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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
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2
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Xu L, Zhu L, Zheng K, Liu J, Tian P, Hu D, Wang Q, Zuo Q, Ouyang X, Dai Y, Fu Y, Dai X, Huang F, Cheng J. The design and synthesis of redox-responsive oridonin polymeric prodrug micelle formulation for effective gastric cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3068-3078. [PMID: 33885668 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced gastric cancer (GC) is a significant threat to human health. Oridonin (ORI), isolated from the Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens, has demonstrated great potential in GC therapy. However, the application of ORI in the clinic was greatly hindered by its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid plasma clearance. Herein, a simple and novel redox-sensitive ORI polymeric prodrug formulation was synthesized by covalently attaching ORI to poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-lysine) via a disulfide linker, which can self-assemble into micelles (P-ss-ORI) in aqueous solutions and produce low critical micelle concentrations (about 10 mg L-1), characterized by small size (about 80 nm), negative surface charge (about -12 mV), and high drug loading efficiency (18.7%). The in vitro drug release study showed that P-ss-ORI can rapidly and completely release ORI in a glutathione (GSH)-rich environment and under low pH conditions. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo investigations confirmed that P-ss-ORI could remarkably extend the blood circulation time of ORI, enrich in tumor tissue, be effectively endocytosed by GC cancer cells, and quickly and completely release the drug under high intracellular GSH concentrations and low pH conditions, all these characteristics ultimately inhibit the growth of GC. This redox and pH dual-responsive P-ss-ORI formulation provides a useful strategy for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhou Xu
- Gastroenterology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Zhao Q, Peng C, Zheng C, He XH, Huang W, Han B. Recent Advances in Characterizing Natural Products that Regulate Autophagy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:2177-2196. [PMID: 31749434 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191015104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intricate response to nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-stress and drugs, is crucial for the homeostatic maintenance in living cells. This highly regulated, multistep process has been involved in several diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, especially in cancer. It can function as either a promoter or a suppressor in cancer, which underlines the potential utility as a therapeutic target. In recent years, increasing evidence has suggested that many natural products could modulate autophagy through diverse signaling pathways, either inducing or inhibiting. In this review, we briefly introduce autophagy and systematically describe several classes of natural products that implicated autophagy modulation. These compounds are of great interest for their potential activity against many types of cancer, such as ovarian, breast, cervical, pancreatic, and so on, hoping to provide valuable information for the development of cancer treatments based on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States
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UL16-Binding Protein 1 Induced HTR-8/SVneo Autophagy via NF- κB Suppression Mediated by TNF- α Secreted through uNK Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9280372. [PMID: 32626772 PMCID: PMC7306880 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9280372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UL16-binding protein 1(ULBP1) has been reported to inhibit trophoblast invasion through the modification of secretion functions of uNK cells in the previous study, but its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the related mechanism by which upregulated ULBP1 expression impaired trophoblast invasion. We found that conditioned media with ULBP1 increased autophagy in HTR-8/SVneo, and anti-TNF-α-neutralizing antibody rescued the autophagy caused by the conditioned medium. We further found TNF-α induced autophagy in trophoblast cells in a dose-dependent way and accompanied by a decreased activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Inhibition of NF-κB activation by chemical inhibitor augmented these autophagic responses to TNF-α in the cells. In addition, interruption NF-κB caused a significant decrease in HTR-8/SVneo invasion and enhanced the inhibition effect of TNF-α on HTR-8/SVneo invasion. Taken together, these findings suggest that TNF-α is able to regulate autophagic activity via suppressing NF-κB, which might be the mechanism related to ULBP1 in preeclampsia pathogenesis.
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Han Z, Liu FY, Lin SQ, Zhang CY, Ma JH, Guo C, Jia FJ, Zhang Q, Xie WD, Li X. Ivalin Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Associated with the NF-κB Activation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203809. [PMID: 31652659 PMCID: PMC6832439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivalin, a natural compound isolated from Carpesium divaricatum, showed excellent microtubule depolymerization activities among human hepatocellular carcinoma in our previous work. Here, we investigated its functions on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, annexin V-fluorexcein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection, and western blotting were applied to explore the apoptotic effect of Ivalin. Next, the induction effect of Ivalin on the mitochondrial pathway was also confirmed via a series of phenomena including the damage of mitochondria membrane potential, mitochondria cytochrome c escape, cleaved caspase-3 induction, and the reactive oxygen species generation. In this connection, we understood that Ivalin induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and the overload of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we found that the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent p53 induction were associated with the apoptotic effect of Ivalin. These data confirmed that Ivalin might be a promising pro-apoptotic compound that can be utilized as a potential drug for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Han
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Fang-Yuan Liu
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Shi-Qi Lin
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Cai-Yun Zhang
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Jia-Hui Ma
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Chao Guo
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Fu-Juan Jia
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Xie
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Marine college, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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6
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Hou W, Fan Q, Su L, Xu H. Synthesis of Oridonin Derivatives via Mizoroki-Heck Reaction and Click Chemistry for Cytotoxic Activity. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:935-947. [PMID: 30657049 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190118121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products (NPs) are evolutionarily chosen "privileged structures" that have a profound impact upon the anticancer drug discovery and development progress. However, the search for new drugs based on structure modification of NPs has often been hindered due to the tedious and complicated synthetic pathways. Fortunately, Mizoroki-Heck reaction and copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) could provide perfect strategies for selective modification on NPs even in the presence of liable functionalities. OBJECTIVE Here, we used oridonin, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid that showed a wide range of biological activities, as a parent molecule for the generation of analogues with anticancer activity. METHODS Derivatives of oridonin were generated based on the structure-activity relationship study of oridonin and synthesized via Mizoroki-Heck reaction and CuAAC. The cytotoxicity of new oridonin derivatives were evaluated on both cancer cells and normal cells. Furthermore, the apoptotic effect and cell cycle arrest effect of the selected potent analogue were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blotting analysis. RESULTS Two series of novel C-14 and C-17 modified derivatives of oridonin were obtained via Heck reaction and copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), respectively. In vitro antiproliferative activities showed that the introduction of C-14 (2-triazole)acetoxyl- moiety could retain or enhance cytotoxicity, whereas the introduction of C-17 phenyl ring might exert negative effect. Further studies demonstrated that derivative 23 exhibited broad-spectrum antiproliferative activity, effectively overcame drug-resistance and showed weak cytotoxicity on non-cancer cells. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that 23 might cause G2/M phase arrest and induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells. CONCLUSION Mizoroki-Heck reaction and CuAAC are perfect strategies for structure modification of complex natural products. The introduction of C-14 (2-triazole)acetoxyl- moiety could retain or enhance the cytotoxicity of oridonin, the introduction of C-17 phenyl group might exert negative effect on its cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD&CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qiuju Fan
