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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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2
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Shrestha S, Lekkala VKR, Acharya P, Siddhpura D, Lee MY. Recent advances in microarray 3D bioprinting for high-throughput spheroid and tissue culture and analysis. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:481-489. [PMID: 34296737 PMCID: PMC9270997 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture in vitro has proven to be more physiologically relevant than two-dimensional (2D) culture of cell monolayers, thus more predictive in assessing efficacy and toxicity of compounds. There have been several 3D cell culture techniques developed, which include spheroid and multicellular tissue cultures. Cell spheroids have been generated from single or multiple cell types cultured in ultralow attachment (ULA) well plates and hanging droplet plates. In general, cell spheroids are formed in a relatively short period of culture, in the absence of extracellular matrices (ECMs), via gravity-driven self-aggregation, thus having limited ability to self-organization in layered structure. On the other hand, multicellular tissue cultures including miniature tissues derived from pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells (a.k.a. 'organoids') and 3D bioprinted tissue constructs require biomimetic hydrogels or ECMs and show highly ordered structure due to spontaneous self-organization of cells during differentiation and maturation processes. In this short review article, we summarize traditional methods of spheroid and multicellular tissue cultures as well as their technical challenges, and introduce how droplet-based, miniature 3D bioprinting ('microarray 3D bioprinting') can be used to improve assay throughput and reproducibility for high-throughput, predictive screening of compounds. Several platforms including a micropillar chip and a 384-pillar plate developed to facilitate miniature spheroid and tissue cultures via microarray 3D bioprinting are introduced. We excluded microphysiological systems (MPSs) in this article although they are important tissue models to simulate multiorgan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Vinod Kumar Reddy Lekkala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Darshita Siddhpura
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
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3
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Sun L, Chopra P, Boons GJ. Modular Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides Having N-Acetyl and N-Sulfate Moieties. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16082-16098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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4
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Horton M, Su G, Yi L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Zhang F, Zaharoff DA, Pearce K, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction of heparan sulfate microarray for investigating the binding of specific saccharide sequences to proteins. Glycobiology 2020; 31:188-199. [PMID: 32681173 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a heterogeneous, extracellular glycan that interacts with proteins and other molecules affecting many biological processes. The specific binding motifs of HS interactions are of interest, but have not been extensively characterized. Glycan microarrays are valuable tools that can be used to probe the interactions between glycans and their ligands while relying on relatively small amounts of samples. Recently, chemoenzymatic synthesis of HS has been employed to produce specific HS structures that can otherwise be difficult to produce. In this study, a microarray of diverse chemoenzymatically synthesized HS structures was developed and HS interactions were characterized. Fluorescently labeled antithrombin III (AT) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) were screened against 95 different HS structures under three different printing concentrations to confirm the utility of this microarray. Specific sulfation patterns were found to be important for binding to these proteins and results are consistent with previous specificity studies. Furthermore, the binding affinities (KD,surf) of AT and FGF2 to multiple HS structures were determined using a microarray technique and is consistent with previous reports. Lastly, the 95-compound HS microarray was used to determine the distinct binding profiles for interleukin 12 and platelet factor 4. This technique is ideal for rapid expansion and will be pivotal to the high-throughput characterization of biologically important structure/function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Horton
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lin Yi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ken Pearce
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Song X. Preparation of Complex Glycans From Natural Sources for Functional Study. Front Chem 2020; 8:508. [PMID: 32719769 PMCID: PMC7348041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One major barrier in glycoscience is the lack of diverse and biomedically relevant complex glycans in sufficient quantities for functional study. Complex glycans from natural sources serve as an important source of these glycans and an alternative to challenging chemoenzymatic synthesis. This review discusses preparation of complex glycans from several classes of glycoconjugates using both enzymatic and chemical release approaches. Novel technologies have been developed to advance the large-scale preparation of complex glycans from natural sources. We also highlight recent approaches and methods developed in functional and fluorescent tagging and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) isolation of released glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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García‐Oliva C, Cabanillas AH, Perona A, Hoyos P, Rumbero Á, Hernáiz MJ. Efficient Synthesis of Muramic and Glucuronic Acid Glycodendrimers as Dengue Virus Antagonists. Chemistry 2020; 26:1588-1596. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García‐Oliva
