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Sieg H, Braeuning C, Kunz BM, Daher H, Kästner C, Krause BC, Meyer T, Jalili P, Hogeveen K, Böhmert L, Lichtenstein D, Burel A, Chevance S, Jungnickel H, Tentschert J, Laux P, Braeuning A, Gauffre F, Fessard V, Meijer J, Estrela-Lopis I, Thünemann AF, Luch A, Lampen A. Uptake and molecular impact of aluminum-containing nanomaterials on human intestinal caco-2 cells. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:992-1013. [PMID: 30317887 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1504999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is one of the most common elements in the earth crust and increasingly used in food, consumer products and packaging. Its hazard potential for humans is still not completely understood. Besides the metallic form, Al also exists as mineral, including the insoluble oxide, and in soluble ionic forms. Representatives of these three species, namely a metallic and an oxidic species of Al-containing nanoparticles and soluble aluminum chloride, were applied to human intestinal cell lines as models for the intestinal barrier. We characterized physicochemical particle parameters, protein corona composition, ion release and cellular uptake. Different in vitro assays were performed to determine potential effects and molecular modes of action related to the individual chemical species. For a deeper insight into signaling processes, microarray transcriptome analyses followed by bioinformatic data analysis were employed. The particulate Al species showed different solubility in biological media. Metallic Al nanoparticles released more ions than Al2O3 nanoparticles, while AlCl3 showed a mixture of dissolved and agglomerated particulate entities in biological media. The protein corona composition differed between both nanoparticle species. Cellular uptake, investigated in transwell experiments, occurred predominantly in particulate form, whereas ionic Al was not taken up by intestinal cell lines. Transcellular transport was not observed. None of the Al species showed cytotoxic effects up to 200 µg Al/mL. The transcriptome analysis indicated mainly effects on oxidative stress pathways, xenobiotic metabolism and metal homeostasis. We have shown for the first time that intestinal cellular uptake of Al occurs preferably in the particle form, while toxicological effects appear to be ion-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Sieg
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Caroline Braeuning
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Birgitta Maria Kunz
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Hannes Daher
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Kästner
- b German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin-Christoph Krause
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- d Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Pégah Jalili
- e ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants unit , Fougères Cedex , France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- e ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants unit , Fougères Cedex , France
| | - Linda Böhmert
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Agnès Burel
- f CNRS, Inserm , Univ Rennes , Rennes , France
| | - Soizic Chevance
- g CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , Univ Rennes , Rennes , France
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- b German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Fabienne Gauffre
- g CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , Univ Rennes , Rennes , France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- e ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants unit , Fougères Cedex , France
| | - Jan Meijer
- h Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- d Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- b German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
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2
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Khan P, Parkash A, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Molecular basis of the structural stability of hemochromatosis factor E: A combined molecular dynamic simulation and GdmCl-induced denaturation study. Biopolymers 2016; 105:133-42. [PMID: 26537310 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemochromatosis factor E (HFE) is a member of class I MHC family and plays a significant role in the iron homeostasis. Denaturation of HFE induced by guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) was measured by monitoring changes in [θ]222 (mean residue ellipticity at 222 nm), intrinsic fluorescence emission intensity at 346 nm (F346 ) and the difference absorption coefficient at 287 nm (Δε287) at pH 8.0 and 25°C. Coincidence of denaturation curves of these optical properties suggests that GdmCl-induced denaturation (native (N) state ↔ denatured (D) state) is a two-state process. The GdmCl-induced denaturation was found reversible in the entire concentration range of the denaturant. All denaturation curves were analyzed for ΔGD0, Gibbs free energy change associated with the denaturation equilibrium (N state ↔ D state) in the absence of GdmCl, which is a measure of HFE stability. We further performed molecular dynamics simulation for 40 ns to see the effect of GdmCl on the structural stability of HFE. A well defined correlation was established between in vitro and in silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amresh Parkash
