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Fabra MA, Paredes-Fuentes AJ, Torralba Carnerero M, Moreno Férnandez de Ayala DJ, Arroyo Luque A, Sánchez Cuesta A, Staiano C, Sanchez-Pintos P, Luz Couce M, Tomás M, Marco-Hernández AV, Orellana C, Martínez F, Roselló M, Caro A, Oltra Soler JS, Monfort S, Sánchez A, Rausell D, Vitoria I, Del Toro M, Garcia-Cazorla A, Julia-Palacios NA, Jou C, Yubero D, López LC, Hernández Camacho JD, López Lluch G, Ballesteros Simarro M, Rodríguez Aguilera JC, Calvo GB, Cascajo Almenara MV, Artuch R, Santos-Ocaña C. New variants expand the neurological phenotype of COQ7 deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38973597 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The protein encoded by COQ7 is required for CoQ10 synthesis in humans, hydroxylating 3-demethoxyubiquinol (DMQ10) in the second to last steps of the pathway. COQ7 mutations lead to a primary CoQ10 deficiency syndrome associated with a pleiotropic neurological disorder. This study shows the clinical, physiological, and molecular characterization of four new cases of CoQ10 primary deficiency caused by five mutations in COQ7, three of which have not yet been described, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in all patients. However, the specific combination of the identified variants in each patient generated precise pathophysiological and molecular alterations in fibroblasts, which would explain the differential in vitro response to supplementation therapy. Our results suggest that COQ7 dysfunction could be caused by specific structural changes that affect the interaction with COQ9 required for the DMQ10 presentation to COQ7, the substrate access to the active site, and the maintenance of the active site structure. Remarkably, patients' fibroblasts share transcriptional remodeling, supporting a modification of energy metabolism towards glycolysis, which could be an adaptive mechanism against CoQ10 deficiency. However, transcriptional analysis of mitochondria-associated pathways showed distinct and dramatic differences between patient fibroblasts, which correlated with the extent of pathophysiological and neurological alterations observed in the probands. Overall, this study suggests that the combination of precise genetic diagnostics and the availability of new structural models of human proteins could help explain the origin of phenotypic pleiotropy observed in some genetic diseases and the different responses to available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alcázar Fabra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Abraham J Paredes-Fuentes
- Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad U703 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Torralba Carnerero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel J Moreno Férnandez de Ayala
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Arroyo Luque
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez Cuesta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmine Staiano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paula Sanchez-Pintos
- Unidad de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de Enfermedades Metabólicas Congénitas, Hospital de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, CIBERER, MetabERN, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- GCV14/ER/5 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Luz Couce
- Unidad de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de Enfermedades Metabólicas Congénitas, Hospital de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, CIBERER, MetabERN, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- GCV14/ER/5 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Tomás
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Orellana
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Genética, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Genética, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Roselló
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Genética, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Caro
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Genética, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Monfort
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Genética, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Genética, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Rausell
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidro Vitoria
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad de Metabolopatías, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Del Toro
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERER, MetabERN, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Garcia-Cazorla
- Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad U703 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia A Julia-Palacios
- Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad U703 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad U703 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delia Yubero
- Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad U703 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Carlos López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Diego Hernández Camacho
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo López Lluch
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Ballesteros Simarro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez Aguilera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gloria Brea Calvo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Victoria Cascajo Almenara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad U703 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, CABD, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad U729 CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Nicoll CR, Alvigini L, Gottinger A, Cecchini D, Mannucci B, Corana F, Mascotti ML, Mattevi A. In vitro construction of the COQ metabolon unveils the molecular determinants of coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Nat Catal 2024; 7:148-160. [PMID: 38425362 PMCID: PMC7615680 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Metabolons are protein assemblies that perform a series of reactions in a metabolic pathway. However, the general importance and aptitude of metabolons for enzyme catalysis remain poorly understood. In animals, biosynthesis of coenzyme Q is currently attributed to ten different proteins, with COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9 forming the iconic COQ metabolon. Yet several reaction steps conducted by the metabolon remain enigmatic. To elucidate the prerequisites for animal coenzyme Q biosynthesis, we sought to construct the entire metabolon in vitro. Here we show that this approach, rooted in ancestral sequence reconstruction, reveals the enzymes responsible for the uncharacterized steps and captures the biosynthetic pathway in vitro. We demonstrate that COQ8, a kinase, increases and streamlines coenzyme Q production. Our findings provide crucial insight into how biocatalytic efficiency is regulated and enhanced by these biosynthetic engines in the context of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum R. Nicoll
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Alvigini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gottinger
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Domiziana Cecchini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Federica Corana
- ’Centro Grandi Strumenti’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - María Laura Mascotti
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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3
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Tai J, Guerra RM, Rogers SW, Fang Z, Muehlbauer LK, Shishkova E, Overmyer KA, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ. Hem25p is required for mitochondrial IPP transport in fungi. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1616-1624. [PMID: 37813972 PMCID: PMC10759932 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is an essential cellular cofactor composed of a redox-active quinone head group and a long hydrophobic polyisoprene tail. How mitochondria access cytosolic isoprenoids for CoQ biosynthesis is a longstanding mystery. Here, via a combination of genetic screening, metabolic tracing and targeted uptake assays, we reveal that Hem25p-a mitochondrial glycine transporter required for haem biosynthesis-doubles as an isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondria lacking Hem25p failed to efficiently incorporate IPP into early CoQ precursors, leading to loss of CoQ and turnover of CoQ biosynthetic proteins. Expression of Hem25p in Escherichia coli enabled robust IPP uptake and incorporation into the CoQ biosynthetic pathway. HEM25 orthologues from diverse fungi, but not from metazoans, were able to rescue hem25∆ CoQ deficiency. Collectively, our work reveals that Hem25p drives the bulk of mitochondrial isoprenoid transport for CoQ biosynthesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Guerra
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean W Rogers
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zixiang Fang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura K Muehlbauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Hu M, Jiang Y, Xu JJ. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Coq9 in the CoQ Biosynthetic Pathway. Metabolites 2023; 13:813. [PMID: 37512520 PMCID: PMC10385794 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a fat-soluble isoprene quinone that serves as a cofactor for numerous enzymes across all domains of life. However, the biosynthetic pathway for this important molecule in plants has been examined in only a limited number of studies. In yeast and mammals, Coq9, an isoprenoid-lipid-binding protein, is essential for CoQ biosynthesis. Previous studies showed that Arabidopsis thaliana Coq9 failed to complement the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe coq9 null mutant, and its function in plants remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that expression of Arabidopsis Coq9 rescued the growth of a yeast temperature-sensitive coq9 mutant and increased CoQ content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Coq9 is widely present in green plants. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion experiments showed that Arabidopsis Coq9 is targeted to mitochondria. Disruption of the Coq9 gene in Arabidopsis results in lower amounts of CoQ. Our work suggests that plant Coq9 is required for efficient CoQ biosynthesis. These findings provide new insights into the evolution of CoQ biosynthesis in plants. The identification of Coq9 as a key player in CoQ biosynthesis in plants opens up new avenues for understanding the regulation of this important metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
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5
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Guerra RM, Pagliarini DJ. Coenzyme Q biochemistry and biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:463-476. [PMID: 36702698 PMCID: PMC10106368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a remarkably hydrophobic, redox-active lipid that empowers diverse cellular processes. Although most known for shuttling electrons between mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, the roles for CoQ are far more wide-reaching and ever-expanding. CoQ serves as a conduit for electrons from myriad pathways to enter the ETC, acts as a cofactor for biosynthetic and catabolic reactions, detoxifies damaging lipid species, and engages in cellular signaling and oxygen sensing. Many open questions remain regarding the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of CoQ, which hinders our ability to treat human CoQ deficiency. Here, we recount progress in filling these knowledge gaps, highlight unanswered questions, and underscore the need for novel tools to enable discoveries and improve the treatment of CoQ-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Guerra
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departament of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Tai J, Guerra RM, Rogers SW, Fang Z, Muehlbauer LK, Shishkova E, Overmyer KA, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ. Hem25p is a mitochondrial IPP transporter. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532620. [PMID: 36993473 PMCID: PMC10055127 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is an essential cellular cofactor comprised of a redox-active quinone head group and a long hydrophobic polyisoprene tail. How mitochondria access cytosolic isoprenoids for CoQ biosynthesis is a longstanding mystery. Here, via a combination of genetic screening, metabolic tracing, and targeted uptake assays, we reveal that Hem25p-a mitochondrial glycine transporter required for heme biosynthesis-doubles as an isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondria lacking Hem25p fail to efficiently incorporate IPP into early CoQ precursors, leading to loss of CoQ and turnover of CoQ biosynthetic proteins. Expression of Hem25p in Escherichia coli enables robust IPP uptake demonstrating that Hem25p is sufficient for IPP transport. Collectively, our work reveals that Hem25p drives the bulk of mitochondrial isoprenoid transport for CoQ biosynthesis in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel M. Guerra
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sean W. Rogers
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zixiang Fang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura K. Muehlbauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Katherine A. Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David J. Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Wang S, Jain A, Novales NA, Nashner AN, Tran F, Clarke CF. Predicting and Understanding the Pathology of Single Nucleotide Variants in Human COQ Genes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122308. [PMID: 36552517 PMCID: PMC9774615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a vital lipid that functions as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and as a membrane-soluble antioxidant. Deficiencies in CoQ lead to metabolic diseases with a wide range of clinical manifestations. There are currently few treatments that can slow or stop disease progression. Primary CoQ10 deficiency can arise from mutations in any of the COQ genes responsible for CoQ biosynthesis. While many mutations in these genes have been identified, the clinical significance of most of them remains unclear. Here we analyzed the structural and functional impact of 429 human missense single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that give rise to amino acid substitutions in the conserved and functional regions of human genes encoding a high molecular weight complex known as the CoQ synthome (or Complex Q), consisting of the COQ3-COQ7 and COQ9 gene products. Using structures of COQ polypeptides, close homologs, and AlphaFold models, we identified 115 SNVs that are potentially pathogenic. Further biochemical characterizations in model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are required to validate the pathogenicity of the identified SNVs. Collectively, our results will provide a resource for clinicians during patient diagnosis and guide therapeutic efforts toward combating primary CoQ10 deficiency.
