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Thakur A, Rana M, Ritika, Mathew J, Nepali S, Pan CH, Liou JP, Nepali K. Small molecule tractable PARP inhibitors: Scaffold construction approaches, mechanistic insights and structure activity relationship. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106893. [PMID: 37783100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse drug design strategies viz. molecular hybridization, substituent installation, scaffold hopping, isosteric replacement, high-throughput screening, induction and separation of chirality, structure modifications of phytoconstituents and use of structural templates have been exhaustively leveraged in the last decade to load the chemical toolbox of PARP inhibitors. Resultantly, numerous promising scaffolds have been pinpointed that in turn have led to the resuscitation of the credence to PARP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. This review briefly presents the physiological functions of PARPs, the pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, and the interaction profiles of FDA-approved PARP inhibitors. Comprehensively covered is the section on the drug design strategies employed by drug discovery enthusiasts for furnishing PARP inhibitors. The impact of structural variations in the template of designed scaffolds on enzymatic and cellular activity (structure-activity relationship studies) has been discussed. The insights gained through the biological evaluation such as profiling of physicochemical properties andin vitroADME properties, PK assessments, and high-dose pharmacology are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Mandeep Rana
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Ritika
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Jacob Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Sanya Nepali
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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Eleazer R, Fondufe‐Mittendorf YN. The multifaceted role of PARP1 in RNA biogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2021; 12:e1617. [PMID: 32656996 PMCID: PMC7856298 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are abundant nuclear proteins that synthesize ADP ribose polymers (pADPr) and catalyze the addition of (p)ADPr to target biomolecules. PARP1, the most abundant and well-studied PARP, is a multifunctional enzyme that participates in numerous critical cellular processes. A considerable amount of PARP research has focused on PARP1's role in DNA damage. However, an increasing body of evidence outlines more routine roles for PARP and PARylation in nearly every step of RNA biogenesis and metabolism. PARP1's involvement in these RNA processes is pleiotropic and has been ascribed to PARP1's unique flexible domain structures. PARP1 domains are modular self-arranged enabling it to recognize structurally diverse substrates and to act simultaneously through multiple discrete mechanisms. These mechanisms include direct PARP1-protein binding, PARP1-nucleic acid binding, covalent PARylation of target molecules, covalent autoPARylation, and induction of noncovalent interactions with PAR molecules. A combination of these mechanisms has been implicated in PARP1's context-specific regulation of RNA biogenesis and metabolism. We examine the mechanisms of PARP1 regulation in transcription initiation, elongation and termination, co-transcriptional splicing, RNA export, and post-transcriptional RNA processing. Finally, we consider promising new investigative avenues for PARP1 involvement in these processes with an emphasis on PARP1 regulation of subcellular condensates. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Eleazer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Yvonne N. Fondufe‐Mittendorf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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OKAMOTO H, TAKASAWA S. Okamoto model for necrosis and its expansions, CD38-cyclic ADP-ribose signal system for intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and Reg (Regenerating gene protein)-Reg receptor system for cell regeneration. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:423-461. [PMID: 34629354 PMCID: PMC8553518 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic islet cell culture models and animal models, we studied the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes. The diabetogenic agents, alloxan and streptozotocin, caused DNA strand breaks, which in turn activated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/synthetase (PARP) to deplete NAD+, thereby inhibiting islet β-cell functions such as proinsulin synthesis and ultimately leading to β-cell necrosis. Radical scavengers protected against the formation of DNA strand breaks and inhibition of proinsulin synthesis. Inhibitors of PARP prevented the NAD+ depletion, inhibition of proinsulin synthesis and β-cell death. These findings led to the proposed unifying concept for β-cell damage and its prevention (the Okamoto model). The model met one proof with PARP knockout animals and was further extended by the discovery of cyclic ADP-ribose as the second messenger for Ca2+ mobilization in glucose-induced insulin secretion and by the identification of Reg (Regenerating gene) for β-cell regeneration. Physiological and pathological events found in pancreatic β-cells have been observed in other cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi OKAMOTO
