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Sripattaraphan A, Sanachai K, Chavasiri W, Boonyasuppayakorn S, Maitarad P, Rungrotmongkol T. Computational Screening of Newly Designed Compounds against Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus A71. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061908. [PMID: 35335272 PMCID: PMC8955072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that occur worldwide are mainly caused by the Coxsackievirus-A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71). Unfortunately, neither an anti-HFMD drug nor a vaccine is currently available. Rupintrivir in phase II clinical trial candidate for rhinovirus showed highly potent antiviral activities against enteroviruses as an inhibitor for 3C protease (3Cpro). In the present study, we focused on designing 50 novel rupintrivir analogs against CV-A16 and EV-A71 3Cpro using computational tools. From their predicted binding affinities, the five compounds with functional group modifications at P1′, P2, P3, and P4 sites, namely P1′-1, P2-m3, P3-4, P4-5, and P4-19, could bind with both CV-A16 and EV-A71 3Cpro better than rupintrivir. Subsequently, these five analogs were studied by 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Among them, P2-m3, the derivative with meta-aminomethyl-benzyl group at the P2 site, showed the greatest potential to interact with the 3Cpro target by delivering the highest number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and contact atoms. It formed the hydrogen bonds with L127 and K130 residues at the P2 site stronger than rupintrivir, supported by significantly lower MM/PB(GB)SA binding free energies. Elucidation of designed rupintrivir analogs in our study provides the basis for developing compounds that can be candidate compounds for further HFMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sripattaraphan
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kamonpan Sanachai
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Phornphimon Maitarad
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: or
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A CDR-based approach to generate covalent inhibitory antibody for human rhinovirus protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116219. [PMID: 34077853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent target modulation with small molecules has been emerging as a promising strategy for drug discovery. However, covalent inhibitory antibody remains unexplored due to the lack of efficient strategies to engineer antibody with desired bioactivity. Herein, we developed an intracellular selection method to generate covalent inhibitory antibody against human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) 3C protease through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis along the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR-H3). A library of antibody mutants was thus constructed and screened in vivo through co-expression with the target protease. Using this screening strategy, six covalent antibodies with proximity-enabled bioactivity were identified, which were shown to covalently target HRV14-3C protease with high inhibitory potency and exquisite selectivity. Compared to structure-based rational design, this library-based screening method provides a simple and efficient way for the discovery and engineering of covalent antibody for enzyme inhibition.
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Wang H, Li Y. Recent Progress on Functional Genomics Research of Enterovirus 71. Virol Sin 2018; 34:9-21. [PMID: 30552635 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main pathogens that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). HFMD caused by EV71 infection is mostly self-limited; however, some infections can cause severe neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, and even death. There are still no effective clinical drugs used for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Studying EV71 protein function is essential for elucidating the EV71 replication process and developing anti-EV71 drugs and vaccines. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the studies of EV71 non-coding regions (5' UTR and 3' UTR) and all structural and nonstructural proteins, especially the key motifs involving in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. This review will promote our understanding of EV71 virus replication and pathogenesis, and will facilitate the development of novel drugs or vaccines to treat EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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4
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Gunaseelan S, Chu JJH. Identifying novel antiviral targets against enterovirus 71: where are we? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has been considered as an essential human pathogen, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Several HEV71 outbreaks have been observed in many Asia-Pacific countries for the past two decades with significant fatalities. However, there are no competent vaccines or antivirals against HEV71 infection to date. Thus, it is of critical priority to delve into the search for anti-HEV71 agents. Prior to this, there is a need to gain knowledge about the distinct targets of HEV71 that are available and that have been exploited for antiviral therapy. This review aims to provide a better understanding of HEV71 virology and feature potential antivirals for progressive clinical development with respect to their elucidated mechanistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06–05, Singapore 138673
