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Hao K, Zhang J, Di Narzo A, Zhang X, Hao A, Shan M, Deyssenroth M, Chen J, Zhang Z, Cheng H. Ethnic disparities in ambient air and traffic-related pollution exposure and ethnic-specific impacts on clinical biomarker levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162390. [PMID: 36841400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although characterizing the inequality in pollution exposure burden across ethnic groups and the ethnic-specific exposure associations is of great social and public health importance, it has not been systematically investigated in large population studies. METHODS The UK Biobank data (N = 485, 806) of individual-level air ambient and traffic-related pollution exposure, biomarkers routinely used in clinical practice, genotype, life-style factors, and socioeconomic status were analyzed. Air pollution exposure estimates were compared among six genetically inferred ethnic groups. We also quantified the association between exposure and biomarkers within and across ethnicities. RESULTS Non-European participants (defined by genetics) disproportionately bear a higher burden of exposure than their European counterparts even after adjusting for covariables including socioeconomic status. For example, exposure to NO2 in people with African ancestry was 30.7 % higher (p = 1.5E-786) than European subjects. Within the genetically defined African group, larger African genetic ancestry proportion (AGAP) was linked to higher ambient air pollutant exposure. Trans-Ethnic analysis identified 32 clinical biomarkers associated with environmental exposure. For 13 biomarkers, the association with exposure was significantly different or even in opposing directions across ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Substantial disparities in air pollution exposure was observed among genetically-defined ethnic groups. Most importantly, we show that the impact of exposure on biomarkers varies by ethnicity. Reducing the disproportionally high exposure burden on non-European populations and alleviating the adverse consequences in an ethnic-specific manner are of great urgency and significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hao
- Radiology Department, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jushan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Alice Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maya Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haoxiang Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Association of Thiazide Use in Patients with Hypertension with Overall Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123304. [PMID: 35743377 PMCID: PMC9225296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazide diuretics have long been widely used as antihypertensive agents. In addition to reducing blood pressure, thiazides also control calcium homeostasis and increase bone density. We hypothesized that the use of thiazides in patients with hypertension would reduce overall fracture risk. We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to find patients with a hypertension diagnosis who accepted antihypertensive treatment from 2000 to 2017. The patients were further classified into thiazide users and nonthiazide users. Multivariable Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and cumulative probability of fractures. After 1:1 propensity score matching by sex, age, urbanization level of place of residence, income, comorbidities, and medications, there were 18,483 paired thiazide users and non-users, respectively. The incidence densities of fractures (per 1000 person-months) were 1.82 (95% CI: 1.76-1.89) and 1.99 (95% CI: 1.92-2.06) in the thiazide and nonthiazide groups, respectively. The results indicated a lower hazard ratio for fractures in thiazide users (aHR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significantly lower cumulative incidence of fractures in the thiazide group (log-rank test; p = 0.0012). In conclusion, our results reveal that thiazide use can reduce fracture risk. When antihypertensive agents are being considered, thiazide may be a better choice if the patient is at heightened risk of fracture.
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Huang S, Zhang C, Xu T, Shaukat A, He Y, Chen P, Lin L, Yue K, Cao Q, Tong X. Integrated Fecal Microbiome and Metabolomics Reveals a Novel Potential Biomarker for Predicting Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Chickens. Front Physiol 2022; 13:887207. [PMID: 35634144 PMCID: PMC9133743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.887207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic tibial-tarsal disorder occurring in fast-growing poultry, and its diagnosis is mainly based on an invasive method. Here, we profiled the fecal gut microbiome and metabolome of broilers with and without TD to identify potential non-invasive and non-stress biomarkers of TD. First, TD broilers with the most pronounced clinical signs during the experiment were screened and faecal samples were collected for integrated microbiome and metabolomics analysis. Moreover, the diagnostic potential of identified biomarkers was further validated throughout the experiment. It was noted that the microbial and metabolic signatures of TD broilers differed from those of normal broilers. TD broilers were characterized by enriched bacterial OTUs of the genus Klebsiella, and depleted genera [Ruminococcus], Dorea, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira, Ochrobactrum, and Sediminibacterium. In addition, a total of 189 fecal differential metabolites were identified, mainly enriched in the purine, vitamin and amino acid metabolism, which were closely associated with differential microbiota and tibia-related indicators. Furthermore, three fecal metabolites were screened, including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which distinguished TD from normal broilers with extremely high specificity and was superior to serum bone markers. These results indicated that gut microbiota equilibrium might influence the pathogenesis of TD by modulating host metabolism, and the identified fecal metabolite 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde might be a potential and non-invasive biomarker for predicting TD in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shucheng Huang,
| | - Chaodong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aftab Shaukat
- National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfeng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luxi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xishuai Tong