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Bloomer SA, Kregel KC, Brown KE. Heat stress stimulates hepcidin mRNA expression and C/EBPα protein expression in aged rodent liver. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 58:145-52. [PMID: 23993269 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in hepatic iron content occur with aging and physiological stressors, which may promote oxidative injury to the liver. Since dysregulation of the iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, can cause iron accumulation, our goal was to characterize the regulation of hepcidin in young (6 mo) and old (24 mo) Fischer 344 rats exposed to environmental heat stress. Liver and blood samples were taken in the control condition and after heating. Hepcidin expression did not differ between young and old rats in the control condition, despite higher levels of hepatic iron and IL-6 mRNA in the latter. Following heat stress, pSTAT3 increased in both groups, but C/EBPα and hepcidin mRNA increased only in old rats. Despite this, serum iron decreased in both age groups 2 h after heat stress, suggesting hepcidin-independent hypoferremia in the young rats. The differential regulation of hepcidin between young and old rats after hyperthermia may be due to the enhanced expression of C/EBPα protein in old rats. These data support the concept of "inflammaging" and suggest that repeated exposures to stressors may contribute to the development of anemia in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State Abington College, Abington, PA, United States; Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Schmidt PJ, Fleming MD. Transgenic HFE-dependent induction of hepcidin in mice does not require transferrin receptor-2. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:588-95. [PMID: 22460705 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochomatosis (HH) is caused by mutations in several genes, including HFE and transferrin receptor-2 (TFR2). Loss of either protein decreases expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin by the liver, leading to inappropriately high iron uptake from the diet, and resulting in systemic iron overload. In tissue culture, overexpressed HFE and TFR2 physically interact. Hepatocellular overexpression of Hfe in vivo increases hepcidin expression, despite an associated decrease in Tfr2. On this basis, we hypothesized that Tfr2 would not be required for Hfe-dependent up-regulation of hepcidin. We show that hepatocellular overexpression of Hfe in Tfr2(Y245X/Y245X) mice leads to hepcidin induction eventuating in iron deficiency and a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation studies using liver lysates did not provide evidence for physical interaction between Hfe and Tfr2 in vivo. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Tfr2 is not essential for Hfe-mediated induction of hepcidin expression, supporting the possibility that TFR2 may regulate iron metabolism in an HFE-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lipiński P, Styś A, Starzyński RR. Molecular insights into the regulation of iron metabolism during the prenatal and early postnatal periods. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:23-38. [PMID: 22581367 PMCID: PMC3535349 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular iron metabolism and its regulation are least well understood in the fetal and early postnatal periods of mammalian ontogenic development. The scope of this review is to summarize recent progress in uncovering the molecular mechanisms of fetal iron homeostasis, introduce the molecules involved in iron transfer across the placenta, and briefly explain the role of iron transporters in the absorption of this microelement during early postnatal life. These issues are discussed and parallels are drawn with the relatively well-established system for elemental and heme iron regulation in adult mammals. We conclude that detailed investigations into the regulatory mechanisms of iron metabolism at early stages of development are required in order to optimize strategies to prevent neonatal iron deficiency. We propose that newborn piglets represent a suitable animal model for studies on iron deficiency anemia in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, ul. Postępu 1, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland.
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Molecular diagnostic and pathogenesis of hereditary hemochromatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1497-1511. [PMID: 22408404 PMCID: PMC3291973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by enhanced intestinal absorption of dietary iron. Without therapeutic intervention, iron overload leads to multiple organ damage such as liver cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, arthritis, hypogonadism and skin pigmentation. Most HH patients carry HFE mutant genotypes: homozygosity for p.Cys282Tyr or p.Cys282Tyr/p.His63Asp compound heterozygosity. In addition to HFE gene, mutations in the genes that encode hemojuvelin (HJV), hepcidin (HAMP), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and ferroportin (SLC40A1) have been associated with regulation of iron homeostasis and development of HH. The aim of this review was to identify the main gene mutations involved in the pathogenesis of type 1, 2, 3 and 4 HH and their genetic testing indication. HFE testing for the two main mutations (p.Cys282Tyr and p.His63Asp) should be performed in all patients with primary iron overload and unexplained increased transferrin saturation and/or serum ferritin values. The evaluation of the HJV p.Gly320Val mutation must be the molecular test of choice in suspected patients with juvenile hemochromatosis with less than 30 years and cardiac or endocrine manifestations. In conclusion, HH is an example that genetic testing can, in addition to performing the differential diagnostic with secondary iron overload, lead to more adequate and faster treatment.