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8
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Manicki M, Aydin H, Abriata LA, Overmyer KA, Guerra RM, Coon JJ, Dal Peraro M, Frost A, Pagliarini DJ. Structure and functionality of a multimeric human COQ7:COQ9 complex. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4307-4323.e10. [PMID: 36306796 PMCID: PMC10058641 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a redox-active lipid essential for core metabolic pathways and antioxidant defense. CoQ is synthesized upon the mitochondrial inner membrane by an ill-defined "complex Q" metabolon. Here, we present structure-function analyses of a lipid-, substrate-, and NADH-bound complex comprising two complex Q subunits: the hydroxylase COQ7 and the lipid-binding protein COQ9. We reveal that COQ7 adopts a ferritin-like fold with a hydrophobic channel whose substrate-binding capacity is enhanced by COQ9. Using molecular dynamics, we further show that two COQ7:COQ9 heterodimers form a curved tetramer that deforms the membrane, potentially opening a pathway for the CoQ intermediates to translocate from the bilayer to the proteins' lipid-binding sites. Two such tetramers assemble into a soluble octamer with a pseudo-bilayer of lipids captured within. Together, these observations indicate that COQ7 and COQ9 cooperate to access hydrophobic precursors within the membrane and coordinate subsequent synthesis steps toward producing CoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Manicki
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Halil Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Rachel M Guerra
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53506, USA
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub and Altos Labs Bay Area Institute of Science, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Diessl J, Berndtsson J, Broeskamp F, Habernig L, Kohler V, Vazquez-Calvo C, Nandy A, Peselj C, Drobysheva S, Pelosi L, Vögtle FN, Pierrel F, Ott M, Büttner S. Manganese-driven CoQ deficiency. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6061. [PMID: 36229432 PMCID: PMC9563070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexposure to manganese disrupts cellular energy metabolism across species, but the molecular mechanism underlying manganese toxicity remains enigmatic. Here, we report that excess cellular manganese selectively disrupts coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, resulting in failure of mitochondrial bioenergetics. While respiratory chain complexes remain intact, the lack of CoQ as lipophilic electron carrier precludes oxidative phosphorylation and leads to premature cell and organismal death. At a molecular level, manganese overload causes mismetallation and proteolytic degradation of Coq7, a diiron hydroxylase that catalyzes the penultimate step in CoQ biosynthesis. Coq7 overexpression or supplementation with a CoQ headgroup analog that bypasses Coq7 function fully corrects electron transport, thus restoring respiration and viability. We uncover a unique sensitivity of a diiron enzyme to mismetallation and define the molecular mechanism for manganese-induced bioenergetic failure that is conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Diessl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Berndtsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmela Vazquez-Calvo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arpita Nandy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carlotta Peselj
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Drobysheva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludovic Pelosi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - F-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of Benzoquinone Ring Analogs in Primary CoQ Deficiencies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040665. [PMID: 35453349 PMCID: PMC9029335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a conserved polyprenylated lipid composed of a redox-active benzoquinone ring and a long polyisoprenyl tail that serves as a membrane anchor. CoQ biosynthesis involves multiple steps, including multiple modifications of the precursor ring 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Mutations in the enzymes involved in CoQ biosynthesis pathway result in primary coenzyme Q deficiencies, mitochondrial disorders whose clinical heterogenicity reflects the multiple biological function of CoQ. Patients with these disorders do not always respond to CoQ supplementation, and CoQ analogs have not been successful as alternative approaches. Progress made in understanding the CoQ biosynthesis pathway and studies of supplementation with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ring analogs have opened a new area in the field of primary CoQ deficiencies treatment. Here, we will review these studies, focusing on efficacy of the different 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ring analogs, models in which they have been tested, and their mechanisms of action. Understanding how these compounds ameliorate biochemical, molecular, and/or clinical phenotypes of CoQ deficiencies is important to develop the most rational treatment for CoQ deficient patients, depending on their molecular defects.
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11
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Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111785. [PMID: 34829656 PMCID: PMC8615162 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. This pathway is tightly regulated at transcription and translation, but also by environment and energy requirements. Here, we review how coenzyme Q reacts within mitochondria to promote ATP synthesis and also integrates a plethora of metabolic pathways and regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q is also located in all cellular membranes and plasma lipoproteins in which it exerts antioxidant function, and its reaction with different extramitochondrial oxidoreductases contributes to regulate the cellular redox homeostasis and cytosolic oxidative stress, providing a key factor in controlling various apoptosis mechanisms. Coenzyme Q levels can be decreased in humans by defects in the biosynthesis pathway or by mitochondrial or cytosolic dysfunctions, leading to a highly heterogeneous group of mitochondrial diseases included in the coenzyme Q deficiency syndrome. We also review the importance of coenzyme Q levels and its reactions involved in aging and age-associated metabolic disorders, and how the strategy of its supplementation has had benefits for combating these diseases and for physical performance in aging.
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12
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Nishida I, Yanai R, Matsuo Y, Kaino T, Kawamukai M. Benzoic acid inhibits Coenzyme Q biosynthesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242616. [PMID: 33232355 PMCID: PMC7685456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is an essential component of the electron transport system in aerobic organisms. Human type CoQ10, which has 10 units of isoprene in its quinone structure, is especially valuable as a food supplement. Therefore, studying the biosynthesis of CoQ10 is important not only for increasing metabolic knowledge, but also for improving biotechnological production. Herein, we show that Schizosaccharomyces pombe utilizes p-aminobenzoate (PABA) in addition to p-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) as a precursor for CoQ10 synthesis. We explored compounds that affect the synthesis of CoQ10 and found benzoic acid (Bz) at >5 μg/mL inhibited CoQ biosynthesis without accumulation of apparent CoQ intermediates. This inhibition was counteracted by incubation with a 10-fold lower amount of PABA or PHB. Overexpression of PHB-polyprenyl transferase encoded by ppt1 (coq2) also overcame the inhibition of CoQ biosynthesis by Bz. Inhibition by Bz was efficient in S. pombe and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, but less so in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Escherichia coli. Bz also inhibited a S. pombe ppt1 (coq2) deletion strain expressing human COQ2, and this strain also utilized PABA as a precursor of CoQ10. Thus, Bz is likely to inhibit prenylation reactions involving PHB or PABA catalyzed by Coq2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuhisa Nishida
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Ryota Yanai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaino
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Human Mitochondrial Pathologies of the Respiratory Chain and ATP Synthase: Contributions from Studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110304. [PMID: 33238568 PMCID: PMC7700678 DOI: 10.3390/life10110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ease with which the unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be manipulated genetically and biochemically has established this organism as a good model for the study of human mitochondrial diseases. The combined use of biochemical and molecular genetic tools has been instrumental in elucidating the functions of numerous yeast nuclear gene products with human homologs that affect a large number of metabolic and biological processes, including those housed in mitochondria. These include structural and catalytic subunits of enzymes and protein factors that impinge on the biogenesis of the respiratory chain. This article will review what is currently known about the genetics and clinical phenotypes of mitochondrial diseases of the respiratory chain and ATP synthase, with special emphasis on the contribution of information gained from pet mutants with mutations in nuclear genes that impair mitochondrial respiration. Our intent is to provide the yeast mitochondrial specialist with basic knowledge of human mitochondrial pathologies and the human specialist with information on how genes that directly and indirectly affect respiration were identified and characterized in yeast.
