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Silveira FM, Schuch LF, Schimidt TR, Lopes MP, Wagner VP, Só BB, Palo RM, Martins MD. Potentially carcinogenic effects of hydrogen peroxide for tooth bleaching on the oral mucosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:375-383. [PMID: 35282937 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Little is known about the extent to which hydrogen peroxide as used for tooth bleaching could be carcinogenic to the oral mucosa. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate whether hydrogen peroxide as used for tooth bleaching has carcinogenic effects on the oral mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases were searched. Studies evaluating different outcomes potentially related to the carcinogenic effects of hydrogen peroxide for tooth bleaching on the oral mucosa were included. Risk of bias was assessed by the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Risk Of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), or Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tools. The strength of the evidence was assessed by using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) protocol. The quantitative analysis was performed with means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was analyzed by using I-squared statistics. RESULTS Thirteen articles comprising 5 animal and 8 clinical studies met the inclusion criteria. Three of the 5 animal studies associated the bleaching agents with a carcinogen and demonstrated an enhancement of the carcinogenic effect, but probably with the bleaching agent acting only as a promoter. Five clinical studies concluded that the bleaching agents did not cause mutagenic stress on the oral mucosa by using the micronucleus test. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the frequency of micronuclei did not differ significantly between baseline and 30 days after bleaching (mean difference: 0.48; 95% CI, -1.49, 2.46; P=.63). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review indicated that hydrogen peroxide does not appear to have carcinogenic effects on the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Martins Silveira
- Adjunct Professor, Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay; Post-dotoral Fellowship, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lauren Frenzel Schuch
- PhD student, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tuany Rafaeli Schimidt
- PhD student, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Paparotto Lopes
- Undergraduate student, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Petersen Wagner
- Post-doctoral Fellowship, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield (UoS), Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Barcelos Só
- PhD student, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato Miotto Palo
- PhD in Endodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Postgraduation Professor, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kim MJ, Kang JH, Kho HS. Effects of Zinc Compounds on Lysozyme, Peroxidase, and α-Amylase from the Perspective of Oral Health: a Scoping Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023:10.1007/s12011-023-03972-x. [PMID: 38057484 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc has been proposed as a topical therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of various oral diseases. The purpose of this scoping review was to investigate the effects of zinc on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase from the perspective of developing oral health care products and therapeutic agents for oral diseases. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted on the direct interactions of zinc with lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase from various sources. Most of the reports on the effects of zinc on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase involved enzymes derived from bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. Studies of human salivary enzymes were scarce. Zinc was found to inhibit the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and α-amylase under diverse experimental conditions. The suggested mechanism was ionic interactions between zinc and enzyme molecules. The possibility that zinc causes structural changes to enzyme molecules has also been suggested. In conclusion, for zinc to be used as an effective topical therapeutic agent for oral health, further studies on the activity of human salivary enzymes are warranted, and additional information regarding the type and concentration of effective zinc compounds is also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Jong Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Gwanak Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kang
- Clinic of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute on Ageing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Salivary Redox Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710076. [PMID: 36077473 PMCID: PMC9455999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is a self-regulatory dynamic process that maintains a stable internal environment in the human body. These regulations are essential for the optimal functioning of enzymes necessary for human health. Homeostasis elucidates disrupted mechanisms leading to the development of various pathological conditions caused by oxidative stress. In our work, we discuss redox homeostasis and salivary antioxidant activity during healthy periods and in periods of disease: dental carries, oral cavity cancer, periodontal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, systemic sclerosis, and pancreatitis. The composition of saliva reflects dynamic changes in the organism, which makes it an excellent tool for determining clinically valuable biomarkers. The oral cavity and saliva may form the first line of defense against oxidative stress. Analysis of salivary antioxidants may be helpful as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic marker of not only oral, but also systemic health.
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Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:958480. [PMID: 35979535 PMCID: PMC9376388 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.958480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic caused by aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus illustrates the importance and vulnerability of the mucosal epithelial barrier against infection. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are key to the epithelial barrier, providing immunity against microbes. In primitive life forms, AMPs protect the integument and the gut against pathogenic microbes. AMPs have also evolved in humans and other mammals to enhance newer, complex innate and adaptive immunity to favor the persistence of commensals over pathogenic microbes. The canonical AMPs are helictical peptides that form lethal pores in microbial membranes. In higher life forms, this type of AMP is exemplified by the defensin family of AMPs. In epithelial tissues, defensins, and calprotectin (complex of S100A8 and S100A9) have evolved to work cooperatively. The mechanisms of action differ. Unlike defensins, calprotectin sequesters essential trace metals from microbes, which inhibits growth. This review focuses on defensins and calprotectin as AMPs that appear to work cooperatively to fortify the epithelial barrier against infection. The antimicrobial spectrum is broad with overlap between the two AMPs. In mice, experimental models highlight the contribution of both AMPs to candidiasis as a fungal infection and periodontitis resulting from bacterial dysbiosis. These AMPs appear to contribute to innate immunity in humans, protecting the commensal microflora and restricting the emergence of pathobionts and pathogens. A striking example in human innate immunity is that elevated serum calprotectin protects against neonatal sepsis. Calprotectin is also remarkable because of functional differences when localized in epithelial and neutrophil cytoplasm or released into the extracellular environment. In the cytoplasm, calprotectin appears to protect against invasive pathogens. Extracellularly, calprotectin can engage pathogen-recognition receptors to activate innate immune and proinflammatory mechanisms. In inflamed epithelial and other tissue spaces, calprotectin, DNA, and histones are released from degranulated neutrophils to form insoluble antimicrobial barriers termed neutrophil extracellular traps. Hence, calprotectin and other AMPs use several strategies to provide microbial control and stimulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Lemos CN, da Silva LECM, Faustino JF, Fantucci MZ, Murashima ADAB, Adriano L, Alves M, Rocha EM. Oxidative Stress in the Protection and Injury of the Lacrimal Gland and the Ocular Surface: are There Perspectives for Therapeutics? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:824726. [PMID: 35359431 PMCID: PMC8963457 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a major disruption in the physiology of the lacrimal functional unit (LFU). Antioxidant enzymes have dual protective activities: antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Peroxidases have been indistinctly used as markers of the secretory activity of the LFU and implicated in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of dry eye disease (DED), even though they comprise a large family of enzymes that includes lactoperoxidase (LPO) and glutathione peroxidase (GPO), among others. Assays to measure and correlate OS with other local LFU phenomena have methodological limitations. Studies implicate molecules and reactions involved in OS as markers of homeostasis, and other studies identify them as part of the physiopathology of diseases. Despite these conflicting concepts and observations, it is clear that OS is influential in the development of DED. Moreover, many antioxidant strategies have been proposed for its treatment, including calorie restriction to nutritional supplementation. This review offers a critical analysis of the biological mechanisms, diagnostic outcomes, drug use, dietary supplements, and life habits that implicate the influence of OS on DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nunes Lemos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Camila Nunes Lemos,
| | - Lilian Eslaine Costa Mendes da Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Ferreira Faustino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marina Zilio Fantucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Andrade Batista Murashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Adriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Melani Rocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Sorrenti S, Baldini E, Pironi D, Lauro A, D’Orazi V, Tartaglia F, Tripodi D, Lori E, Gagliardi F, Praticò M, Illuminati G, D’Andrea V, Palumbo P, Ulisse S. Iodine: Its Role in Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Beyond. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124469. [PMID: 34960019 PMCID: PMC8709459 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review deals with the functional roles of iodine and its metabolism. The main biological function of iodine concerns its role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) by the thyroid gland. In addition, however, further biological roles of iodine have emerged. Precisely, due to its significant action as scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iodine is thought to represent one of the oldest antioxidants in living organisms. Moreover, iodine oxidation to hypoiodite (IO−) has been shown to possess strong bactericidal as well as antiviral and antifungal activity. Finally, and importantly, iodine has been demonstrated to exert antineoplastic effects in human cancer cell lines. Thus, iodine, through the action of different tissue-specific peroxidases, may serve different evolutionarily conserved physiological functions that, beyond TH biosynthesis, encompass antioxidant activity and defense against pathogens and cancer progression.