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Jetsadawisut W, Nutho B, Meeprasert A, Rungrotmongkol T, Kungwan N, Wolschann P, Hannongbua S. Susceptibility of inhibitors against 3C protease of coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71 causing hand, foot and mouth disease: A molecular dynamics study. Biophys Chem 2016; 219:9-16. [PMID: 27668727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemic has occurred in many countries. Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) are the main causes of HFMD. Up to now, there are no anti-HFMD drugs available. Rupintrivir, a broad-spectrum inhibitor, is a drug candidate for HFMD treatment, while other HFMD inhibitors designed from several studies have a relatively low efficiency. Therefore, in this work we aim to study the binding mechanisms of rupintrivir and a peptidic α,β-unsaturated ethyl ester (SG85) against both CV-A16 and EV-A71 3C proteases (3Cpro) using all-atoms molecular dynamics simulation. The obtained results indicate that SG85 shows a stronger binding affinity than rupintrivir against CV-A16. Both inhibitors exhibit a comparable affinity against EV-A71 3Cpro. The molecular information of the binding of the two inhibitors to the proteases will be elucidated. Thus, it is implied that these two compounds may be used as leads for further anti-HFMD drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jetsadawisut
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - B Nutho
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - A Meeprasert
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - T Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - N Kungwan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Muang District, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - P Wolschann
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - S Hannongbua
- Computational Chemistry Unit Cell, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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van der Linden L, Wolthers KC, van Kuppeveld FJM. Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4529-62. [PMID: 26266417 PMCID: PMC4576193 DOI: 10.3390/v7082832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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BPR-3P0128 inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase elongation and VPg uridylylation activities of Enterovirus 71. Antiviral Res 2014; 112:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hung HC, Shih SR, Chang TY, Fang MY, Hsu JTA. The combination effects of licl and the active leflunomide metabolite, A771726, on viral-induced interleukin 6 production and EV-A71 replication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111331. [PMID: 25412347 PMCID: PMC4239034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic virus that can cause severe complications involving the central nervous system. No effective antiviral therapeutics are available for treating EV-A71 infection and drug discovery efforts are rarely focused to target this disease. Thus, the main goal of this study was to discover existing drugs with novel indications that may effectively inhibit EV-A71 replication and the inflammatory cytokines elevation. In this study, we showed that LiCl, a GSK3β inhibitor, effectively suppressed EV-A71 replication, apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines production (Interleukin 6, Interleukin-1β) in infected cells. Furthermore, LiCl and an immunomodular agent were shown to strongly synergize with each other in suppressing EV-A71 replication. The results highlighted potential new treatment regimens in suppressing sequelae caused by EV-A71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Yuan Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Fang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - John T.-A. Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Lin L, Qin Y, Wu H, Chen Y, Wu S, Si X, Wang H, Wang T, Zhong X, Zhai X, Tong L, Pan B, Zhang F, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Zhao W. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by down-regulating ubiquitin-proteasome system. Virus Res 2014; 195:207-16. [PMID: 25456405 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The severe neurological complications caused by EV71 infection and the lack of effective therapeutic medicine underline the importance of searching for antiviral substances. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an antioxidant, has been reported to inhibit the replication of coxsackievirus B (CVB) through dysregulating ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this study, we demonstrated that PDTC exerted potent antiviral effect on EV71. Viral RNA synthesis, viral protein expression, and the production of viral progeny were significantly reduced by the treatment of PDTC in Vero cells infected with EV71. Similar to the previous report about the inhibitory effect of PDTC on UPS, we found that PDTC treatment led to decreased levels of polyubiquitinated proteins in EV71-infected cells. The inhibitory effect of PDTC on UPS was further confirmed by the increased accumulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins p21 and p53, which are normally degraded through UPS, while the expression levels of both proteins remained unchanged. We also showed that PDTC had no impact on the activity of proteasome. Thus, we demonstrated that the down-regulation of PDTC on UPS was the result of its inhibition on ubiquitination. More importantly, this study provides evidence that the inhibition on UPS was required for the antiviral activity of PDTC, since MG132, a potent proteasome inhibitor, significantly inhibited the cytopathic effect and viral protein synthesis in EV71-infected cells. We also found that the antioxidant property of PDTC did not contribute to its antiviral effect, since N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a potent antioxidant, could not inhibit viral replication. In addition, CPE and viral protein synthesis were not inhibited in the cells pretreated with PDTC 2h before viral infection and then cultured in the media with no PDTC supplement, while the antioxidant effect of PDTC was retained. PDTC also showed significant inhibition on apoptosis induced by EV71 infection when it was applied at the early stage of viral infection. Our results collectively suggest that PDTC could be a potential anti-EV71 compound which possesses both antiviral and anti-apoptotic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoning Si
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Xia Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China.