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14
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Shimazaki Y, Inoue A, Ikeuchi H. Electrophoretic injection and reaction of dye-bound enzymes to protein and bacteria within gel. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 176:106028. [PMID: 32795638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures within gels are used to examine physiological reactions between cells, including bacteria and macromolecules such as enzymes. Using non-denaturing electrophoresis, an anionic Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) dye successfully bound to enzymes such as trypsin and lysozyme, and reacted with a protein and a bacterium within a gel. Both CBB-bound trypsin and lysozyme retained their enzymatic activities and migrated toward the anode in non-denaturing electrophoresis. CBB-bound trypsin successfully digested the iron-binding protein, transferrin, within the gel. Furthermore, the activity of esterase extracted from the bacteria, Bacillus subtilis was analyzed by the non-denaturing electrophoresis containing both the bacteria and the CBB-bound lysozyme after the bacteriolysis of the bacteria by the addition of CBB-bound lysozyme. This method can be applied to deliver enzymes to organisms including bacteria within 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youji Shimazaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Aoshi Inoue
- Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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15
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Characterization of human mitochondrial PDSS and COQ proteins and their roles in maintaining coenzyme Q10 levels and each other's stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Fernández-Del-Río L, Kelly ME, Contreras J, Bradley MC, James AM, Murphy MP, Payne GS, Clarke CF. Genes and lipids that impact uptake and assimilation of exogenous coenzyme Q in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:105-118. [PMID: 32387128 PMCID: PMC7611304 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential player in the respiratory electron transport chain and is the only lipid-soluble antioxidant synthesized endogenously in mammalian and yeast cells. In humans, genetic mutations, pathologies, certain medical treatments, and aging, result in CoQ deficiencies, which are linked to mitochondrial, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The only strategy available for these patients is CoQ supplementation. CoQ supplements benefit a small subset of patients, but the poor solubility of CoQ greatly limits treatment efficacy. Consequently, the efficient delivery of CoQ to the mitochondria and restoration of respiratory function remains a major challenge. A better understanding of CoQ uptake and mitochondrial delivery is crucial to make this molecule a more efficient and effective therapeutic tool. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of CoQ uptake and distribution using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. The addition of exogenous CoQ was tested for the ability to restore growth on non-fermentable medium in several strains that lack CoQ synthesis (coq mutants). Surprisingly, we discovered that the presence of CoQ biosynthetic intermediates impairs assimilation of CoQ into a functional respiratory chain in yeast cells. Moreover, a screen of 40 gene deletions considered to be candidates to prevent exogenous CoQ from rescuing growth of the CoQ-less coq2Δ mutant, identified six novel genes (CDC10, RTS1, RVS161, RVS167, VPS1, and NAT3) as necessary for efficient trafficking of CoQ to mitochondria. The proteins encoded by these genes represent essential steps in the pathways responsible for transport of exogenously supplied CoQ to its functional sites in the cell, and definitively associate CoQ distribution with endocytosis and intracellular vesicular trafficking pathways conserved from yeast to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández-Del-Río
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Miranda E Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jaime Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andrew M James
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory S Payne
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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17
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Awad AM, Nag A, Pham NVB, Bradley MC, Jabassini N, Nathaniel J, Clarke CF. Intragenic suppressor mutations of the COQ8 protein kinase homolog restore coenzyme Q biosynthesis and function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234192. [PMID: 32479562 PMCID: PMC7263595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Coq8 is a member of the ancient UbiB atypical protein kinase family. Coq8, and its orthologs UbiB, ABC1, ADCK3, and ADCK4, are required for the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q in yeast, E. coli, A. thaliana, and humans. Each Coq8 ortholog retains nine highly conserved protein kinase-like motifs, yet its functional role in coenzyme Q biosynthesis remains mysterious. Coq8 may function as an ATPase whose activity is stimulated by coenzyme Q intermediates and phospholipids. A key yeast point mutant expressing Coq8-A197V was previously shown to result in a coenzyme Q-less, respiratory deficient phenotype. The A197V substitution occurs in the crucial Ala-rich protein kinase-like motif I of yeast Coq8. Here we show that long-term cultures of mutants expressing Coq8-A197V produce spontaneous revertants with the ability to grow on medium containing a non-fermentable carbon source. Each revertant is shown to harbor a secondary intragenic suppressor mutation within the COQ8 gene. The intragenic suppressors restore the synthesis of coenzyme Q. One class of the suppressors fully restores the levels of coenzyme Q and key Coq polypeptides necessary for the maintenance and integrity of the high-molecular mass CoQ synthome (also termed complex Q), while the other class provides only a partial rescue. Mutants harboring the first class of suppressors grow robustly under respiratory conditions, while mutants containing the second class grow more slowly under these conditions. Our work provides insight into the function of this important yet still enigmatic Coq8 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agape M. Awad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nguyen V. B. Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nour Jabassini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Nathaniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bradley MC, Yang K, Fernández-Del-Río L, Ngo J, Ayer A, Tsui HS, Novales NA, Stocker R, Shirihai OS, Barros MH, Clarke CF. COQ11 deletion mitigates respiratory deficiency caused by mutations in the gene encoding the coenzyme Q chaperone protein Coq10. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6023-6042. [PMID: 32205446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (Q n ) is a vital lipid component of the electron transport chain that functions in cellular energy metabolism and as a membrane antioxidant. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coq1-coq9 deletion mutants are respiratory-incompetent, sensitive to lipid peroxidation stress, and unable to synthesize Q6 The yeast coq10 deletion mutant is also respiratory-deficient and sensitive to lipid peroxidation, yet it continues to produce Q6 at an impaired rate. Thus, Coq10 is required for the function of Q6 in respiration and as an antioxidant and is believed to chaperone Q6 from its site of synthesis to the respiratory complexes. In several fungi, Coq10 is encoded as a fusion polypeptide with Coq11, a recently identified protein of unknown function required for efficient Q6 biosynthesis. Because "fused" proteins are often involved in similar biochemical pathways, here we examined the putative functional relationship between Coq10 and Coq11 in yeast. We used plate growth and Seahorse assays and LC-MS/MS analysis to show that COQ11 deletion rescues respiratory deficiency, sensitivity to lipid peroxidation, and decreased Q6 biosynthesis of the coq10Δ mutant. Additionally, immunoblotting indicated that yeast coq11Δ mutants accumulate increased amounts of certain Coq polypeptides and display a stabilized CoQ synthome. These effects suggest that Coq11 modulates Q6 biosynthesis and that its absence increases mitochondrial Q6 content in the coq10Δcoq11Δ double mutant. This augmented mitochondrial Q6 content counteracts the respiratory deficiency and lipid peroxidation sensitivity phenotypes of the coq10Δ mutant. This study further clarifies the intricate connection between Q6 biosynthesis, trafficking, and function in mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Krista Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Lucía Fernández-Del-Río
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jennifer Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Anita Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Hui S Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Noelle Alexa Novales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Mario H Barros
- Departamento Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569.
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19
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Wang Y, Hekimi S. The Complexity of Making Ubiquinone. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:929-943. [PMID: 31601461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (UQ, coenzyme Q) is an essential electron transfer lipid in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is a main source of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also has antioxidant properties. This mix of characteristics is why ubiquinone supplementation is considered a potential therapy for many diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction. Mutations in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway are increasingly being identified in patients. Furthermore, secondary ubiquinone deficiency is a common finding associated with mitochondrial disorders and might exacerbate these conditions. Recent developments have suggested that ubiquinone biosynthesis occurs in discrete domains of the mitochondrial inner membrane close to ER-mitochondria contact sites. This spatial requirement for ubiquinone biosynthesis could be the link between secondary ubiquinone deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction, which commonly results in loss of mitochondrial structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Díaz-Casado ME, Quiles JL, Barriocanal-Casado E, González-García P, Battino M, López LC, Varela-López A. The Paradox of Coenzyme Q 10 in Aging. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092221. [PMID: 31540029 PMCID: PMC6770889 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential endogenously synthesized molecule that links different metabolic pathways to mitochondrial energy production thanks to its location in the mitochondrial inner membrane and its redox capacity, which also provide it with the capability to work as an antioxidant. Although defects in CoQ biosynthesis in human and mouse models cause CoQ deficiency syndrome, some animals models with particular defects in the CoQ biosynthetic pathway have shown an increase in life span, a fact that has been attributed to the concept of mitohormesis. Paradoxically, CoQ levels decline in some tissues in human and rodents during aging and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation has shown benefits as an anti-aging agent, especially under certain conditions associated with increased oxidative stress. Also, CoQ10 has shown therapeutic benefits in aging-related disorders, particularly in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, we discuss the paradox of health benefits due to a defect in the CoQ biosynthetic pathway or exogenous supplementation of CoQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Pilar González-García
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sicences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Luis C López
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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21
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Tsui HS, Pham NVB, Amer BR, Bradley MC, Gosschalk JE, Gallagher-Jones M, Ibarra H, Clubb RT, Blaby-Haas CE, Clarke CF. Human COQ10A and COQ10B are distinct lipid-binding START domain proteins required for coenzyme Q function. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1293-1310. [PMID: 31048406 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ or ubiquinone) serves as an essential redox-active lipid in respiratory electron and proton transport during cellular energy metabolism. CoQ also functions as a membrane-localized antioxidant protecting cells against lipid peroxidation. CoQ deficiency is associated with multiple human diseases; CoQ10 supplementation in particular has noted cardioprotective benefits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Coq10, a putative START domain protein, is believed to chaperone CoQ to sites where it functions. Yeast coq10 deletion mutants (coq10Δ) synthesize CoQ inefficiently during log phase growth and are respiratory defective and sensitive to oxidative stress. Humans have two orthologs of yeast COQ10, COQ10A and COQ10B Here, we tested the human co-orthologs for their ability to rescue the yeast mutant. We showed that expression of either human ortholog, COQ10A or COQ10B, rescues yeast coq10Δ mutant phenotypes, restoring the function of respiratory-dependent growth on a nonfermentable carbon source and sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by treatment with PUFAs. These effects indicate a strong functional conservation of Coq10 across different organisms. However, neither COQ10A nor COQ10B restored CoQ biosynthesis when expressed in the yeast coq10Δ mutant. The involvement of yeast Coq10 in CoQ biosynthesis may rely on its interactions with another protein, possibly Coq11, which is not found in humans. Coexpression analyses of yeast COQ10 and human COQ10A and COQ10B provide additional insights to functions of these START domain proteins and their potential roles in other biologic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui S Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nguyen V B Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Brendan R Amer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jason E Gosschalk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,UCLA-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hope Ibarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert T Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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22