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development (Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China)/College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Pouresmaeili F, Kamalidehghan B, Kamarehei M, Goh YM. A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:2029-2049. [PMID: 30464484 PMCID: PMC6225907 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s138000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with remarkable changes in bone biologic material and consequent bone structural distraction, affecting millions of people around the world from different ethnic groups. Bone fragility is the worse outcome of the disease, which needs long term therapy and medical management, especially in the elderly. Many involved genes including environmental factors have been introduced as the disease risk factors so far, of which genes should be considered as effective early diagnosis biomarkers, especially for the individuals from high-risk families. In this review, a number of important criteria involved in osteoporosis are addressed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Pouresmaeili
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center (IRHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
- Medical Genetics Center, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran,
| | - Maryam Kamarehei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia
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Nazemisalman B, Vahabi S, Sabouri E, Hosseinpour S, Doaju S. Association of vitamin D binding protein and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with chronic periodontitis. Odontology 2018; 107:46-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-018-0383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Merchant RA, van Dam RM, Tan LWL, Lim MY, Low JL, Morley JE. Vitamin D Binding Protein and Vitamin D Levels in Multi-Ethnic Population. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:1060-1065. [PMID: 30379303 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) has been associated with many negative health outcomes including falls and fractures. 25(OH)D is largely bound to vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). There is increasing evidence that free or bioavailable 25(OH)D may be a better measure of vitamin D deficiency. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency and VDBP levels in multi-ethnic population, and its impact on muscle strength. DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of older adults in Western region of Singapore. 295 participants from three ethnic groups were selected from the Healthy Older People Everyday (HOPE) cohort for measurements of total 25(OH)D and VDBP levels. Total 25(OH)D, VDBP, frailty status, Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) and grip strength (GS) were assessed. Albumin, free and bioavailable 25(OH)D were only available for 256 participants. RESULTS 53% of Malay and 55% of Indians were deficient in 25(OH)D compared with 18.2% of ethnic Chinese participants. Chinese also had higher total 25(OH)D concentrations with a mean of 29.1 ug/l, (p = <0.001). Chinese had the lowest level of VDBP (169.6ug/ml) followed by Malay (188.8 ug/ml) and Indian having the highest (220.1 ug/ml). Calculated bioavailable and free 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher in Chinese, followed by Malays and Indians, which also correlated with better grip strength measures amongst the Chinese. CONCLUSION The Malays and Indians had overall lower free, bioavailable and total 25(OH)D compared with ethnic Chinese. Chinese ethnic group also had the lowest VDBP and better overall grip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Merchant
- A/Prof Reshma A Merchant, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, , Tel: 67795555
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Roy B, Curtis ME, Fears LS, Nahashon SN, Fentress HM. Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity-Induced Osteoporosis and Muscle Atrophy. Front Physiol 2016; 7:439. [PMID: 27746742 PMCID: PMC5040721 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis are two alarming health disorders prominent among middle and old age populations, and the numbers of those affected by these two disorders are increasing. It is estimated that more than 600 million adults are obese and over 200 million people have osteoporosis worldwide. Interestingly, both of these abnormalities share some common features including a genetic predisposition, and a common origin: bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Obesity is characterized by the expression of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), growth hormone (GH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), angiotensin II (Ang II), 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), Advance glycation end products (AGE), and myostatin, which exert their effects by modulating the signaling pathways within bone and muscle. Chemical messengers (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, AGE, leptins) that are upregulated or downregulated as a result of obesity have been shown to act as negative regulators of osteoblasts, osteocytes and muscles, as well as positive regulators of osteoclasts. These additive effects of obesity ultimately increase the risk for osteoporosis and muscle atrophy. The aim of this review is to identify the potential cellular mechanisms through which obesity may facilitate osteoporosis, muscle atrophy and bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradas Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary E Curtis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Letimicia S Fears
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel N Nahashon
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hugh M Fentress
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, USA
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Lee HJ, Je DI, Won SJ, Paik DI, Bae KH. Association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status in current smokers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015; 43:471-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong-Il Je
- Korean Minjok Leadership Academy; Gangwon-do Korea
| | | | - Dai-Il Paik
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kwang-Hak Bae
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common in patients with CKD. Association studies suggest that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) is a harbinger of poor outcomes in these patients. Serum 25-OH-D represents the best biomarker of vitamin D status, but there is much debate surrounding the performance of some of the assay methods. Programs such as the Vitamin D Standardization Program and Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) in the United Kingdom have allowed us to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of the available methods. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based methods for serum 25-OH-D measurement are emerging as more accurate and reliable alternatives to the immunoassay-based methods that have dominated over the past 2 decades. There is a renewed optimism that serum 25-OH-D is a useful biomarker to be used in patients with CKD, in particular to diagnose vitamin D deficiency and monitor vitamin D therapy. This commentary discusses some of the methodologic problems associated with serum 25-OH-D assays and their resolution, and looks forward to the future of vitamin D testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario Canada