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Influence of Chlorhexidine and Cetylpyridine on Periodontal Status and Indicators of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111732. [PMID: 34829603 PMCID: PMC8614958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: One of the treatment goals in type 1 diabetes and periodontitis is to address chronic inflammation to prevent the development of neurovascular complications. The aim of this study was to assess the local anti-inflammatory effects of chlorhexidine digluconate and cetylpyridine chloride on periodontal status and indicators of oxidative stress in saliva in patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 subjects aged 27 (interquartile range, IQR 22–35) years, with type 1 diabetes for a duration of 12 (IQR 9–18) years, and glycated hemoglobin 8.05 (IQR 7.1–9.4)% were included. Patients were examined twice—initially, and after 14 days of using toothpaste with chlorhexidine and cetylpyridine. Clinical examination of gingival tissues was performed. Certain oxidative stress markers (TP, TEAC, TBARS, AOPP) were measured in the saliva samples. Results: There were significant changes in clinical indicators of periodontal status before and after the application of the toothpaste (API before 0.35 (0.24–0.65) vs. API after 0.265 (0.18–0.39), p = 0.03; SBI before 0.07 (0.04–0.15) vs. SBI after 0.035 (0-0.06), p = 0.002; GI before 0.88 (0.46–1) vs. GI after 0.67 (0.25–1), p = 0.0008). The concentration of saliva TBARS decreased (p = 0.00005) and TEAC increased (p = 0.09). Conclusion: Proper oral hygiene supported by antibacterial chemicals may improve the periodontal status and reduce inflammation.
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Potential Salivary Markers for Differential Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090943. [PMID: 34575091 PMCID: PMC8469159 DOI: 10.3390/life11090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of the saliva of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are poorly recognized. Likewise, the diagnostic potential of saliva for differentiating various forms of IBD is largely unexplored. Therefore, we compared the concentrations of several parameters in unstimulated whole mixed saliva collected in a standardized manner from patients with active IBD unresponsive to conventional therapy. The samples were received from 27 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 24 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 51 healthy individuals. Compared to the controls, the salivary concentrations of S100A8/calprotectin, myeloperoxidase, and IgA were significantly decreased in both CD and UC patients. In addition, patients with UC had decreased levels of TNF-R1 and decreased catalase activity. Interestingly, the concentrations of myeloperoxidase and TNF-R1 showed a high differentiation potential for CD and UC (AUC = 0.690 and 0.672, respectively). All these findings are discussed in the context of host defense in the oral cavity, patients’ prior treatment regimens, and smoking habits.
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Nutritional influences on enzyme activities in saliva of Asian and African elephants. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:955-970. [PMID: 34235559 PMCID: PMC8380575 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asian and African elephants show morphological adaptations to their ecological niche including the oral cavity. Variety and preferences of forage plants differ between both herbivorous elephant species. Diet can affect salivary enzymes. Asian elephants were shown to have a higher salivary amylase activity than African elephants. Species-specific differences were presumed to be influenced by feeding during collection procedure. This study aimed to determine the influence of feeding on enzyme activities in saliva of both elephant species to differentiate from species-specific effects. Additionally, season and housing conditions on salivary enzyme activities in non-fed elephants of both species were investigated. Salivary amylase (sAA), lysozyme (sLYS) and peroxidase (sPOD) activity were measured photometrically or fluorometrically. Results of this study reinforce previous observations of higher basic sAA activity in Asian elephants compared to African elephants. Salivary LYS and sPOD activity showed neither species-specific nor housing-specific differences. Independent from season, most elephants of both species revealed a lack of or low sPOD activity. Feeding caused a temporary decrease of sAA, sLYS and sPOD activity in both elephant species kept in four of eight tested zoos. Furthermore, sAA activity in Asian elephants was higher and sLYS activity lower in Spring than in Autumn. This study summarizes that sAA and sLYS are components of Asian and African elephant saliva in an active conformation in contrast to sPOD. Diet varying between season and zoos might influence sAA and sLYS activities primarily in Asian elephants but temporary low effects suggest sufficient buffer capacity of elephant saliva of both species.
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Courtois P. Oral peroxidases: From antimicrobial agents to ecological actors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:500. [PMID: 33982776 PMCID: PMC8134873 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase are the two main peroxidase enzymes found in the oral cavity. Sialoperoxidase is present in salivary secretions and in the biofilms that line the oral surfaces, while myeloperoxidase is abundant in the dento-gingival sulcus area. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oral peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of the pseudohalide anion thiocyanate (SCN−) to hypothiocyanite (OSCN−), a strong oxidant that serves an antimicrobial role. Furthermore, oral peroxidases consume bacteria-produced H2O2 and could help inactivate toxic carcinogenic and genotoxic substances. Numerous in vitro studies have reported the antibacterial, antimycotic and antiviral role of peroxidases, suggesting possible applications in oral therapy. However, the use of oral hygiene products incorporating peroxidase systems has not yet been shown to be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of oral infections. This paradox reflects our incomplete knowledge of the physiological role of peroxidases in a complex environment, such as the oral region. While hygiene is crucial for restoring oral microbiota to a symbiotic state, there are no data to suggest that the addition of a peroxidase per se can create a dysbiotic state. Recent investigations have associated the presence of peroxidase activity with gram-positive cocci microbial flora, and its insufficiency with dysbiosis has been linked to pathologies, such as caries, periodontitis or infections of the oral mucosa. Therefore, oxidants generated by oral peroxidases appear to be an essential ecological determinant for oral health through the selection of a symbiotic microbiota capable of resisting oxidative stress. The objective of the present review was to update the current knowledge of the physiological aspects and applications of oral peroxidases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Courtois
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Magacz M, Oszajca M, Nawrot-Hadzik I, Drożdż R, Jurczak A, Hadzik J, Smakosz A, Krzyściak W. Phenolic Compounds of Reynoutria sp. as Modulators of Oral Cavity Lactoperoxidase System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050676. [PMID: 33926051 PMCID: PMC8146912 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) together with its (pseudo)halogenation cycle substrates, H2O2 and thiocyanate ions oxidized to hypothiocyanite ions, form one of the main systems involved in antimicrobial defense within the oral cavity. In bacterial diseases such as dental caries, lactoperoxidase is oxidized to a form known as Compound II, which is characterized by its inability to oxidize SCN–, resulting in a decreased generation of antimicrobial products. Reynoutria sp. rizome extracts, due to their high polyphenol content, have been tested as a source of compounds able to regenerate the antimicrobial activity of lactoperoxidase through converting the Compound II to the native LPO state. In the presented study, acetone extracts of R. japonica, R. sachalinensis, and R. x bohemica, together with their five fractions and four selected polyphenols dominating in the studied in extracts, were tested toward lactoperoxidase reactivating potential. For this purpose, IC50, EC50, and activation percentage were determined by Ellman’s method. Furthermore, the rate constants for the conversion of Compound I–Compound II and Compound II–native-LPO in the presence of extracts, extracts fractions, and selected polyphenols were determined. Finally, the ability to enhance the antimicrobial properties of the lactoperoxidase system was tested against Streptococcus mutans. We proved that Reynoutria sp. rhizome is the source of lactoperoxidase peroxidation cycle substrates, which can act as activators and inhibitors of the antimicrobial properties of that system. The presented study shows that the reactivation of lactoperoxidase could become a potential therapeutic target in prevention and treatment support in some infectious oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magacz
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.M.); (R.D.)
