacetophenone reduction. The S67D/H68D mutant produced (R)-PED with high optical purity and yield in the NADH-linked reaction. By kinetic analysis, the S67D/H68D mutant resulted in a nearly 10-fold increase and a 20-fold decrease in the k(cat)/K(m) value when NADH and NADPH were used as the cofactors, respectively, but maintaining a k(cat) value essentially the same with respect to wild-type SCR. The ratio of K(d) (dissociation constant) values between NADH and NADPH for the S67D/H68D mutant and SCR were 0.28 and 1.9 respectively, which indicates that the S67D/H68D mutant has a stronger preference for NADH and weaker binding for NADPH. Moreover, the S67D/H68D enzyme exhibited a secondary structure and melting temperature similar to the wild-type form. It was also found that NADH provided maximal protection against thermal and urea denaturation for S67D/H68D, in contrast to the effective protection by NADP(H) for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, the double point mutation S67D/H68D successfully converted the coenzyme specificity of SCR from NADP(H) to NAD(H) as well as the product enantioselectivity without disturbing enzyme stability. This work provides a protein engineering approach to modify the coenzyme specificity and enantioselectivity of ketone reduction for short-chain reductases.
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