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Eschrig S, Schäffer M, Shu LJ, Illig T, Eibel S, Fernandez A, Ranf S. LORE receptor homomerization is required for 3-hydroxydecanoic acid-induced immune signaling and determines the natural variation of immunosensitivity within the Arabidopsis genus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2163-2179. [PMID: 38532564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The S-domain-type receptor-like kinase (SD-RLK) LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION (LORE) from Arabidopsis thaliana is a pattern recognition receptor that senses medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3-OH-C10:0), to activate pattern-triggered immunity. Here, we show that LORE homomerization is required to activate 3-OH-C10:0-induced immune signaling. Fluorescence lifetime imaging in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrates that AtLORE homomerizes via the extracellular and transmembrane domains. Co-expression of AtLORE truncations lacking the intracellular domain exerts a dominant negative effect on AtLORE signaling in both N. benthamiana and A. thaliana, highlighting that homomerization is essential for signaling. Screening for 3-OH-C10:0-induced reactive oxygen species production revealed natural variation within the Arabidopsis genus. Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis halleri do not respond to 3-OH-C10:0, although both possess a putative LORE ortholog. Both LORE orthologs have defective extracellular domains that bind 3-OH-C10:0 to a similar level as AtLORE, but lack the ability to homomerize. Thus, ligand binding is independent of LORE homomerization. Analysis of AtLORE and AlyrLORE chimera suggests that the loss of AlyrLORE homomerization is caused by several amino acid polymorphisms across the extracellular domain. Our findings shed light on the activation mechanism of LORE and the loss of 3-OH-C10:0 perception within the Arabidopsis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eschrig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Milena Schäffer
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Tina Illig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Sonja Eibel
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Atiara Fernandez
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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Czyzewicz N, Nikonorova N, Meyer MR, Sandal P, Shah S, Vu LD, Gevaert K, Rao AG, De Smet I. The growing story of (ARABIDOPSIS) CRINKLY 4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4835-4847. [PMID: 27208540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases play important roles in plant growth and development, but only few of them have been functionally characterized in depth. Over the past decade CRINKLY 4 (CR4)-related research has peaked as a result of a newly discovered role of ARABIDOPSIS CR4 (ACR4) in the root. Here, we comprehensively review the available (A)CR4 literature and describe its role in embryo, seed, shoot, and root development, but we also flag an unexpected role in plant defence. In addition, we discuss ACR4 domains and protein structure, describe known ACR4-interacting proteins and substrates, and elaborate on the transcriptional regulation of ACR4 Finally, we address the missing knowledge in our understanding of ACR4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Czyzewicz
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent University, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew R Meyer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Priyanka Sandal
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Shweta Shah
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent University, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Gururaj Rao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent University, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Screening for transmembrane association in divisome proteins using TOXGREEN, a high-throughput variant of the TOXCAT assay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2573-2583. [PMID: 27453198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TOXCAT is a widely used genetic assay to study interactions of transmembrane helices within the inner membrane of the bacterium Escherichia coli. TOXCAT is based on a fusion construct that links a transmembrane domain of interest with a cytoplasmic DNA-binding domain from the Vibrio cholerae ToxR protein. Interaction driven by the transmembrane domain results in dimerization of the ToxR domain, which, in turn, activates the expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). Quantification of CAT is used as a measure of the ability of the transmembrane domain to self-associate. Because the quantification of CAT is relatively laborious, we developed a high-throughput variant of the assay, TOXGREEN, based on the expression of super-folded GFP and detection of fluorescence directly in unprocessed cell cultures. Careful side-by-side comparison of TOXCAT and TOXGREEN demonstrates that the methods have comparable response, dynamic range, sensitivity and intrinsic variability both in LB and minimal media. The greatly enhanced workflow makes TOXGREEN much more scalable and ideal for screening, since hundreds of constructs can be rapidly assessed in 96 well plates. Even for small scale investigations, TOXGREEN significantly reduces time, labor and cost associated with the procedure. We demonstrate applicability with a large screening for self-association among the transmembrane domains of bitopic proteins of the divisome (FtsL, FtsB, FtsQ, FtsI, FtsN, ZipA and EzrA) belonging to 11 bacterial species. The analysis confirms a previously reported tendency for FtsB to self-associate, and suggests that the transmembrane domains of ZipA, EzrA and FtsN may also possibly oligomerize.