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin TAKASAWA
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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Badawy AB. Immunotherapy of COVID-19 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: starting with nicotinamide. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20202856. [PMID: 33063092 PMCID: PMC7601349 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 induces a proinflammatory environment that is stronger in patients requiring intensive care. The cytokine components of this environment may determine efficacy or otherwise of glucocorticoid therapy. The immunity modulators, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the nuclear NAD+-consuming enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP 1) may play a critical role in COVID-19 pathophysiology. The AhR is overexpressed in coronaviruses, including COVID-19 and, as it regulates PARP gene expression, the latter is likely to be activated in COVID-19. PARP 1 activation leads to cell death mainly by depletion of NAD+ and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), especially when availability of these energy mediators is compromised. PARP expression is enhanced in other lung conditions: the pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). I propose that PARP 1 activation is the terminal point in a sequence of events culminating in patient mortality and should be the focus of COVID-19 immunotherapy. Potent PARP 1 inhibitors are undergoing trials in cancer, but a readily available inhibitor, nicotinamide (NAM), which possesses a highly desirable biochemical and activity profile, merits exploration. It conserves NAD+ and prevents ATP depletion by PARP 1 and Sirtuin 1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1) inhibition, enhances NAD+ synthesis, and hence that of NADP+ which is a stronger PARP inhibitor, reverses lung injury caused by ischaemia/reperfusion, inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and is effective against HIV infection. These properties qualify NAM for therapeutic use initially in conjunction with standard clinical care or combined with other agents, and subsequently as an adjunct to stronger PARP 1 inhibitors or other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A.-B. Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K
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Redox Control of IL-6-Mediated Dental Pulp Stem-Cell Differentiation on Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Biocomposites for Bone Ingrowth. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121656. [PMID: 31766398 PMCID: PMC6955885 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Composites and porous scaffolds produced with biodegradable natural polymers are very promising constructs which show high biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties, with the possibility to be functionalized with growth factors involved in bone formation. For this purpose, alginate/hydroxyapatite (Alg/HAp) composite scaffolds using a novel production design were successfully developed and tested for their biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties in vitro. Redox homeostasis is crucial for dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) differentiation and mineralized matrix deposition, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was found to be involved not only in immunomodulation but also in cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, we evaluated molecular pathways underlying the intracellular balance between redox homeostasis and extracellular matrix mineralization of DPSCs in the presence of composite scaffolds made of alginate and nano-hydroxyapatite (Alg/HAp). Prostaglandin-2 (PGE2) and IL-6 secretion was monitored by ELISA assays, and protein expression levels were quantified by Western blotting. This work aims to demonstrate a relationship between DPSC capacity to secrete a mineralized matrix in the presence of Alg/HAp scaffolds and their immunomodulatory properties. The variation of the molecular axis Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)/PGE2/IL-6 suggests a tight intracellular balance between oxidative stress responses and DPSC differentiation in the presence of Alg/HAp scaffolds.