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Corradini E, Rozier M, Meynard D, Odhiambo A, Lin HY, Feng Q, Migas MC, Britton RS, Babitt JL, Fleming RE. Iron regulation of hepcidin despite attenuated Smad1,5,8 signaling in mice without transferrin receptor 2 or Hfe. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1907-14. [PMID: 21745449 PMCID: PMC3634343 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HFE and transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) are each necessary for the normal relationship between body iron status and liver hepcidin expression. In murine Hfe and Tfr2 knockout models of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), signal transduction to hepcidin via the bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6)/Smad1,5,8 pathway is attenuated. We examined the effect of dietary iron on regulation of hepcidin expression via the Bmp6/Smad1,5,8 pathway using mice with targeted disruption of Tfr2, Hfe, or both genes. METHODS Hepatic iron concentrations and messenger RNA expression of Bmp6 and hepcidin were compared with wild-type mice in each of the HH models on standard or iron-loading diets. Liver phospho-Smad (P-Smad)1,5,8 and Id1 messenger RNA levels were measured as markers of Bmp/Smad signaling. RESULTS Whereas Bmp6 expression was increased, liver hepcidin and Id1 expression were decreased in each of the HH models compared with wild-type mice. Each of the HH models also showed attenuated P-Smad1,5,8 levels relative to liver iron status. Mice with combined Hfe/Tfr2 disruption were most affected. Dietary iron loading increased hepcidin and Id1 expression in each of the HH models. Compared with wild-type mice, HH mice demonstrated attenuated (Hfe knockout) or no increases in P-Smad1,5,8 levels in response to dietary iron loading. CONCLUSIONS These observations show that Tfr2 and Hfe are each required for normal signaling of iron status to hepcidin via the Bmp6/Smad1,5,8 pathway. Mice with combined loss of Hfe and Tfr2 up-regulate hepcidin in response to dietary iron loading without increases in liver Bmp6 messenger RNA or steady-state P-Smad1,5,8 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Corradini
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molly Rozier
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Delphine Meynard
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam Odhiambo
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Herbert Y. Lin
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mary C. Migas
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert S. Britton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robert E. Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Hepcidin in human iron disorders: therapeutic implications. J Hepatol 2011; 54:173-81. [PMID: 20932599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of hepcidin has triggered a virtual explosion of studies on iron metabolism and related disorders, the results of which have profoundly changed our view of human diseases associated with excess of iron, iron deficiency or iron misdistribution. Not only has new light been shed on the pathogenesis of these disorders, but therapeutic applications from these advances are now foreseen. The notion that hepcidin excess or deficiency may contribute to the dysregulation of iron homeostasis in hereditary and acquired iron disorders raises the possibility that hepcidin-lowering or enhancing agents may be an effective strategy for curing the main consequences of hepcidinopathies, anemia or iron overload, respectively. Experimental pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that hepcidin antibodies, agonists or antagonists, cytokine receptor antibodies and small-molecules that modify hepcidin expression also reverse iron abnormalities in vivo, in a number of disease models. While future studies addressing safety and long-term efficacy of hepcidin-targeted treatments will clarify risks and benefits, a new era has begun based on the treatment of disorders of iron homeostasis through the modulation of its regulatory hormone, hepcidin.