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Lani A, Kourkoumelis N, Baliouskas G, Tzaphlidou M. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporotic rabbit bones studied by vibrational spectroscopy. J Biol Phys 2014; 40:401-12. [PMID: 25005753 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-014-9358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is utilized to examine the effects of increased calcium, vitamin D, and combined calcium-vitamin D supplementation on osteoporotic rabbit bones with induced inflammation. The study includes different bone sites (femur, tibia, humerus, vertebral rib) in an effort to explore possible differences among the sites. We evaluate the following parameters: mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate content, and non-apatitic species (labile acid phosphate and labile carbonate) contribution to bone mineral. Results show that a relatively high dose of calcium or calcium with vitamin D supplementation increases the bone mineralization index significantly. On the other hand, vitamin D alone is not as effective in promoting mineralization even with high intake. Mature B-type apatite was detected for the group with calcium supplementation similar to that of aged bone. High vitamin D intake led to increased labile species concentration revealing bone formation. This is directly associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines linked to induced inflammation. The latter is known to adversely alter bone metabolism, contributing to the aetiopathogenesis of osteoporosis. Thus, a high intake of vitamin D under inflammation-induced osteoporosis does not promote mineralization but suppresses bone resorption and restores metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Lani
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
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Lee SG, Lee YH, Kim KJ, Lee W, Kwon OH, Kim JH. Additive association of vitamin D insufficiency and sarcopenia with low femoral bone mineral density in noninstitutionalized elderly population: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009-2010. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2789-99. [PMID: 23652463 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D insufficiency and sarcopenia are crucial risk factors for osteoporosis. In a study of noninstitutionalized elderly subjects, we investigated the simultaneous effect of vitamin D and sarcopenia on bone mineral density (BMD) and found that sarcopenia was associated with low BMD in the femur, especially in those with suboptimal vitamin D levels. INTRODUCTION Although vitamin D insufficiency and sarcopenia are prevalent in the elderly population worldwide, their possible influence on BMD has not been determined. We aimed to investigate the different effect of vitamin D insufficiency and sarcopenia on BMD in the elderly Korean population. METHODS Individuals aged 60 or older were selected from those who participated in the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010; 1,596 males and 1,886 females were analyzed. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and a panel of clinical and laboratory parameters were also measured. RESULTS The study population was divided into four groups according to their vitamin D and sarcopenic status. BMD in total femur and in the femoral neck but not the lumbar spine was markedly decreased in sarcopenic subjects with vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] comparing to other groups, regardless of gender. Multivariable linear regression models showed that BMD was significantly associated with ASM and high daily calcium intake as well as conventional risk factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and history of fracture. Independent predictors for low femur BMD included sarcopenia, low daily calcium intake, low 25(OH)D levels, age, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that an association between vitamin D insufficiency and low BMD was more prominent in elderly subjects with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-G Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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Karasneh JA, Ababneh KT, Taha AH, Al-Abbadi MS, Marzouka NADS, Jaradat SM, Thornhill MH. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with chronic and aggressive periodontitis in Jordanian patients. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:551-8. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jumana A. Karasneh
- Department of Oral Medicine & Oral Surgery; Dental School; Jordan University of Science & Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Khansa T. Ababneh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Sameh M. Jaradat
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten; Universitä tsklinikum Jena; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Martin H. Thornhill
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery; The University of Sheffield; School of Clinical Dentistry; Sheffield UK
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Roy B. Biomolecular basis of the role of diabetes mellitus in osteoporosis and bone fractures. World J Diabetes 2013; 4:101-113. [PMID: 23961320 PMCID: PMC3746082 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis has become a serious health problem throughout the world which is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures and mortality among the people of middle to old ages. Diabetes is also a major health problem among the people of all age ranges and the sufferers due to this abnormality increasing day by day. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible mechanisms through which diabetes may induce osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus generally exerts its effect on different parts of the body including bone cells specially the osteoblast and osteoclast, muscles, retina of the eyes, adipose tissue, endocrine system specially parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen, cytokines, nervous system and digestive system. Diabetes negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function while positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and function through the regulation of different intermediate factors and thereby decreases bone formation while increases bone resorption. Some factors such as diabetic neuropathy, reactive oxygen species, Vitamin D, PTH have their effects on muscle cells. Diabetes decreases the muscle strength through regulating these factors in various ways and ultimately increases the risk of fall that may cause bone fractures.
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Jones G. Extrarenal Vitamin D Activation and Interactions Between Vitamin D2, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin D Analogs. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:23-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;
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