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD&CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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7
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Ding Y, Li D, Ding C, Wang P, Liu Z, Wold EA, Ye N, Chen H, White MA, Shen Q, Zhou J. Regio- and Stereospecific Synthesis of Oridonin D-Ring Aziridinated Analogues for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Mediated Irreversible Covalent Warheads. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29528645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covalent drug discovery has undergone a resurgence in recent years due to comprehensive optimization of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and the structure-reactivity relationship (SRR) for covalent drug candidates. The natural product oridonin maintains an impressive pharmacological profile through its covalent enone warhead on the D-ring and has attracted substantial SAR studies to characterize its potential in the development of new molecular entities for the treatment of various human cancers and inflammation. Herein, for the first time, we report the excessive reactivity of this covalent warhead and mediation of the covalent binding capability through a Rh2(esp)2-catalyzed mild and concise regio- and stereospecific aziridination approach. Importantly, aziridonin 44 (YD0514), with a more-druglike irreversible covalent warhead, has been identified to significantly induce apoptosis and inhibit colony formation against triple-negative breast cancer with enhanced antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo while displaying lower toxicity to normal human mammary epithelial cells in comparison to oridonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States.,Department of Thyroid and Breast, Division of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200072 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
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Bisindolylmaleimide alkaloid BMA-155Cl induces autophagy and apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 cells through the NF-κB p65 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:524-538. [PMID: 28260799 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisindolylmaleimides, a series of derivatives of a PKC inhibitor staurosporine, exhibit potential as anti-cancer drugs and have received considerable attention in clinical trials. This study aims to investigate the effects of a bisindolylmaleimide alkaloid 155Cl (BMA-155Cl) with a novel structure on autophagy and apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 cells in vitro and in vivo. The cell poliferation was assessed with a MTT assay. Autophagy was evaluated by MDC staining and TEM analysis. Apoptosis was investigated using Annexin V-FITC/PI and DAPI staining. The antitumor effects were further evaluated in nude mice bearing HepG-2 xenografts, which received BMA-155Cl (10, 20 mg/kg, ip) for 18 days. Autophagy- and apoptosis-associated proteins and their mRNA levels were examined with Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR. BMA-155Cl (2.5-20 μmol/L) inhibited the growth of HepG-2 cells with IC50 values of 16.62±1.34, 12.21±0.83, and 8.44±1.82 μmol/L at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, BMA-155Cl (5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently induced autophagy and apoptosis in HepG-2 cells. The formation of autophagic vacuoles was induced by BMA-155Cl (10 μmol/L) at approximately 6 h and peaked at approximately 15 h. Pretreatment with 3-MA potentiated BMA-155Cl-mediated apoptotic cell death. This compound dose-dependently increased the mRNA and protein levels of Beclin-1, NF-κB p65, p53, and Bax, but decreased the expression of IκB and Bcl-2. Pretreatment with BAY 11-7082, a specific inhibitor of NF-κB p65, blocked BMA-155Cl-induced expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-associated proteins. BMA-155Cl administration effectively suppressed the growth of HepG-2 xenografts in vivo, and increased the protein expression levels of LC3B, Beclin-1, NF-κB p65, and Bax in vivo. We conclude that the NF-κB p65 pathway is involved in BMA-155Cl-triggered autophagy, followed by apoptosis in HepG-2 cells in vitro and in vivo. Hence, BMA-155Cl could be a promising pro-apoptotic candidate for developing as a novel anti-cancer drug.
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Zhu L, Li M, Liu X, Du L, Jin Y. Inhalable oridonin-loaded poly(lactic- co-glycolic)acid large porous microparticles for in situ treatment of primary non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:80-90. [PMID: 28119812 PMCID: PMC5237759 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. Traditional chemotherapy for this disease leads to serious side effects. Here we prepared an inhalable oridonin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) large porous microparticle (LPMP) for in situ treatment of NSCLC with the emulsion/solvent evaporation/freeze-drying method. The LPMPs were smooth spheres with many internal pores. Despite a geometric diameter of ~10 µm, the aerodynamic diameter of the spheres was only 2.72 µm, leading to highly efficient lung deposition. In vitro studies showed that most of oridonin was released after 1 h, whereas the alveolar macrophage uptake of LPMPs occurred after 8 h, so that most of oridonin would enter the surroundings without undergoing phagocytosis. Rat primary NSCLC models were built and administered with saline, oridonin powder, gemcitabine, and oridonin-loaded LPMPs via airway, respectively. The LPMPs showed strong anticancer effects. Oridonin showed strong angiogenesis inhibition and apoptosis. Relevant mechanisms are thought to include oridonin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by low mitochondrial membrane potentials, downregulation of BCL-2 expressions, upregulation of expressions of BAX, caspase-3 and caspase-9. The oridonin-loaded PLGA LPMPs showed high anti-NSCLC effects after pulmonary delivery. In conclusion, LPMPs are promising dry powder inhalations for in situ treatment of lung cancer.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DAB, 3,3ʹ-diaminobenzidine
- DAPI, 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DPI, dry powder inhalation
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- LPMP, large porous microparticle
- Large porous microparticle
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Non-small cell lung cancer
- Oridonin
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- Poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid
- Pulmonary delivery
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SLF, simulated lung fluid
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- XRD, X-ray diffraction
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
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Li D, Han T, Liao J, Hu X, Xu S, Tian K, Gu X, Cheng K, Li Z, Hua H, Xu J. Oridonin, a Promising ent-Kaurane Diterpenoid Lead Compound. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1395. [PMID: 27563888 PMCID: PMC5037675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oridonin belongs to ent-kaurane tetracyclic diterpenoid and was first isolated from Isodon species. It exhibits inhibitory activities against a variety of tumor cells, and pharmacological study shows that oridonin could inhibit cell proliferation, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis of cancer cells, induce apoptosis and exhibit an antimutagenic effect. In addition, the large amount of the commercially-available supply is also very important for the natural lead oridonin. Moreover, the good stability, suitable molecular weight and drug-like property guarantee its further generation of a natural-like compound library. Oridonin has become the hot molecule in recent years, and from the year 2010, more than 200 publications can be found. In this review, we summarize the synthetic medicinal chemistry work of oridonin from the first publication 40 years ago and share our research experience of oridonin for about 10 years, which may provide useful information to those who are interested in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Tong Han