- Doctoral School of Health and Medical Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Oszajca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (W.K.); Tel.: +48-12-62-05-760 (W.K.)
| | - Izabela Nawrot-Hadzik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.N.-H.); (A.S.)
| | - Ryszard Drożdż
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Anna Jurczak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jakub Hadzik
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Smakosz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.N.-H.); (A.S.)
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.M.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (W.K.); Tel.: +48-12-62-05-760 (W.K.)
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Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5545330. [PMID: 33897941 PMCID: PMC8052150 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5545330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a serious worldwide health problem, as can be seen by the global epidemic of the disease. In this disorder, when the blood flow is compromised by ruptures or blocked arteries, sudden death of neurons is observed as a result of a lack of oxygen and nutrients. Numerous severe problems and frequent complications also exist in stroke patients; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic methods for the disease. At present, the diagnosis of stroke is based on a neurological examination, medical history, and neuroimaging, due to the fact that rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tests are unavailable. Nevertheless, oxidative stress and inflammation are considered key factors in stroke pathogenesis. Oxygen free radicals are responsible for oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA/RNA, which in turn contributes to oxidative damage of the brain. Toxic products of the oxidation reactions act cytostatically on the cell by damaging cell membranes and leading to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, it seems that redox/inflammatory biomarkers might be used in the diagnosis of the disease. Nowadays, saliva is of increasing interest in clinical laboratory medicine. Redox biomarkers could be obtained easily, noninvasively, cheaply, and stress-free from saliva. This minireview is aimed at presenting the current knowledge concerning the use of salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the diagnosis and prognosis of stroke.
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Schwartz M, Neiers F, Feron G, Canon F. The Relationship Between Salivary Redox, Diet, and Food Flavor Perception. Front Nutr 2021; 7:612735. [PMID: 33585536 PMCID: PMC7876224 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.612735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouth is the gateway for entrance of food and microorganisms into the organism. The oral cavity is bathed by saliva, which is thus the first fluid that food and microorganisms will face after their entrance. As a result, saliva plays different functions, including lubrication, predigestion, protection, detoxification, and even transport of taste compounds to chemoreceptors located in the taste buds. To ensure its function of protection, saliva contains reactive harmful compounds such as reactive oxygen species that are controlled and neutralized by the antioxidant activity of saliva. Several antioxidant molecules control the production of molecules such as reactive oxygen compounds, neutralize them and/or repair the damage they have caused. Therefore, a balance between reactive oxidant species and antioxidant compounds exists. At the same time, food can also contain antioxidant compounds, which can participate in the equilibrium of this balance. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of different food components on the antioxidant capacity of saliva that correspond to the ability of saliva to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Contradictory results have sometimes been obtained. Moreover, some antioxidant compounds are also cofactors of enzymatic reactions that affect flavor compounds. Recent studies have considered the salivary antioxidant capacity to explain the release of flavor compounds ex vivo or in vivo. This article aims to review the effect of food on the antioxidant capacity of saliva and the impact of salivary antioxidant capacity on flavor perception after a brief presentation of the different molecules involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR1324 INRA, UMR6265 CNRS Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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15
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Interactions between Polyphenols and Volatile Compounds in Wine: A Literature Review on Physicochemical and Sensory Insights. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wine polyphenols (PPhs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for two of the main sensory characteristics in defining the complexity and quality of red wines: astringency and aroma. Wine VOCs’ volatility and solubility are strongly influenced by the matrix composition, including the interactions with PPhs. To date, these interactions have not been deeply studied, although the topic is of great interest in oenology. This article reviews the available knowledge on the main physicochemical and sensory effects of polyphenols on the release and perception of wine aromas in orthonasal and retronasal conditions. It describes the molecular insights and the phenomena that can modify VOCs behavior, according to the different chemical classes. It introduces the possible impact of saliva on aroma release and perception through the modulation of polyphenols–aroma compounds interactions. Limitations and possible gaps to overcome are presented together with updated approaches used to investigate those interactions and their effects, as well as future perspectives on the subject.
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16
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Abstract
Myeloperoxidase participates in innate immune defense mechanism through formation of microbicidal reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species. A unique activity is its ability to use chloride as a cosubstrate with hydrogen peroxide to generate chlorinating oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, a potent antimicrobial agent. However, chronic MPO activation can lead to indiscriminate protein modification causing tissue damage, and has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and acute cardiovascular events. This has attracted considerable interest in the development of therapeutically useful MPO inhibitors. Today, based on the profound knowledge of structure and function of MPO and its biochemical and biophysical differences with the other homologous human peroxidases, various rational and high-throughput screening attempts were performed in developing specific irreversible and reversible inhibitors. The most prominent candidates as well as MPO inhibitors already studied in clinical trials are introduced and discussed.
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17
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Tonoyan L, Montagner D, Friel R, O'Flaherty V. Antimicrobials offered from nature: Peroxidase-catalyzed systems and their mimics. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114281. [PMID: 33075313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The control of antimicrobial resistance requires the development of novel antimicrobial alternatives and naturally occurring peroxidase-catalyzed systems may be of great value in this era of emerging antimicrobial resistance. In the peroxidase system, a peroxidase enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of a halide/pseudohalide, at the expense of hydrogen peroxide, to generate reactive products with broad antimicrobial properties. The appropriate use of peroxidase systems needs a better understanding of the identities and properties of the generated antimicrobial oxidants, specific targets in bacterial cells, their mode of action and the factors favoring or limiting their activity. Here, the ABCs (antibacterial activity, bacterial "backtalk" and cytotoxicity) of these systems and their mimics are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the concomitant use of thiocyanate and iodide dual substrates in peroxidase/peroxidase-free systems with implications on their antimicrobial activity. This review also provides a summary of actual applications of peroxidase systems as bio-preservatives in oral healthcare, milk industry, food/feed specialties and related products, mastitis and wound treatment; lastly, this review points to opportunities for further research and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Tonoyan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Diego Montagner
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ruairi Friel
- Westway Health, Unit 120, Business Innovation Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Schwartz M, Neiers F, Feron G, Canon F. Activités oxydo-réductrices dans la salive : modulation par l’alimentation et importance pour la perception sensorielle des aliments. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Gebicka L. Redox reactions of heme proteins with flavonoids. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111095. [PMID: 32442763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins containing heme groups perform a variety of important functions in living organisms. The heme groups are involved in catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions, in electron transfer, and in binding small molecules, like oxygen or nitric oxide. Flavonoids, low molecular weight plant polyphenols, are ubiquitous components of human diet. They are also components of many plant extracts used in herbal medicine as well as of food supplements. Due to their relatively low reduction potential, flavonoids are prone to oxidation. This paper provides a review of redox reactions of various heme proteins, including catalase, some peroxidases, cytochrome P450, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin with flavonoids. Potential biological significance of these reactions is discussed, in particular when flavonoids are delivered to the body at pharmacological doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gebicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology (TUL), Lodz, Poland.