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Xuefu Road, 150086 Harbin, China.
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Identification of luteolin as enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 inhibitors through reporter viruses and cell viability-based screening. Viruses 2014; 6:2778-95. [PMID: 25036464 PMCID: PMC4113793 DOI: 10.3390/v6072778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric illness mainly caused by infection with enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16). The frequent HFMD outbreaks have become a serious public health problem. Currently, no vaccine or antiviral drug for EV71/CA16 infections has been approved. In this study, a two-step screening platform consisting of reporter virus-based assays and cell viability‑based assays was developed to identify potential inhibitors of EV71/CA16 infection. Two types of reporter viruses, a pseudovirus containing luciferase-encoding RNA replicons encapsidated by viral capsid proteins and a full-length reporter virus containing enhanced green fluorescent protein, were used for primary screening of 400 highly purified natural compounds. Thereafter, a cell viability-based secondary screen was performed for the identified hits to confirm their antiviral activities. Three compounds (luteolin, galangin, and quercetin) were identified, among which luteolin exhibited the most potent inhibition of viral infection. In the cell viability assay and plaque reduction assay, luteolin showed similar 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of about 10 μM. Luteolin targeted the post-attachment stage of EV71 and CA16 infection by inhibiting viral RNA replication. This study suggests that luteolin may serve as a lead compound to develop potent anti-EV71 and CA16 drugs.
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Lv X, Qiu M, Chen D, Zheng N, Jin Y, Wu Z. Apigenin inhibits enterovirus 71 replication through suppressing viral IRES activity and modulating cellular JNK pathway. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:30-41. [PMID: 24971492 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a member of genus Enterovirus in Picornaviridae family, which is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases in children. Currently there are no effective therapeutic medicines or vaccines for the disease. In this report, we found that apigenin and luteolin, two flavones that differ only in the number of hydroxyl groups could inhibit EV71-mediated cytopathogenic effect (CPE) and EV71 replication with low cytotoxicity. Both molecules also showed inhibitory effect on the viral polyprotein expression. They prevented EV71-induced cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytokines up-regulation. Time-of-drug addition study demonstrated that apigenin and luteolin acted after viral entry. We examined the effect of apigenin and luteolin on 2A(pro) and 3C(pro) activity, two viral proteases responsible for viral polyprotein processing, and found that they showed less inhibitory activity on 2A(pro) or 3C(pro). Further studies demonstrated that apigenin, but not luteolin could interfere with viral IRES activity. Also, apigenin inhibited EV71-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation which is critical for viral replication, in contrast to luteolin that did not. This study demonstrated that apigenin may inhibit EV71 replication through suppressing viral IRES activity and modulating cellular JNK pathway. It also provided evidence that one hydroxyl group difference in the B ring between apigenin and luteolin resulted in the distinct antiviral mechanisms. This study will provide the basis for better drug development and further identification of potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Lv
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Min Qiu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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van der Linden L, Ulferts R, Nabuurs SB, Kusov Y, Liu H, George S, Lacroix C, Goris N, Lefebvre D, Lanke KHW, De Clercq K, Hilgenfeld R, Neyts J, van Kuppeveld FJM. Application of a cell-based protease assay for testing inhibitors of picornavirus 3C proteases. Antiviral Res 2014; 103:17-24. [PMID: 24393668 PMCID: PMC7113757 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytical cleavage of the picornaviral polyprotein is essential for viral replication. Therefore, viral proteases are attractive targets for anti-viral therapy. Most assays available for testing proteolytical activity of proteases are performed in vitro, using heterologously expressed proteases and peptide substrates. To deal with the disadvantages associated with in vitro assays, we modified a cell-based protease assay for picornavirus proteases. The assay is based on the induction of expression of a firefly luciferase reporter by a chimeric transcription factor in which the viral protease and cleavage sites are inserted between the GAL4 binding domain and the VP16 activation domain. Firefly luciferase expression is dependent on cleavage of the transcription factor by the viral protease. This biosafe assay enables