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Zou X, Qin Z, Zhang C, Liu B, Liu J, Zhang C, Lin C, Li H, Zhao T. Over-expression of an S-domain receptor-like kinase extracellular domain improves panicle architecture and grain yield in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7197-7209. [PMID: 26428067 PMCID: PMC4765790 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The S-domain receptor kinase (SRK) comprises a highly polymorphic subfamily of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) originally found to be involved in the self-incompatibility response in Brassica. Although several members have been identified to play roles in developmental control and disease responses, the correlation between SRKs and yield components in rice is still unclear. The utility of transgenic expression of a dominant negative form of SRK, OsLSK1 (Large spike S-domain receptor like Kinase 1), is reported here for the improvement of grain yield components in rice. OsLSK1 was highly expressed in nodes of rice and is a plasma membrane protein. The expression of OsLSK1 responded to the exogenous application of growth hormones, to abiotic stresses, and its extracellular domain could form homodimers or heterodimers with other related SRKs. Over-expression of a truncated version of OsLSK1 (including the extracellular and transmembrane domain of OsLSK1 without the intracellular kinase domain) increased plant height and improve yield components, including primary branches per panicle and grains per primary branch, resulting in about a 55.8% increase of the total grain yield per plot (10 plants). Transcriptional analysis indicated that several key genes involved in the GA biosynthetic and signalling pathway were up-regulated in transgenic plants. However, full-length cDNA over-expression and RNAi of OsLSK1 transgenic plants did not exhibit a detectable visual phenotype and possible reasons for this were discussed. These results indicate that OsLSK1 may act redundantly with its homologues to affect yield traits in rice and manipulation of OsLSK1 by the dominant negative method is a practicable strategy to improve grain yield in rice and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengrui Qin
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Williams E, De Smet I. Development: CLAVATA1 Joins the Club of Root Stem Cell Regulators. Curr Biol 2013; 23:R245-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Moderation of Arabidopsis root stemness by CLAVATA1 and ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 receptor kinase complexes. Curr Biol 2013; 23:362-71. [PMID: 23394827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root system of higher plants originates from the activity of a root meristem, which comprises a group of highly specialized and long-lasting stem cells. Their maintenance and number is controlled by the quiescent center (QC) cells and by feedback signaling from differentiated cells. Root meristems may have evolved from structurally distinct shoot meristems; however, no common player acting in stemness control has been found so far. RESULTS We show that CLAVATA1 (CLV1), a key receptor kinase in shoot stemness maintenance, performs a similar but distinct role in root meristems. We report that CLV1 is signaling, activated by the peptide ligand CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION40 (CLE40), together with the receptor kinase ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 (ACR4) to restrict root stemness. Both CLV1 and ACR4 overlap in their expression domains in the distal root meristem and localize to the plasma membrane (PM) and plasmodesmata (PDs), where ACR4 preferentially accumulates. Using multiparameter fluorescence image spectroscopy (MFIS), we show that CLV1 and ACR4 can form homo- and heteromeric complexes that differ in their composition depending on their subcellular localization. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that these homo- and heteromeric complexes may differentially regulate distal root meristem maintenance. We conclude that essential components of the ancestral shoot stemness regulatory system also act in the root and that the specific interaction of CLV1 with ACR4 serves to moderate and control stemness homeostasis in the root meristem. The structural differences between these two meristem types may have necessitated this recruitment of ACR4 for signaling by CLV1.
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Gao J, Ma Y, Sun Y, Zhao H, Hong D, Yan L, Lou Z. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1) cytoplasmic domain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:340-2. [PMID: 22442239 PMCID: PMC3310547 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112004605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1) is a member of the plant receptor-like kinase (RLK) superfamily. BAK1 has been shown to initiate brassinosteroid (BR) signalling and innate immune responses in plants by forming receptor complexes with both brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1) and flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2). To gain a better understanding of the structural details and the mechanism of action of the BAK1 kinase domain, recombinant BAK1 cytoplasmic domain has been expressed, purified and crystallized at 291 K using PEG 3350 as a precipitant. A 2.6 Å resolution data set was collected from a single flash-cooled crystal at 100 K. This crystal belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 70.3, b = 75.6, c = 71.9 Å, β = 93.1°. Assuming the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the Matthews coefficient was 2.6 Å(3) Da(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Hong
- High School Attached to Capital Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Yan
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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Stokes KD, Rao AG. The role of individual amino acids in the dimerization of CR4 and ACR4 transmembrane domains. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 502:104-11. [PMID: 20655866 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CRINKLY4 is a growth factor-like plant receptor kinase designated as CR4 in Zea mays and ACR4 in Arabidopsis. Using the TOXCAT system, a genetic assay that measures helix interactions in a natural membrane environment, we have previously demonstrated that the dimerization potential of the ACR4 transmembrane (TM) domain is significantly weaker than that of CR4 TM domain, even though 13 of the 24 residues are identical. Neither of the TM domains contain the GxxxG motif that has been shown to be important for the dimerization of the TM segments of several receptors. To further investigate the relationship between protein sequence and dimerization potential, we (a) mutated each of the 11 differing residues in the CR4 TM domain to the corresponding residue of ACR4 (b) made reciprocal mutations in ACR4 and (c) made hybrids consisting of half CR4 and half ACR4 TM domains. Our results suggest that most mutations in ACR4 or CR4 TM domains have low to moderate effects on the dimerization potential and that residues in the N-terminal half of the CR4 TM domain are important for dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Stokes
- USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Capron A, Chatfield S, Provart N, Berleth T. Embryogenesis: pattern formation from a single cell. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2009; 7:e0126. [PMID: 22303250 PMCID: PMC3243344 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis a single cell gives rise to a functional multicellular organism. In higher plants, as in many other multicellular systems, essential architectural features, such as body axes and major tissue layers are established early in embryogenesis and serve as a positional framework for subsequent pattern elaboration. In Arabidopsis, the apicalbasal axis and the radial pattern of tissues wrapped around it are already recognizable in young embryos of only about a hundred cells in size. This early axial pattern seems to provide a coordinate system for the embryonic initiation of shoot and root. Findings from genetic studies in Arabidopsis are revealing molecular mechanisms underlying the initial establishment of the axial core pattern and its subsequent elaboration into functional shoots and roots. The genetic programs operating in the early embryo organize functional cell patterns rapidly and reproducibly from minimal cell numbers. Understanding their molecular details could therefore greatly expand our ability to generate plant body patterns de novo, with important implications for plant breeding and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Capron
- Dept. of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada
- Each of these authors contributed equally. Address correspondence to or
| | - Steven Chatfield
- Dept. of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada
- Each of these authors contributed equally. Address correspondence to or
| | - Nicholas Provart
- Dept. of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Thomas Berleth
- Dept. of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada
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