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20
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L-Glutamine Supplementation Improves the Benefits of Combined-Exercise Training on Oral Redox Balance and Inflammatory Status in Elderly Individuals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2852181. [PMID: 32411324 PMCID: PMC7204202 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2852181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although regular combined aerobic-resistance exercises can ameliorate the inflammatory status and redox balance in elderly population, it is unclear whether protein or specific amino acid supplementation could improve such benefits. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the inflammatory status and redox indexes through of the saliva of 34 elderly subject nonpractitioners (NP group, 73.3 ± 6.6 years) and 49 elderly subject practitioners of a combined-exercise training in moderate intensity (CET group, 71.9 ± 5.8 years) before (pre) and after (post) 30 days of supplementation with L-glutamine (Gln) or placebo (PL). Our results showed that, both in pre- and postsupplementation, the salivary levels of nitric oxide (NO·) and TNF-α were lower, whereas the levels of uric acid and IL-10 (as well as IL-10/TNF-α ratio) were higher in the CET groups than in the NP groups. In postsupplementation, both groups supplemented with Gln (NP-Gln and CET-Gln) showed higher salivary uric acid levels compared to baseline. In addition, lower NO· levels were found in the CET-Gln group postsupplementation than presupplementation values. Whereas the CET-Gln group showed lower GSH levels postsupplementation, NP-Gln subjects showed lower GSSG levels at the same time point, both compared to baseline. Interestingly, salivary peroxidase activity was lower only in NP groups (NP-PL and NP-Gln) postsupplementation than baseline values. A positive significant correlation between salivary peroxidase activity and GSH levels, and also between salivary peroxidase activity and uric acid levels were observed in the CET-Gln group both pre- and postsupplementation. No differences were found in albumin, total antioxidant activity (TEAC), and reducing power analysis between groups, pre- or postsupplementation. In conclusion, the elderly subjects from the CET group showed a better inflammatory response and redox balance and, for the first time, it was shown that daily supplementation with Gln for 30 days can improve these benefits with putative association with a healthy aging.
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21
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Seredin PV, Goloshchapov DL, Ippolitov YA, Avraamova OG. [Spectroscopic studies of the changes occurring in the molecular composition of oral fluid in people with multiple caries]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2019; 98:50-55. [PMID: 31701929 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20199805150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The changes in molecular composition of mixed saliva (oral fluid) were analyzed with the use of spectroscopic techniques for the patients with multiple caries. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies including synchrotron radiation for the excitation certain features were detected in the IR-spectra of the oral fluid. Mineral-organic, carbon-phosphate, AmidII/AmidI and protein/thiocyanate ratios were calculated for the groups of patients with multiple caries and patients of the control group. Complex analysis of the obtained experimental data enabled to determine that in the oral fluid of the persons with multiple caries as compared with the control group content of the mineral groups and complexes is reduced while the share of organic component is increased. Content of thiocyanate increases by more than two times and there appear carboxyl groups of esters, lipids and carbohydrates. The detected features in IR-spectra of mixed saliva as well as the changes found in its molecular composition based on the calculated ratios between organic and inorganic components can be used as biomarkers of cariogenic condition in the oral cavity. It can be used as a diagnostic criterion in the analysis of the oral fluid samples taken from the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu A Ippolitov
- Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko, Voronezh, Russia
| | - O G Avraamova
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Seredin P, Goloshchapov D, Ippolitov Y, Vongsvivut J. Spectroscopic signature of the pathological processes of carious dentine based on FTIR investigations of the oral biological fluids. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4050-4058. [PMID: 31452994 PMCID: PMC6701548 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our work is to find a spectroscopic signature of the pathological processes of carious dentine based on the investigations of the molecular composition of the oral biological fluids with the use of FTIR synchrotron techniques. This complex analysis of the obtained data shows that a number of signatures are present only in the spectra of dentine and gingival fluids from the patients developing caries of the deep dentine tissues. The detected features and complex analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data representing signatures of the development of oral cavity pathologies can enhance the quality of dental screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Seredin
- Department of Solid State Physics and Nanostructures, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University Sq. 1, 394018, Russia
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Dmitry Goloshchapov
- Department of Solid State Physics and Nanostructures, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University Sq. 1, 394018, Russia
| | - Yuri Ippolitov
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry with Orthodontia, Voronezh State Medical University, Voronezh, Studentcheskaya st. 11, 394006, Russia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Australian Synchrotron (Synchrotron Light Source Australia Pty LTD), 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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23
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Nakano M, Suzuki M, Wakabayashi H, Hayama K, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Abe S. Synergistic anti-candida activities of lactoferrin and the lactoperoxidase system. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 13:28-33. [PMID: 30880319 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus in human mucosal surfaces, including the oral cavity. Lactoferrin (LF) and the lactoperoxidase (LPO) system, which are host protection components in exocrine secretions, each exhibit weak anti-candida activity. We herein examined the effects of the combination of LF and the LPO system on C. albicans. Morphological observations indicated that the combination of LF and the LPO system reduced the mycelial volume of C. albicans and changed the size and shape of cells more than each agent alone. The combination of LF and the LPO system also exerted strong inhibitory effects on the cellular metabolic activity and adhesive hyphal form of C. albicans. A checkerboard analysis revealed that the anti-candida activity of LF and the LPO system was synergistic. These results suggest that the combination of LF and the LPO system is useful for preventing candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nakano
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hiroyuki Wakabayashi
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | | | - Koji Yamauchi
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Fumiaki Abe
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Shigeru Abe
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
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24
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The science of licking your wounds: Function of oxidants in the innate immune system. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:451-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Hoskin TS, Crowther JM, Cheung J, Epton MJ, Sly PD, Elder PA, Dobson RCJ, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidative cross-linking of calprotectin occurs in vivo, altering its structure and susceptibility to proteolysis. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101202. [PMID: 31015146 PMCID: PMC6477633 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, the major neutrophil protein, is a critical alarmin that modulates inflammation and plays a role in host immunity by strongly binding trace metals essential for bacterial growth. It has two cysteine residues favourably positioned to act as a redox switch. Whether their oxidation occurs in vivo and affects the function of calprotectin has received little attention. Here we show that in saliva from healthy adults, and in lavage fluid from the lungs of patients with respiratory diseases, a substantial proportion of calprotectin was cross-linked via disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues on its S100A8 and S100A9 subunits. Stimulated human neutrophils released calprotectin and subsequently cross-linked it by myeloperoxidase-dependent production of hypochlorous acid. The myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants hypochlorous acid, taurine chloramine, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, all at 10 μM, cross-linked calprotectin (5 μM) via reversible disulfide bonds. Hypochlorous acid generated A9-A9 and A8-A9 cross links. Hydrogen peroxide (10 μM) did not cross-link the protein. Purified neutrophil calprotectin existed as a non-covalent heterodimer of A8/A9 which was converted to a heterotetramer - (A8/A9)2 - with excess calcium ions. Low level oxidation of calprotectin with hypochlorous acid produced substantial proportions of high order oligomers, whether oxidation occurred before or after addition of calcium ions. At high levels of oxidation the heterodimer could not form tetramers with calcium ions, but prior addition of calcium ions afforded some protection for the heterotetramer. Oxidation and formation of the A8-A9 disulfide cross link enhanced calprotectin's susceptibility to proteolysis by neutrophil proteases. We propose that reversible disulfide cross-linking of calprotectin occurs during inflammation and affects its structure and function. Its increased susceptibility to proteolysis will ultimately result in a loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan S Hoskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer M Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jeanette Cheung
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Epton
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter A Elder
- Endocrinology and Steroid Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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26
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Waugh DT. Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1086. [PMID: 30917615 PMCID: PMC6466022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Timothy Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Doherty's Rd, Bandon, Co. Cork, P72 YF10, Ireland.