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Chua AC, Delima RD, Morgan EH, Herbison CE, Tirnitz-Parker JE, Graham RM, Fleming RE, Britton RS, Bacon BR, Olynyk JK, Trinder D. Iron uptake from plasma transferrin by a transferrin receptor 2 mutant mouse model of haemochromatosis. J Hepatol 2010; 52:425-31. [PMID: 20133002 PMCID: PMC2880807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hereditary haemochromatosis type 3 is caused by mutations in transferrin receptor (TFR) 2. TFR2 has been shown to mediate iron transport in vitro and regulate iron homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Tfr2 in iron transport in vivo using a Tfr2 mutant mouse. METHODS Tfr2 mutant and wild-type mice were injected intravenously with (59)Fe-transferrin and tissue (59)Fe uptake was measured. Tfr1, Tfr2 and ferroportin expression was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. Cellular localisation of ferroportin was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Transferrin-bound iron uptake by the liver and spleen in Tfr2 mutant mice was reduced by 20% and 65%, respectively, whilst duodenal and renal uptake was unchanged compared with iron-loaded wild-type mice. In Tfr2 mutant mice, liver Tfr2 protein was absent, whilst ferroportin protein was increased in non-parenchymal cells and there was a low level of expression in hepatocytes. Tfr1 expression was unchanged compared with iron-loaded wild-type mice. Splenic Tfr2 protein expression was absent whilst Tfr1 and ferroportin protein expression was increased in Tfr2 mutant mice compared with iron-loaded wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS A small reduction in hepatic transferrin-bound iron uptake in Tfr2 mutant mice suggests that Tfr2 plays a minor role in liver iron transport and its primary role is to regulate iron metabolism. Increased ferroportin expression due to decreased hepcidin mRNA levels is likely to be responsible for impaired splenic iron uptake in Tfr2 mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C.G. Chua
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roheeth D. Delima
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Evan H. Morgan
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carly E. Herbison
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina E.E. Tirnitz-Parker
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ross M. Graham
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert E. Fleming
- Departments of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert S. Britton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce R. Bacon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John K. Olynyk
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia,Corresponding author: Debbie Trinder, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, PO Box 480, Fremantle 6959, Western Australia, Australia, Phone: 618-94313640; Fax: 618-94312977, (D. Trinder)
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Whole blood genomic biomarkers of acute cardiac allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 28:927-35. [PMID: 19716046 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant progress has been made in cardiac transplantation over the past 30 years; however, the means for detection of acute cardiac allograft rejection remains in need of improvement. At present, the endomyocardial biopsy, an invasive and inconvenient procedure for patients, is required for the surveillance and diagnosis of acute cardiac allograft rejection. In the Biomarkers in Transplantation initiative, we investigated gene expression profiles in peripheral blood of cardiac transplant subjects as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of allograft rejection. METHODS Whole blood samples were obtained from 28 cardiac transplant subjects who consented to the study. Serial samples were collected from pre-transplant through 3 years post-transplant according to the standard protocol. Temporally correspondent biopsies were also collected, reviewed in a blinded manner, and graded according to current ISHLT guidelines. Blood samples were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays. Genomic profiles were compared in subjects with acute rejection (AR; ISHLT Grade > or =2R) and no rejection (NR; Grade 0R). Biomarker panel genes were identified using linear discriminant analysis. RESULTS We found 1,295 differentially expressed probe-sets between AR and NR samples and developed a 12-gene biomarker panel that classifies our internal validation samples with 83% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS Based on our current results, we believe whole blood genomic biomarkers hold great potential in the diagnosis of acute cardiac allograft rejection. A prospective, Canada-wide trial will be conducted shortly to further evaluate the classifier panel in diverse patients and a range of clinical programs.