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Calzada E, Avery E, Sam PN, Modak A, Wang C, McCaffery JM, Han X, Alder NN, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylethanolamine made in the inner mitochondrial membrane is essential for yeast cytochrome bc 1 complex function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1432. [PMID: 30926815 PMCID: PMC6441012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the four separate PE biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotes, one occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) and is executed by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd1). Deletion of Psd1 is lethal in mice and compromises mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that this reflects inefficient import of non-mitochondrial PE into the IM. Here, we test this by re-wiring PE metabolism in yeast by re-directing Psd1 to the outer mitochondrial membrane or the endomembrane system and show that PE can cross the IMS in both directions. Nonetheless, PE synthesis in the IM is critical for cytochrome bc1 complex (III) function and mutations predicted to disrupt a conserved PE-binding site in the complex III subunit, Qcr7, impair complex III activity similar to PSD1 deletion. Collectively, these data challenge the current dogma of PE trafficking and demonstrate that PE made in the IM by Psd1 support the intrinsic functionality of complex III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pingdewinde N Sam
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arnab Modak
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Michael McCaffery
- Integrated Imaging Center, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nathan N Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Widmeier E, Airik M, Hugo H, Schapiro D, Wedel J, Ghosh CC, Nakayama M, Schneider R, Awad AM, Nag A, Cho J, Schueler M, Clarke CF, Airik R, Hildebrandt F. Treatment with 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Prevents FSGS Progression and Renal Fibrosis in Podocyte-Specific Coq6 Knockout Mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:393-405. [PMID: 30737270 PMCID: PMC6405149 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have identified >55 genes as causing steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and localized its pathogenesis to glomerular podocytes, the disease mechanisms of SRNS remain largely enigmatic. We recently reported that individuals with mutations in COQ6, a coenzyme Q (also called CoQ10, CoQ, or ubiquinone) biosynthesis pathway enzyme, develop SRNS with sensorineural deafness, and demonstrated the beneficial effect of CoQ for maintenace of kidney function. METHODS To study COQ6 function in podocytes, we generated a podocyte-specific Coq6 knockout mouse (Coq6podKO ) model and a transient siRNA-based COQ6 knockdown in a human podocyte cell line. Mice were monitored for development of proteinuria and assessed for development of glomerular sclerosis. Using a podocyte migration assay, we compared motility in COQ6 knockdown podocytes and control podocytes. We also randomly assigned 5-month-old Coq6podKO mice and controls to receive no treatment or 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-diHB), an analog of a CoQ precursor molecule that is classified as a food additive by health authorities in Europe and the United States. RESULTS Abrogation of Coq6 in mouse podocytes caused FSGS and proteinuria (>46-fold increases in albuminuria). In vitro studies revealed an impaired podocyte migration rate in COQ6 knockdown human podocytes. Treating Coq6podKO mice or cells with 2,4-diHB prevented renal dysfunction and reversed podocyte migration rate impairment. Survival of Coq6podKO mice given 2,4diHB was comparable to that of control mice and significantly higher than that of untreated Coq6podKO mice, half of which died by 10 months of age. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a potential novel treatment strategy for those cases of human nephrotic syndrome that are caused by a primary dysfunction in the CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Widmeier
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merlin Airik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Hannah Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Schapiro
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johannes Wedel
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandra C. Ghosh
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Agape M. Awad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jang Cho
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus Schueler
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rannar Airik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Eisenberg-Bord M, Tsui HS, Antunes D, Fernández-Del-Río L, Bradley MC, Dunn CD, Nguyen TPT, Rapaport D, Clarke CF, Schuldiner M. The Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Encounter Structure Complex Coordinates Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 2:2515256418825409. [PMID: 30937424 PMCID: PMC6441334 DOI: 10.1177/2515256418825409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) complex that resides in contact sites between the yeast ER and mitochondria leads to impaired respiration; however, the reason for that is not clear. We find that in ERMES null mutants, there is an increase in the level of mRNAs encoding for biosynthetic enzymes of coenzyme Q6 (CoQ6), an essential electron carrier of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We show that the mega complexes involved in CoQ6 biosynthesis (CoQ synthomes) are destabilized in ERMES mutants. This, in turn, affects the level and distribution of CoQ6 within the cell, resulting in reduced mitochondrial CoQ6. We suggest that these outcomes contribute to the reduced respiration observed in ERMES mutants. Fluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrate close proximity between the CoQ synthome and ERMES, suggesting a spatial coordination. The involvement of the ER-mitochondria contact site in regulation of CoQ6 biogenesis highlights an additional level of communication between these two organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui S Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Antunes
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucía Fernández-Del-Río
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cory D Dunn
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Hajj Chehade M, Pelosi L, Fyfe CD, Loiseau L, Rascalou B, Brugière S, Kazemzadeh K, Vo CDT, Ciccone L, Aussel L, Couté Y, Fontecave M, Barras F, Lombard M, Pierrel F. A Soluble Metabolon Synthesizes the Isoprenoid Lipid Ubiquinone. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:482-492.e7. [PMID: 30686758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (UQ) is a polyprenylated lipid that is conserved from bacteria to humans and is crucial to cellular respiration. How the cell orchestrates the efficient synthesis of UQ, which involves the modification of extremely hydrophobic substrates by multiple sequential enzymes, remains an unresolved issue. Here, we demonstrate that seven Ubi proteins form the Ubi complex, a stable metabolon that catalyzes the last six reactions of the UQ biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli. The SCP2 domain of UbiJ forms an extended hydrophobic cavity that binds UQ intermediates inside the 1-MDa Ubi complex. We purify the Ubi complex from cytoplasmic extracts and demonstrate that UQ biosynthesis occurs in this fraction, challenging the current thinking of a membrane-associated biosynthetic process. Collectively, our results document a rare case of stable metabolon and highlight how the supramolecular organization of soluble enzymes allows the modification of hydrophobic substrates in a hydrophilic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludovic Pelosi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cameron David Fyfe
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Loiseau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Bactérienne, Institut Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Bérengère Rascalou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Brugière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Chau-Duy-Tam Vo
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lidia Ciccone
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Aussel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Bactérienne, Institut Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Barras
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Bactérienne, Institut Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13009, France; SAMe Unit, Department de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Murielle Lombard
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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26
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Subramanian K, Jochem A, Le Vasseur M, Lewis S, Paulson BR, Reddy TR, Russell JD, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ, Nunnari J. Coenzyme Q biosynthetic proteins assemble in a substrate-dependent manner into domains at ER-mitochondria contacts. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1353-1369. [PMID: 30674579 PMCID: PMC6446851 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CoQ lipids are built at the mitochondrial inner membrane by a multicomponent pathway. Subramanian et al. reveal that CoQ pathway components assemble via CoQ intermediates into domains at ER–mitochondria contacts, suggesting that CoQ domains function as metabolons that facilitate processive CoQ production and distribution. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) lipids are ancient electron carriers that, in eukaryotes, function in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In mitochondria, CoQ lipids are built by an inner membrane–associated, multicomponent, biosynthetic pathway via successive steps of isoprenyl tail polymerization, 4-hydroxybenzoate head-to-tail attachment, and head modification, resulting in the production of CoQ. In yeast, we discovered that head-modifying CoQ pathway components selectively colocalize to multiple resolvable domains in vivo, representing supramolecular assemblies. In cells engineered with conditional ON or OFF CoQ pathways, domains were strictly correlated with CoQ production and substrate flux, respectively, indicating that CoQ lipid intermediates are required for domain formation. Mitochondrial CoQ domains were also observed in human cells, underscoring their conserved functional importance. CoQ domains within cells were highly enriched adjacent to ER–mitochondria contact sites. Together, our data suggest that CoQ domains function to facilitate substrate accessibility for processive and efficient CoQ production and distribution in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Adam Jochem
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI
| | - Maxence Le Vasseur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Samantha Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | | | - Jason D Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI.,Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jodi Nunnari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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27
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An Isoprene Lipid-Binding Protein Promotes Eukaryotic Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis. Mol Cell 2019; 73:763-774.e10. [PMID: 30661980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of coenzyme Q presents a paradigm for how cells surmount hydrophobic barriers in lipid biology. In eukaryotes, CoQ precursors-among nature's most hydrophobic molecules-must somehow be presented to a series of enzymes peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here, we reveal that this process relies on custom lipid-binding properties of COQ9. We show that COQ9 repurposes the bacterial TetR fold to bind aromatic isoprenes with high specificity, including CoQ intermediates that likely reside entirely within the bilayer. We reveal a process by which COQ9 associates with cardiolipin-rich membranes and warps the membrane surface to access this cargo. Finally, we identify a molecular interface between COQ9 and the hydroxylase COQ7, motivating a model whereby COQ9 presents intermediates directly to CoQ enzymes. Overall, our results provide a mechanism for how a lipid-binding protein might access, select, and deliver specific cargo from a membrane to promote biosynthesis.