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27
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Magacz M, Kędziora K, Sapa J, Krzyściak W. The Significance of Lactoperoxidase System in Oral Health: Application and Efficacy in Oral Hygiene Products. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061443. [PMID: 30901933 PMCID: PMC6472183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) present in saliva are an important element of the nonspecific immune response involved in maintaining oral health. The main role of this enzyme is to oxidize salivary thiocyanate ions (SCN-) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to products that exhibit antimicrobial activity. LPO derived from bovine milk has found an application in food, cosmetics, and medical industries due to its structural and functional similarity to the human enzyme. Oral hygiene products enriched with the LPO system constitute an alternative to the classic fluoride caries prophylaxis. This review describes the physiological role of human salivary lactoperoxidase and compares the results of clinical trials and in vitro studies of LPO alone and complex dentifrices enriched with bovine LPO. The role of reactivators and inhibitors of LPO is discussed together with the possibility of using nanoparticles to increase the stabilization and activity of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magacz
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kędziora
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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28
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The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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29
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Song Y, Lu F, Li H, Wang H, Zhang M, Liu Y, Kang Z. Degradable Carbon Dots from Cigarette Smoking with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activities against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1871-1879. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Huibo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Mengling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu P. R. China
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30
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Bader M, Dunkel A, Wenning M, Kohler B, Medard G, Del Castillo E, Gholami A, Kuster B, Scherer S, Hofmann T. Dynamic Proteome Alteration and Functional Modulation of Human Saliva Induced by Dietary Chemosensory Stimuli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5621-5634. [PMID: 29787679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saliva flow measurements and SDS-PAGE separation of human whole saliva freshly collected after oral stimulation with citric acid (sour), aspartame (sweet), iso-α-acids (bitter), mono sodium l-glutamate (umami), NaCl (salty), 6-gingerol (pungent), hydroxy-α-sanshool (tingling), and hydroxy-β-sanshool (numbing), followed by tryptic digestion, nano-HPLC-MS/MS, and label-free protein quantitation demonstrated a stimulus- and time-dependent influence of the dietary chemosensates on salivation and the salivary proteome composition. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed evidence for stimulus-induced alterations of the saliva proteome to boot an efficient molecular defense network of the oral cavity, e.g., 6-gingerol increased salivary lactoperoxidase activity, catalyzing the oxidation of thiocyanate to produce the antimicrobial and antifungal hypothiocyanate, from 0.37 ± 0.02 to 0.91 ± 0.05 mU/mL 45 s after stimulation. In comparison, oral citric acid stimulation induced an increase of myeloperoxidase activity, catalyzing the chloride oxidation to generate antimicrobial hypochloride in saliva, from 0.24 ± 0.04 to 0.70 ± 0.1 mU/mL as well as an increase of salivary levels of lysozyme, exhibiting antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria, from 6.0-10 to 100-150 μg/mL. Finally, microbial growth experiments clearly demonstrated for the first time that the increase of the salivary lysozyme abundance upon oral citric acid stimulation translates into an enhanced biological function, that is an almost complete growth inhibition of the two lysozyme-sensitive Gram-positive bacteria tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bader
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Mareike Wenning
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health , Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising , Germany
| | - Bernd Kohler
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health , Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising , Germany
| | - Guillaume Medard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics , Technische Universität München , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Estela Del Castillo
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics , Technische Universität München , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Amin Gholami
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics , Technische Universität München , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics , Technische Universität München , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health , Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising , Germany
- Chair of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biosciences, WZW , Technische Universität München , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health , Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising , Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology , Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
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Seredin P, Goloshchapov D, Ippolitov Y, Vongsvivut P. Pathology-specific molecular profiles of saliva in patients with multiple dental caries-potential application for predictive, preventive and personalised medical services. EPMA J 2018; 9:195-203. [PMID: 29896318 PMCID: PMC5972136 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the quality of life is part of the global agenda. The focus is predominantly on prevention of socially significant diseases. Combating dental caries-related diseases is a top priority as it has a huge impact on people's social lives. Therefore, the purpose of the work was to study the changes in the molecular composition of saliva from subjects with multiple caries lesions using spectroscopic methods of analysis to identify potential tissue markers of caries development for predictive, preventive and personalised medical services. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The molecular composition of mixed saliva (oral fluid) from subjects with and without multiple caries was analysed with the use of spectroscopic techniques, FTIR with synchrotron radiation for the excitation. The IR spectra of the oral fluid as well as the calculated mineral-organic, carbon-phosphate, Amide II/Amide I and protein/thiocyanate ratios were compared between subjects with and without multiple caries. RESULTS This complex analysis of the obtained experimental data determined that the molecular composition of the oral fluid from those with multiple caries differed from those without caries; the organic-mineral balance in the oral fluid of those with multiple caries shifted towards a reduction in the mineral complexes, accompanied by an increase in the organic component. The thiocyanate content increased more than twofold, accompanied by increased carboxyl groups of esters, lipids and carbohydrates. CONCLUSION The detected features in the IR spectra of mixed saliva as well as the calculated changes in the ratios between organic and inorganic components can be used as biomarkers of cariogenesis in the oral cavity, as a diagnostic criterion in the analysis of the oral fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Seredin
- Present Address: Department of Solid State Physics and Nanostructures, Voronezh State University, University sq. 1, Voronezh, 394006 Russia
| | - Dmitry Goloshchapov
- Present Address: Department of Solid State Physics and Nanostructures, Voronezh State University, University sq. 1, Voronezh, 394006 Russia
| | - Yuri Ippolitov
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry with Orthodontia, Voronezh State Medical University, Studentcheskaya st. 11, Voronezh, 394006 Russia
| | - Pimm Vongsvivut
- Australian Synchrotron (Synchrotron Light Source Australia Pty LTD), 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
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32
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De la Vieja A, Santisteban P. Role of iodide metabolism in physiology and cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R225-R245. [PMID: 29437784 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Iodide (I-) metabolism is crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) in the thyroid and the subsequent action of these hormones in the organism. I- is principally transported by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and by the anion exchanger PENDRIN, and recent studies have demonstrated the direct participation of new transporters including anoctamin 1 (ANO1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and sodium multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Several of these transporters have been found expressed in various tissues, implicating them in I- recycling. New research supports the exciting idea that I- participates as a protective antioxidant and can be oxidized to hypoiodite, a potent oxidant involved in the host defense against microorganisms. This was possibly the original role of I- in biological systems, before the appearance of TH in evolution. I- per se participates in its own regulation, and new evidence indicates that it may be antineoplastic, anti-proliferative and cytotoxic in human cancer. Alterations in the expression of I- transporters are associated with tumor development in a cancer-type-dependent manner and, accordingly, NIS, CFTR and ANO1 have been proposed as tumor markers. Radioactive iodide has been the mainstay adjuvant treatment for thyroid cancer for the last seven decades by virtue of its active transport by NIS. The rapid advancement of techniques that detect radioisotopes, in particular I-, has made NIS a preferred target-specific theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De la Vieja