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Yanez M, Jhanji M, Murphy K, Gower RM, Sajish M, Jabbarzadeh E. Nicotinamide Augments the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Resveratrol through PARP1 Activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10219. [PMID: 31308445 PMCID: PMC6629694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) and nicotinamide (NAM) have garnered considerable attention due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. NAM is a transient inhibitor of class III histone deacetylase SIRTs (silent mating type information regulation 2 homologs) and SIRT1 is an inhibitor of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1). The debate on the relationship between RSV and SIRT1 has precluded the use of RSV as a therapeutic drug. Recent work demonstrated that RSV facilitates tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS)-dependent activation of PARP1. Moreover, treatment with NAM is sufficient to facilitate the nuclear localization of TyrRS that activates PARP1. RSV and NAM have emerged as potent agonists of PARP1 through inhibition of SIRT1. In this study, we evaluated the effects of RSV and NAM on pro-inflammatory macrophages. Our results demonstrate that treatment with either RSV or NAM attenuates the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Strikingly, the combination of RSV with NAM, exerts additive effects on PARP1 activation. Consistently, treatment with PARP1 inhibitor antagonized the anti-inflammatory effect of both RSV and NAM. For the first time, we report the ability of NAM to augment PARP1 activation, induced by RSV, and its associated anti-inflammatory effects mediated through the induction of BCL6 with the concomitant down regulation of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yanez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Megha Jhanji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kendall Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - R Michael Gower
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mathew Sajish
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ehsan Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Shou Q, Fu H, Huang X, Yang Y. PARP-1 controls NK cell recruitment to the site of viral infection. JCI Insight 2019; 4:121291. [PMID: 31217354 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation and recruitment of NK cells to the site of viral infection are crucial for virus control. However, it remains largely unknown what controls the recruitment of the activated NK cells to the infection site. In a model of intraperitoneal infection with vaccinia virus (VV), we showed that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a sensor of DNA damage, is critical for NK cell recruitment to the site of infection and viral control in vivo. We further demonstrated that PARP-1 promotes the production of CCL2 and that the CCL2-CCR2 axis is essential for NK cell recruitment to the infection site. In addition, we demonstrated that peritoneal macrophages are the main producer of PARP-1-dependent CCL2 secretion. Mechanistically, PARP-1 functions as a regulator of NF-κB by promoting its nuclear translocation and binding to its response sequences in macrophages upon VV infection. Taken together, our results reveal a potentially previously unknown role for PARP-1-dependent CCL2 production in NK cell migration and viral control and may provide important insights into the design of effective NK cell-based therapies for viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Shou
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Fu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopei Huang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Vida A, Kardos G, Kovács T, Bodrogi BL, Bai P. Deletion of poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase-1 changes the composition of the microbiome in the gut. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4335-4341. [PMID: 30221733 PMCID: PMC6172391 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 is the prototypical PARP enzyme well known for its role in DNA repair and as a pro-inflammatory protein. Since PARP1 is an important co-factor of several other pro-inflammatory proteins, in the present study the possible changes in microbial flora of PARP1 knockout mice were investigated. Samples from the duodenum, cecum and feces from wild type and PARP1 knockout C57BL/6J male mice were collected and 16S ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced. Based on the sequencing results, the microbiome and compared samples throughout the lower part of the gastrointestinal system were reconstructed. The present results demonstrated that the lack of PARP1 enzyme only disturbed the microbial flora of the duodenum, where the biodiversity increased in the knockout animals on the species level but decreased on the order level. The most prominent change was the overwhelming abundance of the family Porphyromonadaceae in the duodenum of PARP1−/− animals, which disappeared in the cecum and feces where families were spread out more evenly than in the wild type animals. The findings of the present study may improve current understanding of the role of PARP1 in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Vida
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H‑4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kardos
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H‑4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H‑4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs L Bodrogi