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28
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Clinical syndromes associated with Coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:377-398. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary Coenzyme Q deficiencies represent a group of rare conditions caused by mutations in one of the genes required in its biosynthetic pathway at the enzymatic or regulatory level. The associated clinical manifestations are highly heterogeneous and mainly affect central and peripheral nervous system, kidney, skeletal muscle and heart. Genotype–phenotype correlations are difficult to establish, mainly because of the reduced number of patients and the large variety of symptoms. In addition, mutations in the same COQ gene can cause different clinical pictures. Here, we present an updated and comprehensive review of the clinical manifestations associated with each of the pathogenic variants causing primary CoQ deficiencies.
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29
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Coenzyme Q 10 deficiencies: pathways in yeast and humans. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:361-376. [PMID: 29980630 PMCID: PMC6056717 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or CoQ) is an essential lipid that plays a role in mitochondrial respiratory electron transport and serves as an important antioxidant. In human and yeast cells, CoQ synthesis derives from aromatic ring precursors and the isoprene biosynthetic pathway. Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq mutants provide a powerful model for our understanding of CoQ biosynthesis. This review focusses on the biosynthesis of CoQ in yeast and the relevance of this model to CoQ biosynthesis in human cells. The COQ1–COQ11 yeast genes are required for efficient biosynthesis of yeast CoQ. Expression of human homologs of yeast COQ1–COQ10 genes restore CoQ biosynthesis in the corresponding yeast coq mutants, indicating profound functional conservation. Thus, yeast provides a simple yet effective model to investigate and define the function and possible pathology of human COQ (yeast or human gene involved in CoQ biosynthesis) gene polymorphisms and mutations. Biosynthesis of CoQ in yeast and human cells depends on high molecular mass multisubunit complexes consisting of several of the COQ gene products, as well as CoQ itself and CoQ intermediates. The CoQ synthome in yeast or Complex Q in human cells, is essential for de novo biosynthesis of CoQ. Although some human CoQ deficiencies respond to dietary supplementation with CoQ, in general the uptake and assimilation of this very hydrophobic lipid is inefficient. Simple natural products may serve as alternate ring precursors in CoQ biosynthesis in both yeast and human cells, and these compounds may act to enhance biosynthesis of CoQ or may bypass certain deficient steps in the CoQ biosynthetic pathway.
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30
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Stefely JA, Pagliarini DJ. Biochemistry of Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:824-843. [PMID: 28927698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is a redox-active lipid produced across all domains of life that functions in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation and whose deficiency causes human diseases. Yet, CoQ biosynthesis has not been fully defined in any organism. Several proteins with unclear molecular functions facilitate CoQ biosynthesis through unknown means, and multiple steps in the pathway are catalyzed by currently unidentified enzymes. Here we highlight recent progress toward filling these knowledge gaps through both traditional biochemistry and cutting-edge 'omics' approaches. To help fill the remaining gaps, we present questions framed by the recently discovered CoQ biosynthetic complex and by putative biophysical barriers. Mapping CoQ biosynthesis, metabolism, and transport pathways has great potential to enhance treatment of numerous human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Stefely
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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31
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A mitochondrial proteomics view of complex I deficiency in Candida albicans. Mitochondrion 2017; 38:48-57. [PMID: 28801230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analyses were carried out on isolated mitochondrial samples of C. albicans from gene-deleted mutants (nuo1Δ, nuo2Δ and goa1Δ) as well as the parental strain in order to better understand the contribution of these three fungal-specific mitochondrial ETC complex I (CI) subunits to cellular activities. Herein, we identify 2333 putative proteins from four strains, in which a total of 663 proteins (28.5%) are putatively located in mitochondria. Comparison of protein abundances between mutants and the parental strain reveal 146 differentially-expressed proteins, of which 78 are decreased and 68 are increased in at least one mutant. The common changes across the three mutants include the down-regulation of nuclear-encoded CI subunit proteins as well as phospholipid, ergosterol and cell wall mannan synthesis, and up-regulated proteins in CIV and the alternative oxidase (AOX2). As for gene-specific functions, we find that NUO1 participates in nucleotide synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis; NUO2 is involved in vesicle trafficking; and GOA1 appears to regulate membrane transporter proteins, ROS removal, and substrates trafficking between peroxisomes and mitochondria. The proteomic view of general as well as mutant-specific proteins further extends our understanding of the functional roles of non-mammalian CI-specific subunit proteins in cell processes. Particularly intriguing is the confirmation of a regulatory role for GOA1 on ETC function, a protein found almost exclusively in Candida species. SIGNIFICANCE Fungal mitochondria are critical for fungal pathogenesis. The absence of any of the three fungal specific CI subunits in mitochondria causes an avirulence phenotype of C. albicans in a murine model of invasive disease. As model yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) lacks a CI and is rarely a pathogen of humans, C. albicans is a better choice for establishing a link between mitochondrial CI and pathogenesis. Apart from the general effects of CI mutants on respiration, previous phenotyping of these mutants were quite similar to each other or to CI conservative subunit. By comparison to transcriptional data, the proteomic data obtained in this study indicate that biosynthetic events in each mutant such as cell wall and cell membrane phospholipids and ergosterol are generally decreased in both transcriptomal and translational levels. However, in the case of mitochondrial function, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and ROS scavengers, often gene changes are opposite that of proteomic data in mutants. We hypothesize that the loss of energy production in mutants is compensated by increases in protein levels of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and anti-ROS scavengers that at least extend mutant survival.
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32
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He CH, Black DS, Allan CM, Meunier B, Rahman S, Clarke CF. Human COQ9 Rescues a coq9 Yeast Mutant by Enhancing Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis from 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and Stabilizing the CoQ-Synthome. Front Physiol 2017; 8:463. [PMID: 28736527 PMCID: PMC5500610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coq9 is required for the stability of a mitochondrial multi-subunit complex, termed the CoQ-synthome, and the deamination step of Q intermediates that derive from para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) in yeast. In human, mutations in the COQ9 gene cause neonatal-onset primary Q10 deficiency. In this study, we determined whether expression of human COQ9 could complement yeast coq9 point or null mutants. We found that expression of human COQ9 rescues the growth of the temperature-sensitive yeast mutant, coq9-ts19, on a non-fermentable carbon source and increases the content of Q6, by enhancing Q biosynthesis from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HB). To study the mechanism for the rescue by human COQ9, we determined the steady-state levels of yeast Coq polypeptides in the mitochondria of the temperature-sensitive yeast coq9 mutant expressing human COQ9. We show that the expression of human COQ9 significantly increased steady-state levels of yeast Coq4, Coq6, Coq7, and Coq9 at permissive temperature. Human COQ9 polypeptide levels persisted at non-permissive temperature. A small amount of the human COQ9 co-purified with tagged Coq6, Coq6-CNAP, indicating that human COQ9 interacts with the yeast Q-biosynthetic complex. These findings suggest that human COQ9 rescues the yeast coq9 temperature-sensitive mutant by stabilizing the CoQ-synthome and increasing Q biosynthesis from 4HB. This finding provides a powerful approach to studying the function of human COQ9 using yeast as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwen H He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dylan S Black
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPSud, Paris-Saclay UniversityGif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondon, United Kingdom.,Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, United States
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Pierrel F. Impact of Chemical Analogs of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis: From Inhibition to Bypass of Coenzyme Q Deficiency. Front Physiol 2017; 8:436. [PMID: 28690551 PMCID: PMC5479927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q is a lipid that participates to important physiological functions. Coenzyme Q is synthesized in multiple steps from the precursor 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Mutations in enzymes that participate to coenzyme Q biosynthesis result in primary coenzyme Q deficiency, a type of mitochondrial disease. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation of patients is the classical treatment but it shows limited efficacy in some cases. The molecular understanding of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway allowed the design of experiments to bypass deficient biosynthetic steps with analogs of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. These molecules provide the defective chemical group and can reactivate endogenous coenzyme Q biosynthesis as demonstrated recently in yeast, mammalian cell cultures, and mouse models of primary coenzyme Q deficiency. This mini review presents how the chemical properties of various analogs of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid dictate the effect of the molecules on CoQ biosynthesis and how the reactivation of endogenous coenzyme Q biosynthesis may achieve better results than exogenous CoQ10 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pierrel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
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González-Mariscal I, Martín-Montalvo A, Ojeda-González C, Rodríguez-Eguren A, Gutiérrez-Ríos P, Navas P, Santos-Ocaña C. Balanced CoQ 6 biosynthesis is required for lifespan and mitophagy in yeast. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 4:38-51. [PMID: 28357388 PMCID: PMC5349121 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.02.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q is an essential lipid with redox capacity that is present in all
organisms. In yeast its biosynthesis depends on a multiprotein complex in which
Coq7 protein has both catalytic and regulatory functions. Coq7 modulates
CoQ6 levels through a phosphorylation cycle, where
dephosphorylation of three amino acids (Ser/Thr) by the mitochondrial
phosphatase Ptc7 increases the levels of CoQ6. Here we analyzed the
role of Ptc7 and the phosphorylation state of Coq7 in yeast mitochondrial
function. The conversion of the three Ser/Thr to alanine led to a permanently
active form of Coq7 that caused a 2.5-fold increase of CoQ6 levels,
albeit decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and oxidative stress
resistance capacity. This resulted in an increase in endogenous ROS production
and shortened the chronological life span (CLS) compared to wild type. The null
PTC7 mutant (ptc7∆) strain showed a lower
biosynthesis rate of CoQ6 and a significant shortening of the CLS.