- Tumor Endocrine Unit, Chronic Disease Program (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CiberOnc, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- CiberOnc, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiopathology of Endocrine a Nervous System, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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33
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Nicolussi A, Auer M, Sevcnikar B, Paumann-Page M, Pfanzagl V, Zámocký M, Hofbauer S, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Posttranslational modification of heme in peroxidases – Impact on structure and catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 643:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nicolussi A, Dunn JD, Mlynek G, Bellei M, Zamocky M, Battistuzzi G, Djinović-Carugo K, Furtmüller PG, Soldati T, Obinger C. Secreted heme peroxidase from Dictyostelium discoideum: Insights into catalysis, structure, and biological role. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1330-1345. [PMID: 29242189 PMCID: PMC5787809 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of halides and thiocyanate by heme peroxidases to antimicrobial oxidants is an important cornerstone in the innate immune system of mammals. Interestingly, phylogenetic and physiological studies suggest that homologous peroxidases are already present in mycetozoan eukaryotes such as Dictyostelium discoideum This social amoeba kills bacteria via phagocytosis for nutrient acquisition at its single-cell stage and for antibacterial defense at its multicellular stages. Here, we demonstrate that peroxidase A from D. discoideum (DdPoxA) is a stable, monomeric, glycosylated, and secreted heme peroxidase with homology to mammalian peroxidases. The first crystal structure (2.5 Å resolution) of a mycetozoan peroxidase of this superfamily shows the presence of a post-translationally-modified heme with one single covalent ester bond between the 1-methyl heme substituent and Glu-236. The metalloprotein follows the halogenation cycle, whereby compound I oxidizes iodide and thiocyanate at high rates (>108 m-1 s-1) and bromide at very low rates. It is demonstrated that DdPoxA is up-regulated and likely secreted at late multicellular development stages of D. discoideum when migrating slugs differentiate into fruiting bodies that contain persistent spores on top of a cellular stalk. Expression of DdPoxA is shown to restrict bacterial contamination of fruiting bodies. Structure and function of DdPoxA are compared with evolutionary-related mammalian peroxidases in the context of non-specific immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolussi
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joe Dan Dunn
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Georg Mlynek
- the Department for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcel Zamocky
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,the Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia, and
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- the Department for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Soldati
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Christian Obinger
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria,
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35
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Haukioja A, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, Syrjänen S. Persistent Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection is Associated with Low Salivary Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8). J Clin Virol 2017; 97:4-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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36
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Colon S, Page-McCaw P, Bhave G. Role of Hypohalous Acids in Basement Membrane Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:839-854. [PMID: 28657332 PMCID: PMC5647493 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Basement membranes (BMs) are sheet-like structures of specialized extracellular matrix that underlie nearly all tissue cell layers including epithelial, endothelial, and muscle cells. BMs not only provide structural support but are also critical for the development, maintenance, and repair of organs. Animal heme peroxidases generate highly reactive hypohalous acids extracellularly and, therefore, target BMs for oxidative modification. Given the importance of BMs in tissue structure and function, hypohalous acid-mediated oxidative modifications of BM proteins represent a key mechanism in normal development and pathogenesis of disease. Recent Advances: Peroxidasin (PXDN), a BM-associated animal heme peroxidase, generates hypobromous acid (HOBr) to form sulfilimine cross-links within the collagen IV network of BM. These cross-links stabilize BM and are critical for animal tissue development. These findings highlight a paradoxical anabolic role for HOBr, which typically damages protein structure leading to dysfunction. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanism whereby PXDN uses HOBr as a reactive intermediate to cross-link collagen IV, yet avoid collateral damage to nearby BM proteins, remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The exact identification and functional impact of specific hypohalous acid-mediated modifications of BM proteins need to be addressed to connect these modifications to tissue development and pathogenesis of disease. As seen with the sulfilimine cross-link of collagen IV, hypohalous acid oxidative events may be beneficial in select situations rather than uniformly deleterious. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 839-854.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patrick Page-McCaw
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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37
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Gau J, Arnhold J, Flemmig J. Reactivation of peroxidase activity in human saliva samples by polyphenols. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:70-78. [PMID: 29032047 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The enzyme lactoperoxidase (LPO), which is released into several body fluids like saliva, is an essential part to maintain the oral bacterial homeostasis by catalysing the oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN-) to hypo-thiocyanite (-OSCN). The formation of unreactive redox intermediates (like Compound II) leads to a decreased pseudo-halogenating enzyme activity, which is associated with a higher risk for oral infections. According to former studies with bovine LPO selected flavonoids were tested in respect to their potential to reactivate the enzymatic activity in a more physiological, human salivary system. DESIGN Saliva samples from healthy donors were collected and characterized by using several gel staining methods and immunoblotting. Afterwards kinetic measurements were performed by applying the TNB-assay to evaluate the pseudo-halogenating salivary peroxidase (SAPX) activity. The measurements were performed in the presence of excess H2O2 to simulate pro-inflammatory conditions. Moreover selected flavonoids or an ethanolic extract of Tormentillae rhizoma were applied to test their regenerating effect on the LPO-derived -OSCN production. RESULTS Despite the complex protein composition of the collected saliva samples, an SAPX-derived pseudo-halogenating activity could be identified. The -OSCN regenerating effects of the tested polyphenols were completely comparable to previous in vitro experiments with bovine LPO. Thus, we could show that phenolic substances are suitable to regenerate the peroxidase activity in human saliva samples after H2O2-induced inactivation. CONCLUSION The studies provide new insights into the effect of pharmaceutical relevant polyphenols on salivary peroxidase activity and thus, suggest this enzyme as a new target for the prevention and therapy of oral inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gau
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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38
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Chatterjee D, van Eldik R. RuIII(EDTA) mediated activation of redox signalling molecules. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Zhang Y, Zhang P, Yin H, Cheng J, Kang Y. A EuIII-MOF with Bis(2-carboxyethyl)isocyanurate for Luminescence Sensing of Fe3+and SCN-Ions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 710021 Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 710021 Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Haiju Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 710021 Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 710021 Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Yifan Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 710021 Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
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40
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Nicolussi A, Auer M, Weissensteiner J, Schütz G, Katz S, Maresch D, Hofbauer S, Bellei M, Battistuzzi G, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Posttranslational Modification of Heme b in a Bacterial Peroxidase: The Role of Heme to Protein Ester Bonds in Ligand Binding and Catalysis. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4525-4538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolussi
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Auer
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Weissensteiner
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Schütz
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi
103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department