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Kangtao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xiaoke Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Keguang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, and School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Liu Q, Sun Y, Lv Y, Le Z, Xin Y, Zhang P, Liu Y. TERT alleviates irradiation-induced late rectal injury by reducing hypoxia-induced ROS levels through the activation of NF-κB and autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:785-93. [PMID: 27431814 PMCID: PMC4990283 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment which is present following irradiation has been proven to promote radiation-induced injury to normal tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is regulated by hypoxia, and that it plays a protective role in the process of wound repair. However, its effects on radiation-induced injury remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of human TERT on irradiation-induced late rectal injury in fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. We also performed in vivo experiments. The rectums of 5-week-old female C57BL/6N mice were irradiated locally with a single dose of 25 Gy. We then examined the fibrotic changes using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson's staining. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and TERT was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In in vitro experiments, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the autophagy level induced by exposure to hypoxia were assayed in fibroblasts. The association between TERT, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the autophagy level was examined by western blot analysis. The antioxidant effects of TERT were examined on the basis of the ratio of glutathione to glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and mitochondrial membrane potential. Rectal fibrosis was induced significantly at 12 weeks following irradiation. The HIF-1α and TERT expression levels increased in the fibrotic region. The TERT-overexpressing fibroblasts (transfected with an hTERT-expressing lentiviral vector) exhibited reduced apoptosis, reduced ROS production, a higher autophagy level, a higher GSH/GSSG ratio and stable mitochondrial membrane potential compared with the fibroblasts in which TERT had been silenced by siRNA. NF-κB was activated by TERT, and the inhibition of TERT reduced the autophagy level in the fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that TERT decreases cellular ROS production, while maintaining mitochondrial function and protecting the cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis, which may thus attenuate the effects of irradiation-induced hypoxia on rectal injury following irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuefeng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medcine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuhu Xin
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Tang J, Zhu H, Jiang X, Liu J, Xu W, Ma H, Feng Q, Wu J, Zhao M, Peng S. Aqueous extract of Rabdosia rubescens leaves: forming nanoparticles, targeting P-selectin, and inhibiting thrombosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6905-18. [PMID: 26604756 PMCID: PMC4639563 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s91316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hot water extract of Rabdosia rubescens was traditionally used as an antithrombotic medicine. To explore its antithrombotic utility and mechanism, we carried out a series of in vitro and in vivo assays in this study. In vitro platelet aggregation assay showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration values of aqueous extract of R. rubescens leaves (AERL) inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and platelet-activating factor ranged from 0.12 mg/mL to 1.43 mg/mL. The minimal effective oral dose of AERL inhibiting the rats from forming thrombus was 25 mg/kg. Both in vitro and in vivo actions were correlated with AERL concentration-dependently inhibiting sP-selectin release. In water, AERL formed nanoparticles, and their size depended on the concentration. Docking the five nucleotides, 21 phenolic acids, and four diterpenoids identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector/(-)electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis into the active site of P-selectin, rosmarinic acid was predicted to be the antithrombotic ingredient of AERL. In flow cytometry analysis, 1 μM of rosmarinic acid effectively inhibited sP-selectin release in arachidonic acid-activated platelets. In a rat model, 5 mg/kg of oral rosmarinic acid effectively inhibited thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Wang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingcheng Tang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haimei Zhu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyun Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyun Xu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Ma
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Feng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Guo M, Zhao S, Xu W, Shao J, Zhang F, Wu L, Lu Y, Zheng S. The update on transcriptional regulation of autophagy in normal and pathologic cells: A novel therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Li Z, Shi K, Guan L, Jiang Q, Yang Y, Xu C. Activation of p53 by sodium selenite switched human leukemia NB4 cells from autophagy to apoptosis. Oncol Res 2015; 21:325-31. [PMID: 25198662 DOI: 10.3727/096504014x14024160459087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It was revealed by our previous research that sodium selenite repressed autophagy accompanied by the induction of apoptosis in human leukemia NB4 cells. The inhibition of autophagy exerted a facilitative effect on apoptosis. In the present study, we further explored the mechanisms underlying the switch from autophagy to apoptosis and elucidated p53 played a key role. Selenite induced phosphorylation of p53 at the vital site Ser15 via p38MAPK and ERK. Subsequently p53 dissociated with its inhibitory protein mouse double minute 2 (MDM2). Meanwhile, the nucleolar protein B23 transferred from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm and associated with MDM2, probably stabilizing p53. The active p53 participated in the decrease of autophagic protein Beclin-1 and LC-3, as well as activation of apoptosis-related caspases. Furthermore, in p53 mutant U937 leukemia cells, selenite could not elicit such a switch from autophagy to apoptosis, laying emphasis on the crucial role p53 played in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhushi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cao Y, Wei W, Zhang N, Yu Q, Xu WB, Yu WJ, Chen GQ, Wu YL, Yan H. Oridonin stabilizes retinoic acid receptor alpha through ROS-activated NF-κB signaling. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:248. [PMID: 25886043 PMCID: PMC4403721 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) plays an essential role in the regulation of many biological processes, such as hematopoietic cell differentiation, while abnormal RARα function contributes to the pathogenesis of certain diseases including cancers, especially acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Recently, oridonin, a natural diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, was demonstrated to regulate RARα by increasing its protein level. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for this action has not been fully elucidated. Methods In the APL cell line, NB4, the effect of oridonin on RARα protein was analyzed by western blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Flow cytometry was performed to detect intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The association between nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and the effect of oridonin was assessed using specific inhibitors, shRNA gene knockdown, and immunofluorescence assays. In addition, primary leukemia cells were treated with oridonin and analyzed by western blot in this study. Results RARα possesses transcriptional activity in the presence of its ligand, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Oridonin remarkably stabilized the RARα protein, which retained transcriptional activity. Oridonin also moderately increased intracellular ROS levels, while pretreatment with the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), dramatically abrogated RARα stabilization by oridonin. More intriguingly, direct exposure to low concentrations of H2O2 also increased RARα protein but not mRNA levels, suggesting a role for ROS in oridonin stabilization of RARα protein. Further investigations showed that NAC antagonized oridonin-induced activation of NF-κB signaling, while the NF-κB signaling inhibitor, Bay 11–7082, effectively blocked the oridonin increase in RARα protein levels. In line with this, over-expression of IκΒα (A32/36), a super-repressor form of IκΒα, or NF-κB-p65 knockdown inhibited oridonin or H2O2-induced RARα stability. Finally, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), a classical activator of NF-κB signaling, modulated the stability of RARα protein. Conclusions Oridonin stabilizes RARα protein by increasing cellular ROS levels, which causes activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Yu