The reduced CLS observed in ptc7Δ was restored by the
overexpression of PTC7 but not by the addition of exogenous
CoQ6. Overexpression of PTC7 increased mitophagy
in a wild type strain. This finding suggests an additional Ptc7 function beyond
the regulation of CoQ biosynthesis. Genetic disruption of PTC7
prevented mitophagy activation in conditions of nitrogen deprivation. In brief,
we show that, in yeast, Ptc7 modulates the adaptation to respiratory metabolism
by dephosphorylating Coq7 to supply newly synthesized CoQ6, and by
activating mitophagy to remove defective mitochondria at stationary phase,
guaranteeing a proper CLS in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González-Mariscal
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Aléjandro Martín-Montalvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Cristina Ojeda-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Adolfo Rodríguez-Eguren
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Purificación Gutiérrez-Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
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CLD1 Reverses the Ubiquinone Insufficiency of Mutant cat5/coq7 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162165. [PMID: 27603010 PMCID: PMC5014327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone (Qn) functions as a mobile electron carrier in mitochondria. In humans, Q biosynthetic pathway mutations lead to Q10 deficiency, a life threatening disorder. We have used a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of Q6 deficiency to screen for new modulators of ubiquinone biosynthesis. We generated several hypomorphic alleles of coq7/cat5 (clk-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans) encoding the penultimate enzyme in Q biosynthesis which converts 5-demethoxy Q6 (DMQ6) to 5-demethyl Q6, and screened for genes that, when overexpressed, suppressed their inability to grow on non-fermentable ethanol—implying recovery of lost mitochondrial function. Through this approach we identified Cardiolipin-specific Deacylase 1 (CLD1), a gene encoding a phospholipase A2 required for cardiolipin acyl remodeling. Interestingly, not all coq7 mutants were suppressed by Cld1p overexpression, and molecular modeling of the mutant Coq7p proteins that were suppressed showed they all contained disruptions in a hydrophobic α-helix that is predicted to mediate membrane-binding. CLD1 overexpression in the suppressible coq7 mutants restored the ratio of DMQ6 to Q6 toward wild type levels, suggesting recovery of lost Coq7p function. Identification of a spontaneous Cld1p loss-of-function mutation illustrated that Cld1p activity was required for coq7 suppression. This observation was further supported by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling of monolysocardiolipin, the product of Cld1p. In summary, our results present a novel example of a lipid remodeling enzyme reversing a mitochondrial ubiquinone insufficiency by facilitating recovery of hypomorphic enzymatic function.
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Barriocanal-Casado E, Cueto-Ureña C, Benabdellah K, Gutiérrez-Guerrero A, Cobo M, Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, Rodríguez-Sevilla JJ, Martín F, López LC. Gene Therapy Corrects Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and Fibroblasts from Coq9R239X Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158344. [PMID: 27341668 PMCID: PMC4920430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have shown that in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy strategies can be an option for the treatment of several neurological disorders. Both strategies require efficient and safe vectors to 1) deliver the therapeutic gene directly into the CNS or 2) to genetically modify stem cells that will be used as Trojan horses for the systemic delivery of the therapeutic protein. A group of target diseases for these therapeutic strategies are mitochondrial encephalopathies due to mutations in nuclear DNA genes. In this study, we have developed a lentiviral vector (CCoq9WP) able to overexpress Coq9 mRNA and COQ9 protein in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from Coq9R239X mice, an animal model of mitochondrial encephalopathy due to primary Coenzyme Q (CoQ) deficiency. Ectopic over-expression of Coq9 in both cell types restored the CoQ biosynthetic pathway and mitochondrial function, improving the fitness of the transduced cells. These results show the potential of the CCoq9WP lentiviral vector as a tool for gene therapy to treat mitochondrial encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Cueto-Ureña
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Genomic Medicine Department. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Genomic Medicine Department. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandra Gutiérrez-Guerrero
- Genomic Medicine Department. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Marién Cobo
- Genomic Medicine Department. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Genomic Medicine Department. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Genomic Medicine Department. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: (FM); (LCL)
| | - Luis C. López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: (FM); (LCL)
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Yen HC, Liu YC, Kan CC, Wei HJ, Lee SH, Wei YH, Feng YH, Chen CW, Huang CC. Disruption of the human COQ5-containing protein complex is associated with diminished coenzyme Q10 levels under two different conditions of mitochondrial energy deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1864-76. [PMID: 27155576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coq protein complex assembled from several Coq proteins is critical for coenzyme Q6 (CoQ6) biosynthesis in yeast. Secondary CoQ10 deficiency is associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in patients. We previously demonstrated that carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) suppressed CoQ10 levels and COQ5 protein maturation in human 143B cells. METHODS This study explored the putative COQ protein complex in human cells through two-dimensional blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting to investigate its status in 143B cells after FCCP treatment and in cybrids harboring the mtDNA mutation that caused myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) syndrome. Ubiquinol-10 and ubiquinone-10 levels were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mitochondrial energy status, mRNA levels of various PDSS and COQ genes, and protein levels of COQ5 and COQ9 in cybrids were examined. RESULTS A high-molecular-weight protein complex containing COQ5, but not COQ9, in the mitochondria was identified and its level was suppressed by FCCP and in cybrids with MERRF mutation. That was associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial ATP production. Total CoQ10 levels were decreased under both conditions, but the ubiquinol-10:ubiquinone-10 ratio was increased in mutant cybrids. The expression of COQ5 was increased but COQ5 protein maturation was suppressed in the mutant cybrids. CONCLUSIONS A novel COQ5-containing protein complex was discovered in human cells. Its destabilization was associated with reduced CoQ10 levels and mitochondrial energy deficiency in human cells treated with FCCP or exhibiting MERRF mutation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings elucidate a possible mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction-induced CoQ10 deficiency in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Yen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Liu
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Kan
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Ju Wei
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Feng
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Acosta MJ, Vazquez Fonseca L, Desbats MA, Cerqua C, Zordan R, Trevisson E, Salviati L. Coenzyme Q biosynthesis in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1079-1085. [PMID: 27060254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, or ubiquinone) is a remarkable lipid that plays an essential role in mitochondria as an electron shuttle between complexes I and II of the respiratory chain, and complex III. It is also a cofactor of other dehydrogenases, a modulator of the permeability transition pore and an essential antioxidant. CoQ is synthesized in mitochondria by a set of at least 12 proteins that form a multiprotein complex. The exact composition of this complex is still unclear. Most of the genes involved in CoQ biosynthesis (COQ genes) have been studied in yeast and have mammalian orthologues. Some of them encode enzymes involved in the modification of the quinone ring of CoQ, but for others the precise function is unknown. Two genes appear to have a regulatory role: COQ8 (and its human counterparts ADCK3 and ADCK4) encodes a putative kinase, while PTC7 encodes a phosphatase required for the activation of Coq7. Mutations in human COQ genes cause primary CoQ(10) deficiency, a clinically heterogeneous mitochondrial disorder with onset from birth to the seventh decade, and with clinical manifestation ranging from fatal multisystem disorders, to isolated encephalopathy or nephropathy. The pathogenesis of CoQ(10) deficiency involves deficient ATP production and excessive ROS formation, but possibly other aspects of CoQ(10) function are implicated. CoQ(10) deficiency is unique among mitochondrial disorders since an effective treatment is available. Many patients respond to oral CoQ(10) supplementation. Nevertheless, treatment is still problematic because of the low bioavailability of the compound, and novel pharmacological approaches are currently being investigated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jesús Acosta
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Luis Vazquez Fonseca
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Andrea Desbats
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerqua
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Zordan
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Eva Trevisson
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
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Cullen JK, Abdul Murad N, Yeo A, McKenzie M, Ward M, Chong KL, Schieber NL, Parton RG, Lim YC, Wolvetang E, Maghzal GJ, Stocker R, Lavin MF. AarF Domain Containing Kinase 3 (ADCK3) Mutant Cells Display Signs of Oxidative Stress, Defects in Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Lysosomal Accumulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148213. [PMID: 26866375 PMCID: PMC4751082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive ataxias are a clinically diverse group of syndromes that in some cases are caused by mutations in genes with roles in the DNA damage response, transcriptional regulation or mitochondrial function. One of these ataxias, known as Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia Type-2 (ARCA-2, also known as SCAR9/COQ10D4; OMIM: #612016), arises due to mutations in the ADCK3 gene. The product of this gene (ADCK3) is an atypical kinase that is thought to play a regulatory role in coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis. Although much work has been performed on the S. cerevisiae orthologue of ADCK3, the cellular and biochemical role of its mammalian counterpart, and why mutations in this gene lead to human disease is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ADCK3 localises to mitochondrial cristae and is targeted to this organelle via the presence of an N-terminal localisation signal. Consistent with a role in CoQ10 biosynthesis, ADCK3 deficiency decreased cellular CoQ10 content. In addition, endogenous ADCK3 was found to associate in vitro with recombinant Coq3, Coq5, Coq7 and Coq9, components of the CoQ10 biosynthetic machinery. Furthermore, cell lines derived from ARCA-2 patients display signs of oxidative stress, defects in mitochondrial homeostasis and increases in lysosomal content. Together, these data shed light on the possible molecular role of ADCK3 and provide insight into the cellular pathways affected in ARCA-2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K. Cullen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (JKC); (MFL)
| | - Norazian Abdul Murad
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abrey Yeo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew McKenzie
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Genetic Diseases, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Micheal Ward
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Glycation and Diabetic Complications Group, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kok Leong Chong
- Queensland University of Technology, ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ghassan J. Maghzal
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Vascular Biology Division, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Vascular Biology Division, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (JKC); (MFL)
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Fragaki K, Chaussenot A, Benoist JF, Ait-El-Mkadem S, Bannwarth S, Rouzier C, Cochaud C, Paquis-Flucklinger V. Coenzyme Q10 defects may be associated with a deficiency of Q10-independent mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Biol Res 2016; 49:4. [PMID: 26742794 PMCID: PMC4705639 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or ubiquinone) deficiency can be due either to mutations in genes involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway, or to mutations in genes unrelated to CoQ10 biosynthesis. CoQ10 defect is the only oxidative phosphorylation disorder that can be clinically improved after oral CoQ10 supplementation. Thus, early diagnosis, first evoked by mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) spectrophotometric analysis, then confirmed by direct measurement of CoQ10 levels, is of critical importance to prevent irreversible damage in organs such as the kidney and the central nervous system. It is widely reported that CoQ10 deficient patients present decreased quinone-dependent activities (segments I + III or G3P + III and II + III) while MRC activities of complexes I, II, III, IV and V are normal. We previously suggested that CoQ10 defect may be associated with a deficiency of CoQ10-independent MRC complexes. The aim of this study was to verify this hypothesis in order to improve the diagnosis of this disease. RESULTS To determine whether CoQ10 defect could be associated with MRC deficiency, we quantified CoQ10 by LC-MSMS in a cohort of 18 patients presenting CoQ10-dependent deficiency associated with MRC defect. We found decreased levels of CoQ10 in eight patients out of 18 (45 %), thus confirming CoQ10 disease. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that CoQ10 defect can be associated with MRC deficiency. This could be of major importance in clinical practice for the diagnosis of a disease that can be improved by CoQ10 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Fragaki
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice, France.