testing the effect of compounds on protease activity in cells while circumventing the need for infection. We designed the assay for 3C proteases (3C(pro)) of various enteroviruses as well as of viruses of several other picornavirus genera, and show that the assay is amenable for use in a high-throughput setting. Furthermore, we show that the spectrum of activity of 3C(pro) inhibitor AG7088 (rupintrivir) not only encompasses enterovirus 3C(pro) but also 3C(pro) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an aphthovirus. In contrary, AG7404 (compound 1), an analogue of AG7088, had no effect on FMDV 3C(pro) activity, for which we provide a structural explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences & Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachel Ulferts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences & Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander B Nabuurs
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Kusov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shyla George
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - David Lefebvre
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kjerstin H W Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences & Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences & Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Kuo RL, Shih SR. Strategies to develop antivirals against enterovirus 71. Virol J 2013; 10:28. [PMID: 23339605 PMCID: PMC3614426 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important human pathogen which may cause severe neurological complications and death in children. The virus caused several outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region during the past two decades and has been considered a significant public health problem in the post-poliovirus eradication era. Unlike poliovirus, there is no effective vaccine or approved antivirals against EV71. To explore anti-EV71 agents therefore is of vital importance. Several strategies have been employed to develop antivirals based on the molecular characteristics of the virus. Among these, some small molecules that were developed against human rhinoviruses and poliovirus are under evaluation. In this review, we discuss the recent development of such small molecules against EV71, known drug resistance and possible solutions to it, and animal models for evaluating the efficacy of these antivirals. Although further investigation is required for clinical applications of the existing candidates, the molecular mechanisms revealed for the inhibition of EV71 replication can be used for designing new molecules against this virus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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14
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Shang B, Deng C, Ye H, Xu W, Yuan Z, Shi PY, Zhang B. Development and characterization of a stable eGFP enterovirus 71 for antiviral screening. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:198-205. [PMID: 23267829 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot, and mouth disease. There is currently no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral treatment for EV71 infection. To facilitate antiviral drug discovery, we developed an infectious cDNA clone of an epidemic strain of EV71 and a stable eGFP reporter EV71. The reporter virus was generated by engineering the eGFP gene between the 5' untranslated region and VP4 gene of the EV71 genome. Vero cells transfected with the cDNA clone-derived RNA generated high titers (>10(6)PFU/ml) of the eGFP reporter virus. The reporter virus was infectious to Vero cells, producing robust eGFP fluorescence signals. Compared with the wild type virus, the reporter virus replicated slower in cell culture. To examine the stability of the reporter virus, we continuously passaged the virus on Vero cells for five rounds. The passaged viruses maintained the eGFP gene, demonstrating the stability of the reporter virus. Using a known EV71 inhibitor, we demonstrate that the reporter virus could be used for antiviral screening. The infectious cDNA clones of the wild type virus and the eGFP reporter viruses will be useful for antiviral research as well as for studying viral replication and pathogenesis of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodi Shang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
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15
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Shang L, Xu M, Yin Z. Antiviral drug discovery for the treatment of enterovirus 71 infections. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:183-94. [PMID: 23261847 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the genus Enterovirus, family Picornavirus. It causes hand, foot and mouth disease in infants and children, which in a small percentage of cases progresses to central nervous system infection, ranging from aseptic meningitis to fatal encephalitis. Sporadic cases of EV71 infection occur throughout the world, but large epidemics have occurred recently in Southeast Asia and China. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies for the prevention or treatment of EV71 infection. This paper reviews efforts to develop antiviral therapies against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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16