of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Kreth J, Giacaman RA, Raghavan R, Merritt J. The road less traveled - defining molecular commensalism with Streptococcus sanguinis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:181-196. [PMID: 27476770 PMCID: PMC5288394 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The commensal oral microbial flora has evolved with the human host to support colonization of the various intraoral sites without triggering a significant immune response. In exchange, the commensal microbes provide critical protection against invading pathogens. The intrinsic ability of the oral flora to create a symbiotic microbial community with the host can be disturbed, selecting for the overgrowth of a dysbiotic community that can result in dental diseases, such as caries and periodontitis. Although the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis in oral diseases are well characterized, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms used by the commensal flora to maintain oral health. Here we focus on the commensal species Streptococcus sanguinis, which is found in abundance in the early oral biofilm and is strongly correlated with oral health. Streptococcus sanguinis exhibits a variety of features that make it ideally suited as a model organism to explore the molecular basis for commensalism. As such, this review will describe our current mechanistic understanding of S. sanguinis commensalism and speculate upon its molecular traits that may be exploitable to maintain or restore oral health under conditions that would otherwise lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rodrigo A. Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rahul Raghavan
- Department of Biology and Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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42
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Tonoyan L, Fleming GTA, Mc Cay PH, Friel R, O'Flaherty V. Antibacterial Potential of an Antimicrobial Agent Inspired by Peroxidase-Catalyzed Systems. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:680. [PMID: 28512449 PMCID: PMC5412088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global health. Consequently, the development of non-antibiotic based therapies and disinfectants, which avoid induction of resistance, or cross-resistance, is of high priority. We report the synthesis of a biocidal complex, which is produced by the reaction between ionic oxidizable salts-iodide and thiocyanate-in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidation source. The reaction generates bactericidal reactive oxygen and iodine species. In this study, we report that the iodo-thiocyanate complex (ITC) is an effective bactericidal agent with activity against planktonic and biofilm cells of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus) bacteria. The minimum bactericidal concentrations and the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations of the biocidal composite were in the range of 7.8-31.3 and 31.3-250 μg ml-1, respectively. As a result, the complex was capable to cause a rapid cell death of planktonic test cultures at between 0.5 and 2 h, and complete eradication of dual and mono-species biofilms between 30 s and 10 min. Furthermore, the test bacteria, including a MRSA strain, exposed to the cocktail failed to develop resistance after serial passages. The antimicrobial activity of the ITC appears to derive from the combinational effect of the powerful species capable of oxidizing the essential biomolecules of bacteria. The use of this composition may provide an effective and efficient method for killing potential pathogens, as well as for disinfecting and removing biofilm contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Tonoyan
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Gerard T. A. Fleming
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Paul H. Mc Cay
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Ruairi Friel
- Westway Health Ltd., Business Innovation Centre, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
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Santín GRG, Salgado AV, Bastida NMM, Gómez IDLR, Benítez JGS, Zerón HM. Salivary Immunoglobulin Gene Expression in Patients with Caries. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:236-243. [PMID: 28507635 PMCID: PMC5420781 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulins mediate the host’s humoral immune response are expressed in saliva. AIM: To quantify the FcαR, FcγRIIB, and FcαμR gene expression in the saliva of Mexican patients with caries in mixed and permanent dentition. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. mRNA was isolated from 200 μL of saliva following the RNA III Tissue Fresh-frozen protocol of the MagNA Pure LC Instrument 2.0 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nederland BV) and the FcαR, FcαμR and FcγRIIB were quantified through TaqMan Assays. RESULTS: One hundred individuals, 50 with mixed dentition and 50 with permanent dentition, were included in the study. Statistically, it was found a significant difference (p = 0.025) in the IgG (FcγRIIB) expression between the studied groups. CONCLUSION: Although we confirmed the existence of FcαR, FcγRIIB and FcαμR gene expression in saliva, only a significant difference in the expression of FcγRIIB between the mixed dentition and permanent dentition was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Regina Guadarrama Santín
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Jesús Carranza 205, Col. Universidad, C.P. 50130, Toluca, México, Mexico
| | - Angel Visoso Salgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Jesús Carranza 205, Col. Universidad, C.P. 50130, Toluca, México, Mexico
| | - Norma Margarita Montiel Bastida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Jesús Carranza 205, Col. Universidad, C.P. 50130, Toluca, México, Mexico
| | - Isaías de la Rosa Gómez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Jesús Carranza 205, Col. Universidad, C.P. 50130, Toluca, México, Mexico
| | - Jonnathan Guadalupe Santillán Benítez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Jesús Carranza 205, Col. Universidad, C.P. 50130, Toluca, México, Mexico
| | - Hugo Mendieta Zerón
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Jesús Carranza 205, Col. Universidad, C.P. 50130, Toluca, México, Mexico
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44
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Carvalho LAC, Truzzi DR, Fallani TS, Alves SV, Toledo JC, Augusto O, Netto LES, Meotti FC. Urate hydroperoxide oxidizes human peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8705-8715. [PMID: 28348082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate hydroperoxide is a product of the oxidation of uric acid by inflammatory heme peroxidases. The formation of urate hydroperoxide might be a key event in vascular inflammation, where there is large amount of uric acid and inflammatory peroxidases. Urate hydroperoxide oxidizes glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids and is expected to react fast toward reactive thiols from peroxiredoxins (Prxs). The kinetics for the oxidation of the cytosolic 2-Cys Prx1 and Prx2 revealed that urate hydroperoxide oxidizes these enzymes at rates comparable with hydrogen peroxide. The second-order rate constants of these reactions were 4.9 × 105 and 2.3 × 106 m-1 s-1 for Prx1 and Prx2, respectively. Kinetic and simulation data suggest that the oxidation of Prx2 by urate hydroperoxide occurs by a three-step mechanism, where the peroxide reversibly associates with the enzyme; then it oxidizes the peroxidatic cysteine, and finally, the rate-limiting disulfide bond is formed. Of relevance, the disulfide bond formation was much slower in Prx2 (k3 = 0.31 s-1) than Prx1 (k3 = 14.9 s-1). In addition, Prx2 was more sensitive than Prx1 to hyperoxidation caused by both urate hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Urate hydroperoxide oxidized Prx2 from intact erythrocytes to the same extent as hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, Prx1 and Prx2 are likely targets of urate hydroperoxide in cells. Oxidation of Prxs by urate hydroperoxide might affect cell function and be partially responsible for the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects of uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela R Truzzi
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP)
| | | | - Simone V Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências (IB-USP), and
| | - José Carlos Toledo
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP)
| | - Luís E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências (IB-USP), and
| | - Flavia C Meotti
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP),
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45
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Drążewski D, Grzymisławska M, Korybalska K, Czepulis N, Grzymisławski M, Witowski J, Surdacka A. Oral Health Status of Patients with Lysosomal Storage Diseases in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030281. [PMID: 28282939 PMCID: PMC5369117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) suffer from physical and mental disabilities, which together with poor access to professional care may lead to impaired oral health. This cross-sectional case-control study characterized the status of oral health in patients with LSDs in Poland. Thirty-six children and young adults with various forms of LSDs were examined. The data were compared with those from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Exemplary cases were presented to highlight typical problems in oral care associated with LSDs. When possible, saliva was collected and analyzed for total protein, inflammatory mediators, and antioxidant status. Generally, patients with LSDs had significantly higher prevalence of caries, inferior gingival status, and inadequate oral hygiene. The severity of oral health impairment in mucopolysaccaridoses, the most common LSD in Poland, was similar to that seen in patients with mannosidoses or Pompe disease. Saliva could be collected only from few less handicapped patients. In MPS, it did not appear to differ significantly from the controls, but in patients with Pompe disease it contained lower concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), but higher levels of tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (TNF-R1, TNF-R2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In conclusion, Polish patients with LSDs have an inadequate level of oral hygiene and substantially deteriorated oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Drążewski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Katarzyna Korybalska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Natasza Czepulis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marian Grzymisławski
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Nutrition and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland.