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying-Li Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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A novel herbal medicine, KIOM-C, induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death mediated by activation of JNK and reactive oxygen species in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98703. [PMID: 24878898 PMCID: PMC4039510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KIOM-C was recently demonstrated to have anti-metastatic activity in highly malignant cancer cells via suppression of NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 activity. In addition, it was reported to be effective for clearance of the influenza virus by increasing production of anti-viral cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, and efficacious in the treatment of pigs suffering from porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). In this study, we investigated whether KIOM-C induces cancer cell death and elucidated the underlying anti-cancer mechanisms. In addition, we examined whether KIOM-C oral administration suppresses in vivo tumor growth of HT1080 cells in athymic nude mice. We initially found that KIOM-C at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg/ml caused dose- and time-dependent cell death in cancer cells, but not normal hepatocytes, to approximately 50% of control levels. At the early stage of KIOM-C treatment (12 h), cells were arrested in G1 phase, which was accompanied by up-regulation of p21 and p27, down-regulation of cyclin D1, and subsequent increases in apoptotic and autophagic cells. Following KIOM-C treatment, the extent of caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, Beclin-1 expression, and LC3-II conversion was remarkably up-regulated, but p62 expression was down-regulated. Phosphorylation of AMPK, ULK, JNK, c-jun, and p53 was increased significantly in response to KIOM-C treatment. The levels of intracellular ROS and CHOP expression were also increased. In particular, the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 blocked KIOM-C-induced ROS generation and CHOP expression almost completely, which consequently almost completely rescued cell death, indicating that JNK activation plays a critical role in KIOM-C-induced cell death. Furthermore, daily oral administration of 85 and 170 mg/kg KIOM-C efficiently suppressed the tumorigenic growth of HT1080 cells, without systemic toxicity. These results collectively suggest that KIOM-C efficiently induces cancer cell death by both autophagy and apoptosis via activation of JNK signaling pathways, and KIOM-C represents a safe and potent herbal therapy for treating malignancies.
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Wang F, Cheng J, Liu D, Sun H, Zhao J, Wang J, Chen J, Su Y, Zou Z. P53-participated cellular and molecular responses to irradiation are cell differentiation-determined in murine intestinal epithelium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 542:21-7. [PMID: 24315958 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cells respond differently to DNA damaging agents, which may related to cell context and differentiation status. The aim of present study was to observe the cellular and molecular responses of cells in different differentiation status to ionizing irradiation (IR). METHODS Crypt-villus unit of murine small intestine was adopted as a cell differentiation model. DNA damage responses (DDRs) of crypt and villus were observed 1-24 h after 12 Gy IR using gene expression microarray analysis, immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed that most differentially expressed genes were related to p53 signaling pathway in crypt 4h after IR and in both crypt and villus 24h after IR. In crypt stem cells/progenitor cells, H2AX was phosphorylated and dephosphorylated quickly, Ki67 attenuated, cell apoptosis enhanced, phosphorylated P53 increased and translocated into nuclear with the ability to bind p53-specific sequence. In upper crypt (transit amplifying cells) and crypt-villus junction, cells kept survive and proliferate as indicated by retained Ki67 expression, suppressed p53 activation, and rare apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS DDRs varied with cell differentiation status and cell function in small intestinal epithelium. P53 signaling pathway could be an important regulatory mechanism of DDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dengquan Liu
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huiqin Sun
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiqing Zhao
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junping Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Room Number Y3.6006, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongping Su
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Ding C, Zhang Y, Chen H, Yang Z, Wild C, Ye N, Ester CD, Xiong A, White MA, Shen Q, Zhou J. Oridonin ring A-based diverse constructions of enone functionality: identification of novel dienone analogues effective for highly aggressive breast cancer by inducing apoptosis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8814-25. [PMID: 24128046 DOI: 10.1021/jm401248x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oridonin (1) has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its unique and safe anticancer pharmacological profile. Nevertheless, it exhibits moderate to poor effects against highly aggressive cancers including triple-negative and drug-resistant breast cancer cells. Herein, we report the rational design and synthesis of novel dienone derivatives with an additional α,β-unsaturated ketone system diversely installed in the A-ring based on this class of natural scaffold that features dense functionalities and stereochemistry-rich frameworks. Efficient and regioselective enone construction strategies have been established. Meanwhile, a unique 3,7-rearrangement reaction was identified to furnish an unprecedented dienone scaffold. Intriguingly, these new analogues have been demonstrated to significantly induce apoptosis and inhibit colony formation with superior antitumor effects against aggressive and drug-resistant breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo while also exhibiting comparable or lower toxicity to normal human mammary epithelial cells in comparison with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Liffers ST, Tilkorn DJ, Stricker I, Junge CG, Al-Benna S, Vogt M, Verdoodt B, Steinau HU, Tannapfel A, Tischoff I, Mirmohammadsadegh A. Salinomycin increases chemosensitivity to the effects of doxorubicin in soft tissue sarcomas. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:490. [PMID: 24144362 PMCID: PMC3854645 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas remains unsatisfactory due to their low chemosensitivity. Even the first line chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin only yields a response rate of 18-29%. The antibiotic salinomycin, a potassium ionophore, has recently been shown to be a potent compound to deplete chemoresistant cells like cancer stem like cells (CSC) in adenocarcinomas. Here, we evaluated the effect of salinomycin on sarcoma cell lines, whereby salinomycin mono- and combination treatment with doxorubicin regimens were analyzed. Methods To evaluate the effect of salinomycin on fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and liposarcoma cell lines, cells were drug exposed in single and combined treatments, respectively. The effects of the corresponding treatments were monitored by cell viability assays, cell cycle analysis, caspase 3/7 and 9 activity assays. Further we analyzed NF-κB activity; p53, p21 and PUMA transcription levels, together with p53 expression and serine 15 phosphorylation. Results The combination of salinomycin with doxorubicin enhanced caspase activation and increased the sub-G1 fraction. The combined treatment yielded higher NF-κB activity, and p53, p21 and PUMA transcription, whereas the salinomycin monotreatment did not cause any significant changes. Conclusions Salinomycin increases the chemosensitivity of sarcoma cell lines - even at sub-lethal concentrations - to the cytostatic drug doxorubicin. These findings support a strategy to decrease the doxorubicin concentration in combination with salinomycin in order to reduce toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-T Liffers