| | - Annabelle Chaussenot
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice, France.
| | | | - Samira Ait-El-Mkadem
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice, France.
| | - Sylvie Bannwarth
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice, France.
| | - Cécile Rouzier
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice, France.
| | - Charlotte Cochaud
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - Véronique Paquis-Flucklinger
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Nice Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice, France.
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Ozeir M, Pelosi L, Ismail A, Mellot-Draznieks C, Fontecave M, Pierrel F. Coq6 is responsible for the C4-deamination reaction in coenzyme Q biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24140-51. [PMID: 26260787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to use para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) in addition to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as a precursor of coenzyme Q, a redox lipid essential to the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The biosynthesis of coenzyme Q from pABA requires a deamination reaction at position C4 of the benzene ring to substitute the amino group with an hydroxyl group. We show here that the FAD-dependent monooxygenase Coq6, which is known to hydroxylate position C5, also deaminates position C4 in a reaction implicating molecular oxygen, as demonstrated with labeling experiments. We identify mutations in Coq6 that abrogate the C4-deamination activity, whereas preserving the C5-hydroxylation activity. Several results support that the deletion of Coq9 impacts Coq6, thus explaining the C4-deamination defect observed in Δcoq9 cells. The vast majority of flavin monooxygenases catalyze hydroxylation reactions on a single position of their substrate. Coq6 is thus a rare example of a flavin monooxygenase that is able to act on two different carbon atoms of its C4-aminated substrate, allowing its deamination and ultimately its conversion into coenzyme Q by the other proteins constituting the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ozeir
- From the University of Grenoble Alpes, LCBM, UMR5249, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Pelosi
- the University of Grenoble Alpes, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France, the CNRS, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Ismail
- the Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and the Sup'Biotech, IONIS Education Group, 66 rue Guy-Moquet, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Mellot-Draznieks
- the Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and
| | - Marc Fontecave
- the Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- the University of Grenoble Alpes, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France, the CNRS, LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France,
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42
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Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a component of the electron transport chain that participates in aerobic cellular respiration to produce ATP. In addition, CoQ acts as an electron acceptor in several enzymatic reactions involving oxidation-reduction. Biosynthesis of CoQ has been investigated mainly in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the findings have been extended to various higher organisms, including plants and humans. Analyses in yeast have contributed greatly to current understanding of human diseases related to CoQ biosynthesis. To date, human genetic disorders related to mutations in eight COQ biosynthetic genes have been reported. In addition, the crystal structures of a number of proteins involved in CoQ synthesis have been solved, including those of IspB, UbiA, UbiD, UbiX, UbiI, Alr8543 (Coq4 homolog), Coq5, ADCK3, and COQ9. Over the last decade, knowledge of CoQ biosynthesis has accumulated, and striking advances in related human genetic disorders and the crystal structure of proteins required for CoQ synthesis have been made. This review focuses on the biosynthesis of CoQ in eukaryotes, with some comparisons to the process in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawamukai
- a Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
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43
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Yeast Coq9 controls deamination of coenzyme Q intermediates that derive from para-aminobenzoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1227-39. [PMID: 26008578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coq9 is a polypeptide subunit in a mitochondrial multi-subunit complex, termed the CoQ-synthome, required for biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q). Deletion of COQ9 results in dissociation of the CoQ-synthome, but over-expression of Coq8 putative kinase stabilizes the CoQ-synthome in the coq9 null mutant and leads to the accumulation of two nitrogen-containing Q intermediates, imino-demethoxy-Q6 (IDMQ6) and 3-hexaprenyl-4-aminophenol (4-AP) when para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) is provided as a ring precursor. To investigate whether Coq9 is responsible for deamination steps in Q biosynthesis, we utilized the yeast coq5-5 point mutant. The yeast coq5-5 point mutant is defective in the C-methyltransferase step of Q biosynthesis but retains normal steady-state levels of the Coq5 polypeptide. Here, we show that when high amounts of 13C6-pABA are provided, the coq5-5 mutant accumulates both 13C6-imino-demethyl-demethoxy-Q6 (13C6-IDDMQ6) and 13C6-demethyl-demethoxy-Q6 (13C6-DDMQ6). Deletion of COQ9 in the yeast coq5-5 mutant along with Coq8 over-expression and 13C6- pABA labeling leads to the absence of 13C6-DDMQ6, and the nitrogen-containing intermediates 13C6-4-AP and 13C6-IDDMQ6 persist. We describe a coq9 temperature-sensitive mutant and show that at the non-permissive temperature, steady-state polypeptide levels of Coq9-ts19 increased, while Coq4, Coq5, Coq6, and Coq7 decreased. The coq9-ts19 mutant had decreased Q6 content and increased levels of nitrogen-containing intermediates. These findings identify Coq9 as a multi-functional protein that is required for the function of Coq6 and Coq7 hydroxylases, for removal of the nitrogen substituent from pABA-derived Q intermediates, and is an essential component of the CoQ synthome.
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44
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Allan CM, Awad AM, Johnson JS, Shirasaki DI, Wang C, Blaby-Haas CE, Merchant SS, Loo JA, Clarke CF. Identification of Coq11, a new coenzyme Q biosynthetic protein in the CoQ-synthome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7517-34. [PMID: 25631044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.633131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (Q or ubiquinone) is a redox active lipid composed of a fully substituted benzoquinone ring and a polyisoprenoid tail and is required for mitochondrial electron transport. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Q is synthesized by the products of 11 known genes, COQ1-COQ9, YAH1, and ARH1. The function of some of the Coq proteins remains unknown, and several steps in the Q biosynthetic pathway are not fully characterized. Several of the Coq proteins are associated in a macromolecular complex on the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and this complex is required for efficient Q synthesis. Here, we further characterize this complex via immunoblotting and proteomic analysis of tandem affinity-purified tagged Coq proteins. We show that Coq8, a putative kinase required for the stability of the Q biosynthetic complex, is associated with a Coq6-containing complex. Additionally Q6 and late stage Q biosynthetic intermediates were also found to co-purify with the complex. A mitochondrial protein of unknown function, encoded by the YLR290C open reading frame, is also identified as a constituent of the complex and is shown to be required for efficient de novo Q biosynthesis. Given its effect on Q synthesis and its association with the biosynthetic complex, we propose that the open reading frame YLR290C be designated COQ11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Allan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Agape M Awad
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Jarrett S Johnson
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Dyna I Shirasaki
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Charles Wang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Crysten E Blaby-Haas
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, the UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Joseph A Loo
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, the Department of Biological Chemistry, and the UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute,
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Mitochondrial COQ9 is a lipid-binding protein that associates with COQ7 to enable coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4697-705. [PMID: 25339443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413128111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an isoprenylated quinone that is essential for cellular respiration and is synthesized in mitochondria by the combined action of at least nine proteins (COQ1-9). Although most COQ proteins are known to catalyze modifications to CoQ precursors, the biochemical role of COQ9 remains unclear. Here, we report that a disease-related COQ9 mutation leads to extensive disruption of the CoQ protein biosynthetic complex in a mouse model, and that COQ9 specifically interacts with COQ7 through a series of conserved residues. Toward understanding how COQ9 can perform these functions, we solved the crystal structure of Homo sapiens COQ9 at 2.4 Å. Unexpectedly, our structure reveals that COQ9 has structural homology to the TFR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators, but that it adopts an atypical TFR dimer orientation and is not predicted to bind DNA. Our structure also reveals a lipid-binding site, and mass spectrometry-based analyses of purified COQ9 demonstrate that it associates with multiple lipid species, including CoQ itself. The conserved COQ9 residues necessary for its interaction with COQ7 comprise a surface patch around the lipid-binding site, suggesting that COQ9 might serve to present its bound lipid to COQ7. Collectively, our data define COQ9 as the first, to our knowledge, mammalian TFR structural homolog and suggest that its lipid-binding capacity and association with COQ7 are key features for enabling CoQ biosynthesis.