- Department of Urology, Borsod‑Abaúj‑Zemplén County Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, H‑3525 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H‑4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Li Y, Zhang T, Huang Q, Sun Y, Chang X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Han X. Inhibition of tumor suppressor p53 preserves glycation-serum induced pancreatic beta-cell demise. Endocrine 2016; 54:383-395. [PMID: 27160820 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is a transcriptional factor that determines cell fate in response to multiple stressors, such as oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, in the majority of cells. However, its role in pancreatic beta cells is not well documented. Our previous research has revealed that glycation-serum (GS) induced pancreatic beta-cell demise through the AGEs-RAGE pathway. In the present study, we investigated the role of p53 in GS-related beta-cell demise. Using pancreatic islets beta-cell line INS-1 cells, we found that with GS treatment, the transcriptional activity of p53 was significantly evoked due to the increased amount of nuclear p53 protein. Resveratrol (RSV) was capable of further enhancing this transcriptional ability and consequently increased the population of dead beta cells under GS exposure. In contrast, inhibiting this transcriptional activity via p53 interference greatly protected beta cells from the damage provoked by GS, as well as damage strengthened by RSV. However, the pharmacological activation of PPARγ with troglitazone (TRO) only suppressed GS-induced, not RSV-induced, p53 activity. Moreover, the activation of PPARγ greatly preserved beta cells from GS-induced death. This protective effect recurred due to improved mitochondrial function with Bcl2 overexpression. Further, p53 activation could induce cellular apoptosis in primary rat islets. Our findings explore the broader role of p53 in regulating pancreatic beta-cell demise in the presence of GS and may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - X Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Diabetes Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Atf3 negatively regulates Ptgs2/Cox2 expression during acute inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 116-117:49-56. [PMID: 25619459 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By generating prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2/Ptgs2) plays a critical role in regulating inflammatory responses. While several inflammatory stimuli have been shown to increase Ptgs2 expression, less is known about how the transcription of this gene is terminated. Here we show that stimulation of macrophages with yeast zymosan, a TLR2/6 and dectin-1 agonist, causes a transient increase in the expression of Ptgs2 accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the expression of the transcriptional repressor, activating transcription factor-3 (Atf3). The expression of Ptgs2 was significantly higher in resident peritoneal macrophages isolated from Atf3(-/-) mice than that from Atf3(+/+) mice and was associated with higher prostaglandin production upon stimulation with zymosan. In activated macrophages, Atf3 accumulated in the nucleus and chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Atf3 is recruited to the Ptgs2 promoter region. In acute peritonitis and in cutaneous wounds, there was increased leukocyte accumulation and higher levels of prostaglandins (PGE2/PGD2) in inflammatory exudates of Atf3(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that during acute inflammation Atf3 negatively regulates Ptgs2 and therefore dysregulation of this axis could potentially contribute to aberrant Ptgs2 expression in chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, this axis could be a new therapeutic target for suppressing Ptgs2 expression and the resultant inflammatory responses.
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Kiss B, Szántó M, Szklenár M, Brunyánszki A, Marosvölgyi T, Sárosi E, Remenyik É, Gergely P, Virág L, Decsi T, Rühl R, Bai P. Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase-1 ablation alters eicosanoid and docosanoid signaling and metabolism in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2861-7. [PMID: 25482287 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP)‑1 is a pro‑inflammatory protein. The inhibition of PARP‑1 reduces the activity of numerous pro‑inflammatory transcription factors, which results in the reduced production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase, culminating in reduced inflammation of the skin and other organs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the deletion of PARP‑1 expression on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA metabolite composition, in mice under control conditions or undergoing an oxazolone (OXA)‑induced contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHS). CHS was elicited using OXA in both the PARP‑1+/+ and PARP‑1/ mice, and the concentration of PUFAs and PUFA metabolites in the diseased skin were assessed using lipidomics experiments. The levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were shown to be increased in the PARP‑1/ mice, as compared with the control, unsensitized PARP‑1+/+ mice. In addition, higher expression levels of fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) were detected in the PARP‑1/ mice. FABP7 is considered to be a specific carrier of DHA and EPA. Furthermore, the levels of the metabolites of DHA and EPA (considered mainly as anti‑inflammatory or pro‑resolving factors) were higher, as compared with the metabolites of arachidonic acid (considered mainly pro‑inflammatory), both in the unsensitized control and OXA‑sensitized PARP‑1/ mice. The results of the present study suggest that the genetic deletion of PARP‑1 may affect the PUFA‑homeostasis of the skin, resulting in an anti‑inflammatory milieu, including increased DHA and EPA levels, and DHA and EPA metabolite levels. This may be an important component of the anti‑inflammatory action of PARP‑1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Szántó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Brunyánszki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Eszter Sárosi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H‑4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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Joshi A, Mahfooz S, Maurya VK, Kumar V, Basanna CS, Kaur G, Hanif K, Jha RK. PARP1 during embryo implantation and its upregulation by oestradiol in mice. Reproduction 2014; 147:765-80. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy requires successful implantation of an embryo, which occurs during a restricted period defined as ‘receptivity of the endometrium’ and is influenced by the ovarian steroids progesterone and oestradiol. The role of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) in apoptosis is well established. However, it is also involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. Previous studies have described the presence of PARP in the uterus, but its exact role in embryo implantation is not yet elucidated. Hence, in this study, we studied the expression of PARP1 in the uterus during embryo implantation and decidualisation, and its regulation by ovarian steroids. Our results show upregulation of the native form of PARP1 (∼116 kDa) in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments of implantation and non-implantation sites at day 5 (0500 h), followed by downregulation at day 5 (1000 h), during the embryo implantation period. The transcript level of Parp1 was also augmented during day 5 (0500 h). Inhibition of PARP1 activity by the drug EB-47 decreased the number of embryo implantation sites and blastocysts at day 5 (1000 h). Further, cleavage of native PARP1 was due to the activity of caspase-3 during the peri-implantation stage (day 5 (0500 h)), and is also required for embryo implantation, as inhibition of its activity compromised blastocyst implantation. The native (∼116 kDa) and cleaved (∼89 kDa) forms of PARP1 were both elevated during decidualisation of the uterus. Furthermore, the expression level of PARP1 in the uterus was found to be under the control of the hormone oestrogen. Our results clearly demonstrate that PARP1 participates in the process of embryo implantation.
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Weaver AN, Yang ES. Beyond DNA Repair: Additional Functions of PARP-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:290. [PMID: 24350055 PMCID: PMC3841914 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are DNA-dependent nuclear enzymes that transfer negatively charged ADP-ribose moieties from cellular nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to a variety of protein substrates, altering protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The most studied of these enzymes is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which is an excellent therapeutic target in cancer due to its pivotal role in the DNA damage response. Clinical studies have shown susceptibility to PARP inhibitors in DNA repair defective cancers with only mild adverse side effects. Interestingly, additional studies are emerging which demonstrate a role for this therapy in DNA repair proficient tumors through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss additional functions of PARP-1 - including regulation of inflammatory mediators, cellular energetics and death pathways, gene transcription, sex hormone- and ERK-mediated signaling, and mitosis - and the role these PARP-1-mediated processes play in oncogenesis, cancer progression, and the development of therapeutic resistance. As PARP-1 can act in both a pro- and anti-tumor manner depending on the context, it is important to consider the global effects of this protein in determining when, and how, to best use PARP inhibitors in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice N. Weaver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Swindall AF, Stanley JA, Yang ES. PARP-1: Friend or Foe of DNA Damage and Repair in Tumorigenesis? Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:943-58. [PMID: 24202328 PMCID: PMC3795373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species can result in DNA damage within cells and subsequently increase risk for carcinogenesis. This may be averted by repair of DNA damage through the base or nucleotide excision repair (BER/NER) pathways. PARP, a BER protein, is known for its role in DNA-repair. However, multiple lesions can occur within a small range of DNA, known as oxidative clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs), which are difficult to repair and may lead to the more severe DNA double-strand break (DSB). Inefficient DSB repair can then result in increased mutagenesis and neoplastic transformation. OCDLs occur more frequently within a variety of tumor tissues. Interestingly, PARP is highly expressed in several human cancers. Additionally, chronic inflammation may contribute to tumorigenesis through ROS-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, PARP can modulate inflammation through interaction with NFκB and regulating the expression of inflammatory signaling molecules. Thus, the upregulation of PARP may present a double-edged sword. PARP is needed to repair ROS-induced DNA lesions, but PARP expression may lead to increased inflammation via upregulation of NFκB signaling. Here, we discuss the role of PARP in the repair of oxidative damage versus the formation of OCDLs and speculate on the feasibility of PARP inhibition for the treatment and prevention of cancers by exploiting its role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F. Swindall
- Department of Radiation Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 176F HSROC Suite 2232B, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA; E-Mails: (A.F.S.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jennifer A. Stanley