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Herbison CE, Thorstensen K, Chua ACG, Graham RM, Leedman P, Olynyk JK, Trinder D. The role of transferrin receptor 1 and 2 in transferrin-bound iron uptake in human hepatoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1567-75. [PMID: 19828835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00649.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor (TFR) 1 and 2 are expressed in the liver; TFR1 levels are regulated by cellular iron levels while TFR2 levels are regulated by transferrin saturation. The aims of this study were to 1) determine the relative importance of TFR1 and TFR2 in transferrin-bound iron (TBI) uptake by HuH7 human hepatoma cells and 2) characterize the role of metal-transferrin complexes in the regulation of these receptors. TFR expression was altered by 1) incubation with metal-transferrin (Tf) complexes, 2) TFR1 and TFR2 small interfering RNA knockdown, and 3) transfection with a human TFR2 plasmid. TBI uptake was measured using (59)Fe-(125)I-labeled Tf and mRNA and protein expression by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Fe(2)Tf, Co(2)Tf, and Mn(2)Tf increased TFR2 protein expression, indicating that the upregulation was not specifically regulated by iron-transferrin but also other metal-transferrins. In addition, Co(2)Tf and Mn(2)Tf upregulated TFR1, reduced ferritin, and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha protein expression, suggesting that TFR1 upregulation was due to a combination of iron deficiency and chemical hypoxia. TBI uptake correlated with changes in TFR1 but not TFR2 expression. TFR1 knockdown reduced iron uptake by 80% while TFR2 knockdown did not affect uptake. At 5 microM transferrin, iron uptake was not affected by combined TFR1 and TFR2 knockdown. Transfection with a hTFR2 plasmid increased TFR2 protein expression, causing a 15-20% increase in iron uptake and ferritin levels. This shows for the first time that TFR-mediated TBI uptake is mediated primarily via TFR1 but not TFR2 and that a high-capacity TFR-independent pathway exists in hepatoma cells.
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Expression of the iron-regulatory protein haemojuvelin in retina and its regulation during cytomegalovirus infection. Biochem J 2009; 419:533-43. [PMID: 19191760 DOI: 10.1042/bj20082240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haemochromatosis is a genetic disorder of iron overload resulting from loss-of-function mutations in genes coding for the iron-regulatory proteins HFE [HLA-like protein involved in iron (Fe) homoeostasis], transferrin receptor 2, ferroportin, hepcidin and HJV (haemojuvelin). Expression of the first four genes coding for these proteins in retina has been established. Here we report on the expression of HJV. Since infection of retina with CMV (cytomegalovirus) causes blindness, we also investigated the expression of HJV and other iron-regulatory proteins in retina during CMV infection. HJV (HJV gene) mRNA was expressed in RPE (retinal pigment epithelium)/eyecup and neural retina in mouse. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of HJV mRNA and protein in RPE, outer and inner nuclear layers, and ganglion cell layer. Immunocytochemistry with cell lines and primary cell cultures showed HJV expression in RPE and Müller cells. In RPE, the expression was restricted to apical membrane. Infection of primary cultures of mouse RPE with CMV increased HJV mRNA and protein levels. Under similar conditions, HFE (HFE gene) mRNA levels were not altered, but HFE protein was decreased. Hepcidin expression was, however, not altered. These findings were demonstrable in vivo with CMV-infected mouse retina. The CMV-induced up-regulation of HJV in RPE was independent of changes in HFE because the phenomenon was also seen in HFE-null RPE cells. CMV-infected primary RPE cells showed evidence of iron accumulation and oxidative stress, as indicated by increased levels of ferritin and hydroxynonenal. The observed changes in HJV expression and iron status during CMV infection in retina may have significance in the pathophysiology of CMV retinitis.
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Piperno A, Mariani R, Trombini P, Girelli D. Hepcidin modulation in human diseases: From research to clinic. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:538-51. [PMID: 19195055 PMCID: PMC2653344 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By modulating hepcidin production, an organism controls intestinal iron absorption, iron uptake and mobilization from stores to meet body iron need. In recent years there has been important advancement in our knowledge of hepcidin regulation that also has implications for understanding the physiopathology of some human disorders. Since the discovery of hepcidin and the demonstration of its pivotal role in iron homeostasis, there has been a substantial interest in developing a reliable assay of the hormone in biological fluids. Measurement of hepcidin in biological fluids can improve our understanding of iron diseases and be a useful tool for diagnosis and clinical management of these disorders. We reviewed the literature and our own research on hepcidin to give an updated status of the situation in this rapidly evolving field.
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Abstract
Following the discovery of the HFE gene in 1996 and its linkage to the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) there have been profound developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the biochemical and clinical manifestations of a number of iron overload disorders. This article provides an update of recent developments and key issues relating to iron homeostasis and inherited disorders of iron overload, with emphasis on HFE-related HH, and is based on the content of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Single-Topic Conference entitled "Hemochromatosis: What has Happened After HFE?" which was held at the Emory Convention Center in Atlanta, September 7-9, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Olynyk
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
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