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46
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Mikkonen JJW, Raittila J, Rieppo L, Lappalainen R, Kullaa AM, Myllymaa S. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Saliva Analysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1502-10. [PMID: 27354404 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816654149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Saliva provides a valuable tool for assessing oral and systemic diseases, but concentrations of salivary components are very small, calling the need for precise analysis methods. In this work, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using transmission and photoacoustic (PA) modes were compared for quantitative analysis of saliva. The performance of these techniques was compared with a calibration series. The linearity of spectrum output was verified by using albumin-thiocyanate (SCN(-)) solution at different SCN(-) concentrations. Saliva samples used as a comparison were obtained from healthy subjects. Saliva droplets of 15 µL were applied on the silicon sample substrate, 6 drops for each specimen, and dried at 37 ℃ overnight. The measurements were carried out using an FT-IR spectrometer in conjunction with an accessory unit for PA measurements. The findings with both transmission and PA modes mirror each other. The major bands presented were 1500-1750 cm(-1) for proteins and 1050-1200 cm(-1) for carbohydrates. In addition, the distinct spectral band at 2050 cm(-1) derives from SCN(-) anions, which is converted by salivary peroxidases to hypothiocyanate (OSCN(-)). The correlation between the spectroscopic data with SCN(-) concentration (r > 0.990 for transmission and r = 0.967 for PA mode) was found to be significant (P < 0.01), thus promising to be utilized in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jopi J W Mikkonen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reijo Lappalainen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Research Group of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland Educational Dental Clinic, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Myllymaa
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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47
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Boehlke C, Pötschke S, Behringer V, Hannig C, Zierau O. Does diet influence salivary enzyme activities in elephant species? J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:213-226. [PMID: 27580888 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are herbivore generalists; however, Asian elephants might ingest a higher proportion of grasses than Africans. Although some studies have investigated nutrition-specific morphological adaptations of the two species, broader studies on salivary enzymes in both elephant species are lacking. This study focuses on the comparison of salivary enzymes activity profiles in the two elephant species; these enzymes are relevant for protective and digestive functions in humans. We aimed to determine whether salivary amylase (sAA), lysozyme (sLYS), and peroxidase (sPOD) activities have changed in a species-specific pattern during evolutionary separation of the elephant genera. Saliva samples of 14 Asian and eight African elephants were collected in three German zoos. Results show that sAA and sLYS are salivary components of both elephant species in an active conformation. In contrast, little to no sPOD activity was determined in any elephant sample. Furthermore, sAA activity was significantly higher in Asian compared with African elephants. sLYS and sPOD showed no species-specific differences. The time of food provision until sample collection affected only sAA activity. In summary, the results suggest several possible factors modulating the activity of the mammal-typical enzymes, such as sAA, sLYS, and sPOD, e.g., nutrition and sampling procedure, which have to be considered when analyzing differences in saliva composition of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehlke
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Pötschke
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Policlinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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48
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Felker P, Bunch R, Leung AM. Concentrations of thiocyanate and goitrin in human plasma, their precursor concentrations in brassica vegetables, and associated potential risk for hypothyroidism. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:248-58. [PMID: 26946249 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica vegetables are common components of the diet and have beneficial as well as potentially adverse health effects. Following enzymatic breakdown, some glucosinolates in brassica vegetables produce sulforaphane, phenethyl, and indolylic isothiocyanates that possess anticarcinogenic activity. In contrast, progoitrin and indolylic glucosinolates degrade to goitrin and thiocyanate, respectively, and may decrease thyroid hormone production. Radioiodine uptake to the thyroid is inhibited by 194 μmol of goitrin, but not by 77 μmol of goitrin. Collards, Brussels sprouts, and some Russian kale (Brassica napus) contain sufficient goitrin to potentially decrease iodine uptake by the thyroid. However, turnip tops, commercial broccoli, broccoli rabe, and kale belonging to Brassica oleracae contain less than 10 μmol of goitrin per 100-g serving and can be considered of minimal risk. Using sulforaphane plasma levels following glucoraphanin ingestion as a surrogate for thiocyanate plasma concentrations after indole glucosinolate ingestion, the maximum thiocyanate contribution from indole glucosinolate degradation is estimated to be 10 μM, which is significantly lower than background plasma thiocyanate concentrations (40-69 μM). Thiocyanate generated from consumption of indole glucosinolate can be assumed to have minimal adverse risks for thyroid health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Felker
- P. Felker and R. Bunch are with the D'Arrigo Bros. Co., of California, Salinas, California, USA. A.M. Leung is with the Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, and the Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ronald Bunch
- P. Felker and R. Bunch are with the D'Arrigo Bros. Co., of California, Salinas, California, USA. A.M. Leung is with the Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, and the Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angela M Leung
- P. Felker and R. Bunch are with the D'Arrigo Bros. Co., of California, Salinas, California, USA. A.M. Leung is with the Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, and the Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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49
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de Oliveira Perestrelo B, Feres de Melo AR, de Sant'Anna GR, Leite MF. Compromised salivary parameters of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 121:262-8. [PMID: 26868468 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the salivary parameters of individuals with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and determine if there is a correlation with the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). STUDY DESIGN Stimulated whole saliva was collected from children, aged 6 to 12 years, with JIA (n = 36) and compared with saliva from a control group (CG) composed of healthy children matched by demographic characteristics (n = 36). Salivary parameters evaluated were amylase and peroxidase activities, calcium, phosphate, and total sialic acid concentration. Data were compared by two-tailed Student's t test, and salivary parameters were evaluated for correlations with OHI-S by Spearman's correlation. RESULTS The JIA group had a statistically significant reduction in all salivary parameters: α-amylase (20%) (CG, 9.84 ± 4.23; JIA 4.80 ± 3.10) and peroxidase (55%) (CG, 35.05 ± 14.97; JIA, 15.78 ± 6.44) activities, total sialic acid (25%) (CG, 0.024 ± 0.01; JIA, 0.010 ± 0.04), calcium (13%) (CG, 6.26 ± 2.26; JIA, 5.44 ± 2.26) and phosphate (50%) (CG, 10.88 ± 1.49; JIA, 5.45 ± 0.88) concentration compared with the CG (P ≤ .05). There were no significant correlations between the salivary parameters and OHI-S in either group. CONCLUSION JIA patients showed a reduction of different salivary parameters involved in maintaining oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariana Ferreira Leite
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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50
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Sälzer S, Rosema N, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE, Timmer C, Dörfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. The effectiveness of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate on dental plaque and gingivitis - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:203-210. [PMID: 26853798 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect on dental plaque and gingivitis of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) compared to two SLS-containing dentifrices. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this double-blind, parallel study, 90 volunteers having moderate gingival inflammation (≥40%) were randomly divided among three groups: one group using non-SLS dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentrations of zinc and two control groups each using different SLS-containing dentifrices. Dental plaque scores (Turesky modification of Quigley & Hein) and gingivitis scores (Bleeding On Marginal Probing) were assessed at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks. RESULTS Eighty-nine participants provided evaluable data. A slight decrease in gingivitis scores was observed for all groups over 4 weeks, which was statistically significant for the non-SLS group. Mean values for dental plaque scores did not show major differences over 4 weeks. For both parameters, no significant differences between groups could be observed at any time point. Patient appreciation was in favour of the SLS groups especially regarding the foaming effect. CONCLUSION No significant differences could be observed with respect to the effect on plaque and gingivitis between SLS-containing and SLS-free dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentration zinc. Patients enjoyed the duration of taste and the 'foaming effect' of SLS-containing dentifrices better.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sälzer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nam Rosema
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Timmer
- Colgate-Palmolive, Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - C E Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - G A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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