- Department of Radiation Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 176F HSROC Suite 2232B, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA; E-Mails: (A.F.S.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, 176F HSROC Suite 2232B, 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA; E-Mails: (A.F.S.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-205-934-2762; Fax: +1-205-975-0784
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Czapski GA, Adamczyk A, Strosznajder RP, Strosznajder JB. Expression and activity of PARP family members in the hippocampus during systemic inflammation: Their role in the regulation of prooxidative genes. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:664-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The Sound of Silence: RNAi in Poly (ADP-Ribose) Research. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:779-805. [PMID: 24705085 PMCID: PMC3899979 DOI: 10.3390/genes3040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)-ation is a nonprotein posttranslational modification of proteins and plays an integral part in cell physiology and pathology. The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is regulated by its synthesis by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and on the catabolic side by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). PARPs convert NAD+ molecules into PAR chains that interact covalently or noncovalently with target proteins and thereby modify their structure and functions. PAR synthesis is activated when PARP1 and PARP2 bind to DNA breaks and these two enzymes account for almost all PAR formation after genotoxic stress. PARG cleaves PAR molecules into free PAR and finally ADP-ribose (ADPR) moieties, both acting as messengers in cellular stress signaling. In this review, we discuss the potential of RNAi to manipulate the levels of PARPs and PARG, and consequently those of PAR and ADPR, and compare the results with those obtained after genetic or chemical disruption.
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Bai P, Virág L. Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in the regulation of inflammatory processes. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3771-7. [PMID: 23022557 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PARP enzymes influence the immune system at several key points and thus modulate inflammatory diseases. PARP enzymes affect immune cell maturation and differentiation and regulate the expression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase and adhesion molecules. Moreover, PARP enzymes are key regulators of cell death during inflammation-related oxidative and nitrosative stress. Here we provide an overview of the different inflammatory diseases regulated by PARP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary.
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Tacheny A, Michel S, Dieu M, Payen L, Arnould T, Renard P. Unbiased proteomic analysis of proteins interacting with the HIV-1 5'LTR sequence: role of the transcription factor Meis. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:e168. [PMID: 22904091 PMCID: PMC3505963 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To depict the largest picture of a core promoter interactome, we developed a one-step DNA-affinity capture method coupled with an improved mass spectrometry analysis process focused on the identification of low abundance proteins. As a proof of concept, this method was developed through the analysis of 230 bp contained in the 5′long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Beside many expected interactions, many new transcriptional regulators were identified, either transcription factors (TFs) or co-regulators, which interact directly or indirectly with the HIV-1 5′LTR. Among them, the homeodomain-containing TF myeloid ectopic viral integration site was confirmed to functionally interact with a specific binding site in the HIV-1 5′LTR and to act as a transcriptional repressor, probably through recruitment of the repressive Sin3A complex. This powerful and validated DNA-affinity approach could also be used as an efficient screening tool to identify a large set of proteins that physically interact, directly or indirectly, with a DNA sequence of interest. Combined with an in silico analysis of the DNA sequence of interest, this approach provides a powerful approach to select the interacting candidates to validate functionally by classical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tacheny
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Raida M. Drug target deconvolution by chemical proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:570-5. [PMID: 21763176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug target deconvolution is a process where the action of a drug, a small molecule, is characterised by identifying the proteins binding the drug and initiating the biological effect. The biological relevant target has to be extracted, or deconvoluted, from a list of proteins identified in such an approach. Beside the medically desired action of the drug, the identification of other proteins binding the drug can help to identify side effects and toxicity at a very early stage of drug development. The current approach to identify the proteins binding to the drug is an affinity-enrichment based approach, where the drug molecule is immobilised to a matrix through a linker and the proteins binding to the drug are identified by proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Raida
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A*STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos L3-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.
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