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Lu G, Qi J, Chen Z, Xu X, Gao F, Lin D, Qian W, Liu H, Jiang H, Yan J, Gao GF. Enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 3C proteases: binding to rupintrivir and their substrates and anti-hand, foot, and mouth disease virus drug design. J Virol 2011; 85:10319-31. [PMID: 21795339 PMCID: PMC3196414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00787-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is prevalent in Asia. Thus far, there are no prophylactic or therapeutic measures against HFMD. The 3C proteases from EV71 and CVA16 play important roles in viral replication and are therefore ideal drug targets. By using biochemical, mutational, and structural approaches, we broadly characterized both proteases. A series of high-resolution structures of the free or substrate-bound enzymes were solved. These structures, together with our cleavage specificity assay, well explain the marked substrate preferences of both proteases for particular P4, P1, and P1' residue types, as well as the relative malleability of the P2 amino acid. More importantly, the complex structures of EV71 and CVA16 3Cs with rupintrivir, a specific human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease inhibitor, were solved. These structures reveal a half-closed S2 subsite and a size-reduced S1' subsite that limit the access of the P1' group of rupintrivir to both enzymes, explaining the reported low inhibition activity of the compound toward EV71 and CVA16. In conclusion, the detailed characterization of both proteases in this study could direct us to a proposal for rational design of EV71/CVA16 3C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Lu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhujun Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Daizong Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wangke Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Tseng CK, Chen KJ, Lin CK, Hsu SH, Lee JC. An in vitro coupled transcription/translation reporter system for hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:50-7. [PMID: 21782784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), is an attractive target for antiviral agents. The in vitro RNA synthesis system based on radioisotopic readout is commonly used for polymerase inhibitor screening; however, this system generates large amounts of radioactive waste and is not amenable to high-throughput applications. To overcome this limitation, we generated pFLuc-(-)UTRΔC-RLuc, a bicistronic reporter vector, which allows effective and sensitive distinction of RdRp activity by using a cell-free coupled transcription/translation system. This reporter construct comprises the firefly luciferase (FLuc) and the Renilla luciferase (RLuc) genes in reverse orientation flanked by the two negative strands of the HCV 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions in which FLuc and RLuc reporter proteins are regulated by bacteriophage T7 polymerase and NS5B polymerase, respectively. The increase in RLuc activity was proportional to the amount of active RdRp. This cell-free dual reporter system was further validated using specific RdRp inhibitors. Hence, linear dose-response curves between RLuc activity and specific inhibitors were obtained, as was faster drug screening through real-time measurement of chemiluminescence. Moreover, this reporter system is suitable for robust in vitro screening because of a statistically acceptable Z' factor value of 0.79 under the antiviral screening condition in the 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-kai Tseng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Hung HC, Wang HC, Shih SR, Teng IF, Tseng CP, Hsu JTA. Synergistic inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by interferon and rupintrivir. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1784-90. [PMID: 21536800 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause severe diseases and even lead to death in children. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy to prevent or cure EV71 infection. Although interferon (IFN)-α has been used in the treatment of several viral infections, we found that IFN-α alone was ineffective in restricting EV71 replication in Vero cells. METHODS Through a bioinformatics analysis, several cellular proteins in the IFN response pathway were identified as susceptible substrates that might be degraded by the EV71-encoded 3C protease (3C(pro)). RESULTS Indeed, IRF9 was shown to be vulnerable to 3C(pro) cleavage, as revealed by enzyme-based and cell-based assays. Thus, the IFN-mediated antiviral mechanism compromised by the viral 3C(pro) in EV71-infected cells may be accountable, at least partially, for that IFN-α cannot inhibit EV71 replication. Because rupintrivir (AG7088) is known to be an effective EV71 inhibitor, we investigated the effects of the combination of rupintrivir and IFN-α on EV71 replication and found that they strongly synergized with each other in inhibiting EV71 replication. CONCLUSIONS Because rupintrivir was shown to be generally tolerable in earlier clinical investigations, it is worth evaluating whether a combination of rupintrivir and IFN-α could be an effective treatment for EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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19