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Resonance light scattering technique as a new tool to determine the binding mode of anticancer drug oridonin to DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:380-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ding C, Zhang Y, Chen H, Yang Z, Wild C, Chu L, Liu H, Shen Q, Zhou J. Novel nitrogen-enriched oridonin analogues with thiazole-fused A-ring: protecting group-free synthesis, enhanced anticancer profile, and improved aqueous solubility. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5048-58. [PMID: 23746196 PMCID: PMC3712786 DOI: 10.1021/jm400367n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oridonin (1), a complex ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Isodon rubescens , has demonstrated great potential in the treatment of various human cancers due to its unique and safe anticancer pharmacological profile. Nevertheless, the clinical development of oridonin for cancer therapy has been hampered by its relatively moderate potency, limited aqueous solubility, and poor bioavailability. Herein, we report the concise synthesis of a series of novel nitrogen-enriched oridonin derivatives with thiazole-fused A-ring through an efficient protecting group-free synthetic strategy. Most of them, including compounds 7-11, 13, and 14, exhibited potent antiproliferative effects against breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancer cells with low micromolar to submicromolar IC50 values as well as markedly enhanced aqueous solubility. These new analogues obtained by rationally modifying the natural product have been demonstrated not only to significantly induce the apoptosis and suppress growth of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo but also effective against drug-resistant ER-positive MCF-7 clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Haijun Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Zhengduo Yang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christopher Wild
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Lili Chu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Huiling Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Tian W, Chen SY. Recent advances in the molecular basis of anti-neoplastic mechanisms of oridonin. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 19:315-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wang S, Zhong Z, Wan J, Tan W, Wu G, Chen M, Wang Y. Oridonin Induces Apoptosis, Inhibits Migration and Invasion on Highly-Metastatic Human Breast Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:177-96. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oridonin, a natural tetracycline diterpenoid isolated from Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens, has been reported to be a potent cytotoxic agent against a wide variety of tumors. However, its effect on highly metastatic breast cancer cells has not been addressed. In this study, we investigated the effects of oridonin on growth, migration and invasion of highly-metastatic human breast cancer cells. Our results showed that oridonin induced potent growth inhibition on human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. According to the flow cytometric analysis, oridonin suppressed MCF-7 cell growth by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and caused accumulation of MDA-MB-231 cells in the Sub-G1 phase. The induced apoptotic effect of oridonin was further confirmed by a morphologic characteristics assay and TUNEL assay. Oridonin triggered the reduction of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, caspase-8, NF-κB (p65), IKKα, IKKβ, phospho-mTOR, and increased expression level of cleaved PARP, Fas and PPARγ in a time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent analysis showed that γH2AX-containing nuclear foci were significant in oridonin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Meanwhile, oridonin significantly suppressed MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion, decreased MMP-2/MMP-9 activation and inhibited the expression of Integrin β1 and FAK. In conclusion, oridonin inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells, which might be related to DNA damage and activation of intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Moreover, oridonin also inhibited tumor invasion and metastasis in vitro possibly via decreasing the expression of MMPs and regulating the Integrin β1/FAK pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Jianbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Liu Z, Ouyang L, Peng H, Zhang WZ. Oridonin: targeting programmed cell death pathways as an anti-tumour agent. Cell Prolif 2013; 45:499-507. [PMID: 23106297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oridonin, an active diterpenoid isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has drawn rising attention for its remarkable apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing activity and relevant molecular mechanisms in cancer therapy. Apoptosis is a well known type of cell death, whereas autophagy can play either pro-survival or pro-death roles in cancer cells. Accumulating evidence has recently revealed relationships between apoptosis and autophagy induced by oridonin; however, molecular mechanisms behind them remain to be discovered. In this review, we focus on highlighting updated research on oridonin-induced cell death signalling pathways implicated in apoptosis and autophagy, in many types of cancer. In addition, we further discuss cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy induced by oridonin, in cancer. Taken together, these findings open new perspectives for further exploring oridonin as a potential anti-tumour agent targeting apoptosis and autophagy, in future anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Hepato-biliary Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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26
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Huang M, Lu JJ, Huang MQ, Bao JL, Chen XP, Wang YT. Terpenoids: natural products for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1801-18. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.727395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Context-Dependent Regulation of Autophagy by IKK-NF-κB Signaling: Impact on the Aging Process. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:849541. [PMID: 22899934 PMCID: PMC3412117 DOI: 10.1155/2012/849541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signaling system and the autophagic degradation pathway are crucial cellular survival mechanisms, both being well conserved during evolution. Emerging studies have indicated that the IKK/NF-κB signaling axis regulates autophagy in a context-dependent manner. IKK complex and NF-κB can enhance the expression of Beclin 1 and other autophagy-related proteins and stimulate autophagy whereas as a feedback response, autophagy can degrade IKK components. Moreover, NF-κB signaling activates the expression of autophagy inhibitors (e.g., A20 and Bcl-2/xL) and represses the activators of autophagy (BNIP3, JNK1, and ROS). Several studies have indicated that NF-κB signaling is enhanced both during aging and cellular senescence, inducing a proinflammatory phenotype. The aging process is also associated with a decline in autophagic degradation. It seems that the activity of Beclin 1 initiation complex could be impaired with aging, since the expression of Beclin 1 decreases as does the activity of type III PI3K. On the other hand, the expression of inhibitory Bcl-2/xL proteins increases with aging. We will review the recent literature on the control mechanisms of autophagy through IKK/NF-κB signaling and emphasize that NF-κB signaling could be a potent repressor of autophagy with ageing.