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Almudena Perona
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Hoyos
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ángel Rumbero
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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7
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Bolten SN, Rinas U, Scheper T. Heparin: role in protein purification and substitution with animal-component free material. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8647-8660. [PMID: 30094590 PMCID: PMC6153649 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide which belongs to the family of glycosaminoglycans. It is involved in various important biological activities. The major biological purpose is the inhibition of the coagulation cascade to maintain the blood flow in the vasculature. These properties are employed in several therapeutic drugs. Heparin’s activities are associated with its interaction to various proteins. To date, the structural heparin-protein interactions are not completely understood. This review gives a general overview of specific patterns and functional groups which are involved in the heparin-protein binding. An understanding of the heparin-protein interactions at the molecular level is not only advantageous in the therapeutic application but also in biotechnological application of heparin for downstreaming. This review focuses on the heparin affinity chromatography. Diverse recombinant proteins can be successfully purified by this method. While effective, it is disadvantageous that heparin is an animal-derived material. Animal-based components carry the risk of contamination. Therefore, they are liable to strict quality controls and the validation of effective good manufacturing practice (GMP) implementation. Hence, adequate alternatives to animal-derived components are needed. This review examines strategies to avoid these disadvantages. Thereby, alternatives for the provision of heparin such as chemical synthesized heparin, chemoenzymatic heparin, and bioengineered heparin are discussed. Moreover, the usage of other chromatographic systems mimetic the heparin effect is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nicolin Bolten
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Glycan microarrays of fluorescently-tagged natural glycans. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:465-73. [PMID: 25877830 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the challenges facing research in 'functional glycomics' and the novel technologies that are being developed to advance the field. The structural complexity of glycans and glycoconjugates makes studies of both their structures and recognition difficult. However, these intricate structures can be captured from their natural sources, isolated and fluorescently-tagged for detailed structural analysis and for presentation on glycan microarrays for functional recognition by glycan-binding proteins. These advances in glycan preparation and manipulation enable the streamlining of functional glycomics studies and will help to propel the field forward in studying natural, biologically relevant glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Suite 4025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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10
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Gesslbauer B, Theuer M, Schweiger D, Adage T, Kungl AJ. New targets for glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as novel targets. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:77-95. [PMID: 23414361 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of a variety of proteins are mediated via their interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The structural diversity within the wide GAG landscape provides individual interaction sites for a multitude of proteins involved in several pathophysiological processes. This 'GAG angle' of such proteins as well as their specific GAG ligands give rise to novel therapeutic concepts for drug development. Current glycomic technologies to elucidate the glycan structure-function relationships, methods to investigate the selectivity and specificity of glycan-protein interactions and existing therapeutic approaches to interfere with GAG-protein interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- ProtAffin Biotechnologie AG, Reininghausstrasse 13a, 8020 Graz, Austria
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11
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DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans: re-creating, re-modeling and re-designing nature's longest or most complex carbohydrate chains. Glycobiology 2013; 23:764-77. [PMID: 23481097 PMCID: PMC3671772 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides composed of hexosamine-containing disaccharide repeating units. The three most studied classes of GAGs, heparin/heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, are essential macromolecules. GAGs isolated from animal and microbial sources have been utilized therapeutically, but naturally occurring GAGs are extremely heterogeneous limiting further development of these agents. These molecules pose difficult targets to construct by classical organic syntheses due to the long chain lengths and complex patterns of modification by sulfation and epimerization. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, a process that employs exquisite enzyme catalysts and various defined precursors (e.g. uridine 5'-diphosphosphate-sugar donors, sulfate donors, acceptors and oxazoline precursors), promises to deliver homogeneous GAGs. This review covers both theoretical and practical issues of GAG oligosaccharide and polysaccharide preparation as single molecular entities and in library formats. Even at this early stage of technology development, nearly monodisperse GAGs can be made with either natural or artificial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA.