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Hung HC, Chen TC, Fang MY, Yen KJ, Shih SR, Hsu JTA, Tseng CP. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication and the viral 3D polymerase by aurintricarboxylic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:676-83. [PMID: 20089540 PMCID: PMC7110181 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes serious diseases in humans. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on EV71 replication and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods To measure the activity of ATA in inhibiting the cytopathic effect (CPE) of EV71, a cell-based neutralization (inhibition of virus-induced CPE) assay was performed. The effect of ATA was further confirmed using plaque reduction and viral yield reduction assays. A time of addition assay was performed to identify the mechanisms of ATA's anti-EV71 activity. We examined the effects of ATA on the following key steps involved in virus replication: (i) translation of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated viral polyprotein; (ii) the proteolytic activity of viral proteases 2A and/or 3C; and (iii) the viral 3D RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity. Results In this study, ATA was found to be a potent inhibitor of the replication of EV71. In the antiviral neutralization assay, ATA exhibited inhibitory activity against EV71 (TW/4643/98) and EV71 (TW/2231/98). Plaque assay further demonstrated that ATA inhibited EV71 replication with an EC50 (effective concentration at which 50% of plaques were removed) of 2.9 µM. Studies on the mechanism of action revealed that ATA targets the early stage of the viral life cycle after viral entry. ATA was able to inhibit the RdRp activity of EV71, while neither the IRES-mediated translation of viral polyprotein nor the viral 3C protease activity was affected. Conclusions Overall, the findings in this study suggest that ATA is able to effectively inhibit EV71 replication through interfering with the viral 3D polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
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Zhang XN, Song ZG, Jiang T, Shi BS, Hu YW, Yuan ZH. Rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of Enterovirus-71 infection. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:201-9. [PMID: 20066739 PMCID: PMC2806558 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the suitability of rupintrivir against Enterovirus 71 (EV71) induced severe clinical symptoms using computational methods. METHODS The structure of EV71 3C protease was predicted by homology modeling. The binding free energies between rupintrivir and EV71 3C and human rhinovirus 3C protease were computed by molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann/surface area and molecular mechanics generalized-born/surface area methods. EV71 3C fragments obtained from clinical samples collected during May to July 2008 in Shanghai were amplified by reverse-transcription and polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. RESULTS We observed that rupintrivir had favorable binding affinity with EV71 3C protease (-10.76 kcal/mol). The variability of the 3C protein sequence in isolates of various outbreaks, including those obtained in our hospital from May to July 2008, were also analyzed to validate the conservation of the drug binding pocket. CONCLUSION Rupintrivir, whose safety profiles had been proved, is an attractive candidate and can be quickly utilized for treating severe EV71 infection.
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21
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Chen TC, Weng KF, Chang SC, Lin JY, Huang PN, Shih SR. Development of antiviral agents for enteroviruses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:1169-73. [PMID: 18931391 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common human pathogens that are associated with numerous disease symptoms in many organ systems of the body. Although EV infections commonly cause mild or non-symptomatic illness, some of them are associated with severe diseases such as CNS complications. The current absence of effective vaccines for most viral infection and no available antiviral drugs for the treatment of EVs highlight the urgency and significance of developing antiviral agents. Several key steps in the viral life cycle are potential targets for blocking viral replication. This article reviews recent studies of antiviral developments for EVs based on various molecular targets that interrupt viral attachment, viral translation, polyprotein processing and RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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