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Wang XJ, Chu NY, Wang QH, Liu C, Jiang CG, Wang XY, Ikejima T, Cheng MS. Newly synthesized bis-benzimidazole derivatives exerting anti-tumor activity through induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6297-300. [PMID: 22959518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new series of bis-benzimidazole derivatives were designed and synthesized. Most of these new compounds showed significant anti-tumor activity in vitro compared to Hoechst 33258. Among them, the most potent compound 8 had the IC(50) values of 0.56μM for HL60 (Human promyelocytic leukemia cells) tumor cell line and 0.58μM for U937 (Human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cells) tumor cell line. Subsequent toxicity study on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed that compound 8 exhibited less toxicity than 5-FU. We also found that apoptosis and autophagy were simultaneously induced by compound 8 in HL60 cells, and inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA decreased compound 8-induced apoptosis, indicating that they acted in synergy to exert tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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29
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Wen L, Cui G. Molecular mechanisms underlying the time-dependent autophagy and apoptosis induced by nutrient depletion in multiple myeloma: a pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:1-8. [PMID: 22282237 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the time-dependent autophagy and apoptosis induced by nutrient depletion in human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 cells. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the transcriptional levels of Deptor, JNK1, JNK2, JNK3, Raf-1, p53, p21 and NFκB1 at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h after nutrient depletion in RPMI8226 cells. We found that transcriptional levels of Deptor were increased time-dependently at 0, 6, 12 and 18 h, and then decreased. Its alternation was consistent with autophagy. Transcriptional levels of Raf-1, JNK1, JNK2, p53 and p21 were increased time-dependently at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h accompanying with the increase of apoptosis. Transcriptional levels of NFκB1 at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h were decreased as compared with 0 h. It was suggested that all the studied signaling molecules were involved in cellular response to nutrient depletion in RPMI8226 cells. Deptor contributed to autophagy in this process. Raf-1/JNK /p53/p21 pathway may be involved in apoptosis, and NFκB1 may play a possible role in inhibiting apoptosis. It remained to be studied whether Deptor was involved in both autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Wen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guohui Cui
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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30
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Zang L, Xu Q, Ye Y, Li X, Liu Y, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Autophagy enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by oridonin-treated human histocytic lymphoma U937 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 518:31-41. [PMID: 22155150 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages rapidly engulf and remove apoptotic cells to limit the release of noxious cellular contents and to restrict autoimmune disease or inflammation. Recent developments reveal an important role in autophagy for clearance of apoptotic corpses. However, the relationship between autophagy and phagocytosis remains unclear. In this study we found that low doses of oridonin, an active diterpenoid, enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophage-like U937 cells, meanwhile it also induced autophagy in these U937 cells. Moreover, inhibition of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-1 significantly suppressed oridonin-induced phagocytosis and autophagy. In addition, oridonin increased the protein levels of p-ERK, NF-κB, caspase-1 and pro IL-1β. Autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) decreased phagocytosis and the expression of ERK whereas increased the expression of NF-κB- and caspase-1-mediated IL-1β release. Beclin-1 (known as autophagic regulator) loss also led to the similar results. Pretreatment with autophagic agonist rapamycin caused opposite results. Autophagy-associated proteins, Beclin-1, LC3 and Atg4B, involved in this phagocytosis process. These results demonstrated that autophagy enhanced oridonin-induced phagocytosis through feedback regulation of ERK, NF-κB- and caspase-1-mediated IL-1β release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghe Zang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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31
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Liu W, Zhao B, Li YC, Liu HM. NMR spectra and structures of oridonin derivatives complexes with β-cyclodextrin. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:611-615. [PMID: 21815208 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Complexations between three oridonin derivatives and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method. Job's plots for complexes were depicted by (1)H NMR spectra chemical shifts, which proved the 1:1 stoichiometry inclusion complex formation between each derivative and βCD. Two-dimensional rotating frame overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D ROESY) support the above conclusion and also proved that ring A of each oridonin derivative deeply enters into hydrophobic cavity from the wider rim and the other parts are outside the cavity. Apparent formation constants (Ka) of complexes between three oridonin derivatives and two CDs are calculated according to Scott's equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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32
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Tang J, Zhao M, Wang Y, Kang G, Wu J, Zheng M, Peng S. One single HPLC-PDA/(-)ESI-MS/MS analysis to simultaneously determine 30 components of the aqueous extract of Rabdosia rubescens. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2783-93. [PMID: 21872539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In China the leaves of Rabdosia rubescens have been cooked in water and widely drank to treat inflammatory and pain related diseases. To explore the components that were possibly absorbed by people the aqueous extract of the leaves was prepared, and one single HPLC-PDA/(-)ESI-MS/MS analysis was developed to simultaneously determine the components. Using the HPLC-PDA analysis 39 peaks were found in the aqueous extract, while using the (-)ESI-MS/MS analysis we were able to identify 30 peaks represented components, including 5 nucleic acids, 21 phenolic acids and 4 diterpenoids. On mouse models the in vivo anti-inflammation and analgesic actions demonstrate that 0.32 g/kg of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Rabdosia rubescens can effectively inhibit the inflammation-induced chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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33