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12
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Takada W, Fukushima M, Pothacharoen P, Kongtawelert P, Sugahara K. A sulfated glycosaminoglycan array for molecular interactions between glycosaminoglycans and growth factors or anti-glycosaminoglycan antibodies. Anal Biochem 2013; 435:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Production methods for heparosan, a precursor of heparin and heparan sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Mosier PD, Krishnasamy C, Kellogg GE, Desai UR. On the specificity of heparin/heparan sulfate binding to proteins. Anion-binding sites on antithrombin and thrombin are fundamentally different. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48632. [PMID: 23152789 PMCID: PMC3495972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antithrombin–heparin/heparan sulfate (H/HS) and thrombin–H/HS interactions are recognized as prototypic specific and non-specific glycosaminoglycan (GAG)–protein interactions, respectively. The fundamental structural basis for the origin of specificity, or lack thereof, in these interactions remains unclear. The availability of multiple co-crystal structures facilitates a structural analysis that challenges the long-held belief that the GAG binding sites in antithrombin and thrombin are essentially similar with high solvent exposure and shallow surface characteristics. Methodology Analyses of solvent accessibility and exposed surface areas, gyrational mobility, symmetry, cavity shape/size, conserved water molecules and crystallographic parameters were performed for 12 X-ray structures, which include 12 thrombin and 16 antithrombin chains. Novel calculations are described for gyrational mobility and prediction of water loci and conservation. Results The solvent accessibilities and gyrational mobilities of arginines and lysines in the binding sites of the two proteins reveal sharp contrasts. The distribution of positive charges shows considerable asymmetry in antithrombin, but substantial symmetry for thrombin. Cavity analyses suggest the presence of a reasonably sized bifurcated cavity in antithrombin that facilitates a firm ‘hand-shake’ with H/HS, but with thrombin, a weaker ‘high-five’. Tightly bound water molecules were predicted to be localized in the pentasaccharide binding pocket of antithrombin, but absent in thrombin. Together, these differences in the binding sites explain the major H/HS recognition characteristics of the two prototypic proteins, thus affording an explanation of the specificity of binding. This provides a foundation for understanding specificity of interaction at an atomic level, which will greatly aid the design of natural or synthetic H/HS sequences that target proteins in a specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Park TJ, Kim YS, Hwang T, Govindaiah P, Choi SW, Kim E, Won K, Lee SH, Kim JH. Preparation and characterization of heparinized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Bhaskar U, Sterner E, Hickey AM, Onishi A, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Engineering of routes to heparin and related polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1-16. [PMID: 22048616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant heparin has been shown to possess important biological functions that vary according to its fine structure. Variability within heparin's structure occurs owing to its biosynthesis and animal tissue-based recovery and adds another dimension to its complex polymeric structure. The structural variations in chain length and sulfation patterns mediate its interaction with many heparin-binding proteins, thereby eliciting complex biological responses. The advent of novel chemical and enzymatic approaches for polysaccharide synthesis coupled with high throughput combinatorial approaches for drug discovery have facilitated an increased effort to understand heparin's structure-activity relationships. An improved understanding would offer potential for new therapeutic development through the engineering of polysaccharides. Such a bioengineering approach requires the amalgamation of several different disciplines, including carbohydrate synthesis, applied enzymology, metabolic engineering, and process biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Park TJ, Jung YJ, Park H, Choi SW, Kim E, Lee SH, Kim JH. Photoluminescent synthetic wood fibers from an ionic liquid via electrospinning. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Laremore TN, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Recent progress and applications in glycosaminoglycan and heparin research. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:633-40. [PMID: 19781979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, the focus of this review, is a crucially important anticoagulant drug produced from animal sources, which was contaminated last year leading to a number of adverse side effects, some resulting in death. Heparin is a highly acidic polysaccharide and a member of a family of biopolymers called glycosaminoglycans. The structure and activities of heparin are detailed along with recent advances in heparin structural analysis and biological evaluation. Current state-of-the-art chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin and new approaches for its metabolic engineering are described. New technologies, including microarrays and digital microfluidics, are proposed for high-throughput synthesis and screening of heparin and for the fabrication of an artificial Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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