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Ravooru N, Ganji S, Sathyanarayanan N, Nagendra HG. Insilico analysis of hypothetical proteins unveils putative metabolic pathways and essential genes in Leishmania donovani. Front Genet 2014; 5:291. [PMID: 25206363 PMCID: PMC4144268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania, which is active in two broad forms namely, Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL or Kala Azar) and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). The disease is most prevalent in the tropical regions and poses a threat to over 70 countries across the globe. About 200 million people are estimated to be at risk of developing VL in the Indian subcontinent, and this refers to around 67% of the global VL disease burden. The Indian state of Bihar alone accounts for 50% of the total VL cases. While no vaccination exists, several pentavalent antimonials and drugs like Paromomycin, Amphotericin, Miltefosine etc. are used in the treatment of Leishmaniasis. However, due to their low efficacies and the resistance developed by the bug to these medications, there is an urgent need to look into newer species specific targets. The proteome information available suggests that among the 7960 proteins in Leishmania donavani, a staggering 65% remains classified as a hypothetical uncharacterized set. In this background, we have attempted to assign probable functions to these hypothetical sequences present in this parasite, to explore their plausible roles as druggable receptors. Thus, putative functions have been defined to 105 hypothetical proteins, which exhibited a GO term correlation and PFAM domain coverage of more than 50% over the query sequence length. Of these, 27 sequences were found to be associated with a reference pathway in KEGG as well. Further, using homology approaches, four pathways viz., Ubiquinone biosynthesis, Fatty acid elongation in Mitochondria, Fatty Acid Elongation in ER and Seleno-cysteine Metabolism have been reconstructed. In addition, 7 new putative essential genes have been mined with the help of Eukaryotic Database of Essential Genes (DEG). All these information related to pathways and essential genes indeed show promise for exploiting the select molecules as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Ravooru
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology Bangalore, India
| | - Sandesh Ganji
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology Bangalore, India
| | - Nitish Sathyanarayanan
- The National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore, India
| | - Holenarsipur G Nagendra
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology Bangalore, India
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47
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Nguyen TPT, Casarin A, Desbats MA, Doimo M, Trevisson E, Santos-Ocaña C, Navas P, Clarke CF, Salviati L. Molecular characterization of the human COQ5 C-methyltransferase in coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1628-38. [PMID: 25152161 PMCID: PMC4331671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coq5 catalyzes the only C-methylation involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (Q or ubiquinone) in humans and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As one of eleven polypeptides required for Q production in yeast, Coq5 has also been shown to assemble with the multi-subunit complex termed the CoQ-synthome. In humans, mutations in several COQ genes cause primary Q deficiency, and a decrease in Q biosynthesis is associated with mitochondrial, cardiovascular, kidney and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we characterize the human COQ5 polypeptide and examine its complementation of yeast coq5 point and null mutants. We show that human COQ5 RNA is expressed in all tissues and that the COQ5 polypeptide is associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane on the matrix side. Previous work in yeast has shown that point mutations within or adjacent to conserved COQ5 methyltransferase motifs result in a loss of Coq5 function but not Coq5 steady state levels. Here, we show that stabilization of the CoQ-synthome within coq5 point mutants or by over-expression of COQ8 in coq5 null mutants permits the human COQ5 homolog to partially restore coq5 mutant growth on respiratory media and Q6 content. Immunoblotting against the human COQ5 polypeptide in isolated yeast mitochondria shows that the human Coq5 polypeptide migrates in two-dimensional blue-native/SDS-PAGE at the same high molecular mass as other yeast Coq proteins. The results presented suggest that human and Escherichia coli Coq5 homologs expressed in yeast retain C-methyltransferase activity but are capable of rescuing the coq5 yeast mutants only when the CoQ-synthome is assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa P T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Alberto Casarin
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Maria Andrea Desbats
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Mara Doimo
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Eva Trevisson
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Placido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
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48
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Licitra F, Puccio H. An overview of current mouse models recapitulating coenzyme q10 deficiency syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:180-6. [PMID: 25126051 DOI: 10.1159/000362942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ), also known as ubiquinone, is an essential lipophilic molecule present in all cellular membranes and involved in a variety of cellular functions, in particular as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and as a potent antioxidant. CoQ is synthesized endogenously through a complex metabolic pathway involving over 10 different components. Primary CoQ10 deficiency in humans, due to mutations in genes involved in CoQ biosynthesis, is a heterogeneous group of rare disorders presenting severe and complex clinical symptoms. The generation of mouse models deficient in CoQ is important to further clarify the cellular function of CoQ and to unravel the complexity in the pathophysiological consequences of CoQ deficiency. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mouse models of primary CoQ deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Licitra
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Strasbourg, France ; Inserm, U596, Strasbourg, France ; CNRS, UMR7104, Strasbourg, France ; Collège de France, Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France ; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Strasbourg, France ; Inserm, U596, Strasbourg, France ; CNRS, UMR7104, Strasbourg, France ; Collège de France, Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France ; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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González-Mariscal I, García-Testón E, Padilla S, Martín-Montalvo A, Pomares Viciana T, Vazquez-Fonseca L, Gandolfo Domínguez P, Santos-Ocaña C. The regulation of coenzyme q biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells: all that yeast can tell us. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:107-18. [PMID: 25126044 DOI: 10.1159/000362897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a mitochondrial lipid, which functions mainly as an electron carrier from complex I or II to complex III at the mitochondrial inner membrane, and also as antioxidant in cell membranes. CoQ is needed as electron acceptor in β-oxidation of fatty acids and pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis, and it is responsible for opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The yeast model has been very useful to analyze the synthesis of CoQ, and therefore, most of the knowledge about its regulation was obtained from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. CoQ biosynthesis is regulated to support 2 processes: the bioenergetic metabolism and the antioxidant defense. Alterations of the carbon source in yeast, or in nutrient availability in yeasts or mammalian cells, upregulate genes encoding proteins involved in CoQ synthesis. Oxidative stress, generated by chemical or physical agents or by serum deprivation, modifies specifically the expression of some COQ genes by means of stress transcription factors such as Msn2/4p, Yap1p or Hsf1p. In general, the induction of COQ gene expression produced by metabolic changes or stress is modulated downstream by other regulatory mechanisms such as the protein import to mitochondria, the assembly of a multi-enzymatic complex composed by Coq proteins and also the existence of a phosphorylation cycle that regulates the last steps of CoQ biosynthesis. The CoQ biosynthetic complex assembly starts with the production of a nucleating lipid such as HHB by the action of the Coq2 protein. Then, the Coq4 protein recognizes the precursor HHB acting as the nucleus of the complex. The activity of Coq8p, probably as kinase, allows the formation of an initial pre-complex containing all Coq proteins with the exception of Coq7p. This pre-complex leads to the synthesis of 5-demethoxy-Q6 (DMQ6), the Coq7p substrate. When de novo CoQ biosynthesis is required, Coq7p becomes dephosphorylated by the action of Ptc7p increasing the synthesis rate of CoQ6. This critical model is needed for a better understanding of CoQ biosynthesis. Taking into account that patients with CoQ10 deficiency maintain to some extent the machinery to synthesize CoQ, new promising strategies for the treatment of CoQ10 deficiency will require a better understanding of the regulation of CoQ biosynthesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena García-Testón
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Padilla
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, S. Dak., USA
| | | | - Teresa Pomares Viciana
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Vazquez-Fonseca
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Gandolfo Domínguez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
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50
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Dai YN, Zhou K, Cao DD, Jiang YL, Meng F, Chi CB, Ren YM, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Crystal structures and catalytic mechanism of theC-methyltransferase Coq5 provide insights into a key step of the yeast coenzyme Q synthesis pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:2085-92. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714011559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCoq5 is anS-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase (SAM-MTase) that catalyzes the onlyC-methylation step in the coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis pathway, in which 2-methoxy-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DDMQH2) is converted to 2-methoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMQH2). Crystal structures of Coq5 were determined in the apo form (Coq5-apo) at 2.2 Å resolution and in the SAM-bound form (Coq5-SAM) at 2.4 Å resolution, representing the first pair of structures for the yeast CoQ biosynthetic enzymes. Coq5 displays a typical class I SAM-MTase structure with two minor variations beyond the core domain, both of which are considered to participate in dimerization and/or substrate recognition. Slight conformational changes at the active-site pocket were observed upon binding of SAM. Structure-based computational simulation using an analogue of DDMQH2enabled us to identify the binding pocket and entrance tunnel of the substrate. Multiple-sequence alignment showed that the residues contributing to the dimeric interface and the SAM- and DDMQH2-binding sites are highly conserved in Coq5 and homologues from diverse species. A putative catalytic mechanism of Coq5 was proposed in which Arg201 acts as a general base to initiate catalysis with the help of a water molecule.
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