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Tan W, Lu J, Huang M, Li Y, Chen M, Wu G, Gong J, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Dang Y, Guo J, Chen X, Wang Y. Anti-cancer natural products isolated from chinese medicinal herbs. Chin Med 2011. [PMID: 21777476 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6- 27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of natural products isolated from Chinese herbs have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, suppress angiogenesis, retard metastasis and enhance chemotherapy, exhibiting anti-cancer potential both in vitro and in vivo. This article summarizes recent advances in in vitro and in vivo research on the anti-cancer effects and related mechanisms of some promising natural products. These natural products are also reviewed for their therapeutic potentials, including flavonoids (gambogic acid, curcumin, wogonin and silibinin), alkaloids (berberine), terpenes (artemisinin, β-elemene, oridonin, triptolide, and ursolic acid), quinones (shikonin and emodin) and saponins (ginsenoside Rg3), which are isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. In particular, the discovery of the new use of artemisinin derivatives as excellent anti-cancer drugs is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Rd., Binjiang Dist., Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1 Huatuo Rd., Shangjie University Town, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuanye Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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34
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Tan W, Lu J, Huang M, Li Y, Chen M, Wu G, Gong J, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Dang Y, Guo J, Chen X, Wang Y. Anti-cancer natural products isolated from chinese medicinal herbs. Chin Med 2011; 6:27. [PMID: 21777476 PMCID: PMC3149025 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of natural products isolated from Chinese herbs have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, suppress angiogenesis, retard metastasis and enhance chemotherapy, exhibiting anti-cancer potential both in vitro and in vivo. This article summarizes recent advances in in vitro and in vivo research on the anti-cancer effects and related mechanisms of some promising natural products. These natural products are also reviewed for their therapeutic potentials, including flavonoids (gambogic acid, curcumin, wogonin and silibinin), alkaloids (berberine), terpenes (artemisinin, β-elemene, oridonin, triptolide, and ursolic acid), quinones (shikonin and emodin) and saponins (ginsenoside Rg3), which are isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. In particular, the discovery of the new use of artemisinin derivatives as excellent anti-cancer drugs is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Rd., Binjiang Dist., Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1 Huatuo Rd., Shangjie University Town, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuanye Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Toma's Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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35
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Duan WJ, Li QS, Xia MY, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin activated p53 and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells via reactive oxygen species-p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:47-53. [PMID: 21212516 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research demonstrated that hepatic-protectant silibinin induced autophagy in human fibro-sarcoma HT1080 cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway. Pifithrin-α (PFT-α), a specific inhibitor of p53, reduced autophagy and reversed silibinin's growth-inhibitory effect; besides, PFT-α decreased the activation of caspase-3, a crucial executor of apoptosis. Silibinin upregulated expression of p53/phosphorylated-p53 (p-p53) in a time-dependent manner. Catalase (scavenger of H(2)O(2)), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (scavenger of O(2)(•-)), and SB203580 (inhibitor of p38) attenuated upregulation of p53 expression, suggesting that p53 might be partially regulated by ROS-p38 pathway. On the other hand, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) increased autophagic death in silibinin-treated cells, and JNK/p-JNK expression was upregulated by silibinin time-dependently. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 did not influence generation of ROS. Scavengers of H(2)O(2) or O(2)(•-) showed no effect on expression of JNK/p-JNK, indicating that JNK might not correlate with ROS in this process. However, activation of p53 was suppressed by SP600125; therefore the function of p53 was possibly controlled by JNK as well. Western blotting analysis showed that PFT-α reduced activation of extracellular regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and expression of protein kinase B (PKB, or Akt)/p-Akt. PD98059 (inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK) and wortmannin (inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt) enhanced silibinin's cytotoxicity. Wortmannin augmented silibinin-induced autophagy, while PD98059 did not affect autophagic ratio. These results suggest that silibinin might induce p53-mediated autophagic cell death by activating ROS-p38 and JNK pathways, as well as inhibiting MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Duan
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Jilani K, Qadri SM, Zelenak C, Lang F. Stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death by oridonin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 511:14-20. [PMID: 21575590 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oridonin triggers apoptosis of cancer cells and was suggested as anticancer agent. Oridonin is partially effective through mitochondrial depolarization and partially by modifying gene expression. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria and nuclei but may undergo eryptosis, a suicidal cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity, ATP depletion and ceramide formation. The present study explored, whether oridonin triggers eryptosis. Cytosolic Ca(2+)-concentration was estimated from Fluo3-fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, phosphatidylserine exposure from binding of fluorescent annexin V, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, ATP concentration utilizing a luciferin-luciferase assay and ceramide abundance utilizing fluorescent anti-ceramide antibodies. A 48 h exposure to oridonin (≥25μM) significantly increased cytosolic Ca(2+)-concentration, increased ceramide formation, decreased forward scatter and triggered annexin V-binding (the latter in >20% of the erythrocytes). Oridonin didn't decrease ATP concentration and hemolysed <5% of erythrocytes. The effects of oridonin on annexin V binding were partially reversed in the nominal absence of Ca(2+) and by the addition of amiloride (1mM). The present observations reveal a completely novel effect of oridonin, i.e. triggering of Ca(2+) entry and ceramide formation as well as suicidal death of erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Jilani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstraße 5, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Li CY, Wang EQ, Cheng Y, Bao JK. Oridonin: An active diterpenoid targeting cell cycle arrest, apoptotic and autophagic pathways for cancer therapeutics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:701-4. [PMID: 21295154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that cell cycle arrest and/or death play a pivotal role in tumor progression, which has drawn a rising attention for cancer biologists due to their complex and intricate relationships. In this review, we demonstrate the recent research on oridonin, an active diterpenoid with remarkable anti-proliferative activities, and then further explore its molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and their cross-talks in various cancer cells, which may provide a new perspective of oridonin as a candidate anti-neoplastic drug for future cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yang Li
- School of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Li X, Zhao Y, Wu WK, Liu S, Cui M, Lou H. Solamargine induces apoptosis associated with p53 transcription-dependent and transcription-independent pathways in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Life Sci 2011; 88:314-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Duan WJ, Li QS, Xia MY, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin activated ROS-p38-NF-κB positive feedback and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2011; 13:27-35. [PMID: 21253947 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2010.540757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Our previous results demonstrated that silibinin induced autophagic and apoptotic cell death dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS especially H(2)O(2) and [image omitted] ) in HT1080 cells. In this study, we further show that p38-NF-κB pathway is involved in silibinin-induced ROS-mediated autophagy. Cells were pretreated with serum-free media for 24 h before being treated with silibinin. Generation of ROS and autophagy was detected in 15 min and 1 h, respectively. Development of autophagy was supported by an upregulated expression of Beclin-1 and conversion of light chain (LC3-I-LC3-II). Expression of p38/p-p38 and transposition of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nuclei were also increased. Inhibitors of p38 and NF-κB and scavengers of H(2)O(2) and O(2)(*-) reduced both generation of ROS and simultaneous occurrence of silibinin-induced autophagy. Besides, expression of p38/p-p38 and transposition of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nuclei were decreased by these two ROS scavengers. ROS and p38-NF-κB pathway were possibly cooperated in a positive feedback mechanism. Inhibition of p38, NF-κB, H(2)O(2), or O(2)(*-) rescued cells from silibinin-induced death in a long-term (12 h) manner. According to the previous study that silibinin-induced autophagy was a positive regulator of apoptotic cell death, it was possible that ROS and p38-NF-κB mediated silibinin-induced autophagy and eventually led to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Duan
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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40
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Becatti M, Prignano F, Fiorillo C, Pescitelli L, Nassi P, Lotti T, Taddei N. The involvement of Smac/DIABLO, p53, NF-kB, and MAPK pathways in apoptosis of keratinocytes from perilesional vitiligo skin: Protective effects of curcumin and capsaicin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1309-21. [PMID: 20085492 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been suggested as the initial pathogenetic event in melanocyte degeneration in vitiligo. Our previous results indicate that keratinocytes from perilesional skin show the features of damaged cells. In the present study, biopsies were taken from the perilesional skin of 12 patients suffering from nonsegmental vitiligo. The intracellular pathways involved in keratinocyte damage and apoptosis and the antioxidant protection of curcumin and capsaicin in these cells were investigated. In keratinocytes from perilesional vitiligo skin, we observed high levels of activated p38, NF-kB p65 subunit, p53, and Smac/DIABLO proteins. In contrast, low levels of ERK phosphorylation were present. To investigate the relationship between these pathways, we used specific inhibitors and evaluated the alteration of each pathway. For the first time, our study demonstrates the pivotal role of p38 MAP kinase as an upstream signal of perilesional keratinocyte damage, and the important contribution of p38 and NF-kB on p53 accumulation. Curcumin and capsaicin also increase ERK phosphorylation, thus inhibiting apoptosis. Moreover, pretreatment with such natural antioxidants inhibited caspase activation, increased total antioxidant capacity, repressed intracellular ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, and improved mitochondrial activity. These results suggest that antioxidants might represent an alternative approach to protect against vitiligo progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Becatti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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Wong AM, Zhang Y, Kesler K, Deng M, Burhenn L, Wang D, Moro A, Li Z, Heber D. Genomic and in vivo evidence of synergy of a herbal extract compared to its most active ingredient: Rabdosia rubescens vs. oridonin. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:1013-1017. [PMID: 22993634 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabdosia rubescens is a herbal root extract of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat inflammatory diseases and oral cancers. A key principle of TCM is that multiple ingredients in a plant extract are more effective and less toxic than a single purified active ingredient or a purified drug derived from a plant product. Rabdosia rubescens extract (RRE) contains terpenoids and flavonoids, but the most active ingredient within the extract attributed to the inhibition of cancer is the kaurene diterpene, oridonin. In order to research synergy with a complete plant extract, the effects of RRE on the inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation were compared to the effects of pure oridonin alone in vitro. Three groups of 8 SCID mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts (LAPC-4) were administered either RRE containing 0.02 mg/g oridonin, pure oridonin at a dose of 0.02 mg/g, or pure oridonin at a dose of 0.1 mg/g, by gavage for 5 days/week for 4 weeks. RRE and pure oridonin at 0.1 mg/g inhibited tumor growth to a similar extent, while oridonin at a dose of 0.02 mg/g did not. Therefore, in comparison to RRE, five times more pure oridonin was required to obtain equivalent prostate xenograft growth inhibition. Since the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and inflammation are implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, gene microarray analysis was conducted and demonstrated activation of genes by RRE that was not evident with oridonin treatment alone. This study demonstrated that genomic methods and xenograft studies are capable of demonstrating the benefits of the synergy of whole plant extracts rather than active ingredients isolated and purified as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Wong
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kang N, Zhang JH, Qiu F, Chen S, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Induction of G(2)/M phase arrest and apoptosis by oridonin in human laryngeal carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1058-1063. [PMID: 20496901 DOI: 10.1021/np9008199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oridonin (1), an active component isolated from the plant Rabdosia rubescens, has been reported to exhibit antitumor effects. In this study, the mechanism involved in 1-induced growth inhibition, including apoptosis and G(2)/M phase arrest, in human laryngeal carcinoma HEp-2 cells deficient in functional p53, was investigated for the first time. Compound 1 triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as indicated by increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), and substantial increase in apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c. Inhibition of caspase-9 in HEp-2 cells did not protect the cells from 1-induced apoptosis, and cleaved caspase-9 was not detected, indicating that apoptosis occurred via a caspase-9-independent pathway. The results also suggested that G(2)/M phase arrest and apoptosis mediated by 1 occurred via a p53-independent but in a p21/WAF1-dependent manner in HEp-2 cells. In addition, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to be a critical mediator in growth inhibition induced by 1. Taken together, the results indicate that oridonin (1) is a potentially effective agent for the treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
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