1
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Shin KC, Lee J, Oh DK. Characterization of Arachidonate 5S-Lipoxygenase from Danio rerio with High Activity for the Production of 5S- and 7S-Hydroxy Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:958-972. [PMID: 36251113 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant putative lipoxygenase (LOX) from Danio rerio (zebrafish), ALOX3c protein with 6-histidine tag, was purified using affinity chromatography, with a specific activity of 17.2 U mg-1 for arachidonic acid (AA). The molecular mass of the native ALOX3c was 156 kDa composed of a 78-kDa dimer by gel-filtration chromatography. The product obtained from the conversion of AA was identified as 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE) by HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of the LOX from D. rerio for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) followed the order AA (17.2 U mg-1, 1.96 s-1 μM-1) > docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 13.6 U mg-1, 0.91 s-1 μM-1) > eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 10.5 U mg-1, 0.65 s-1 μM-1) and these values for AA were the highest among the 5S-LOXs reported to date. Based on identified products and substrate specificity, the enzyme is an AA 5S-LOX. The enzyme exhibited the maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 20 °C with 0.1 mM Zn2+ in the presence of 10 mM cysteine. Under these reaction conditions, 6.88 U mL-1 D. rerio 5S-LOX converted 1.0 mM of AA, EPA, and DHA to 0.91 mM 5S-HETE, 0.72 mM 5S-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5S-HEPE), and 0.68 mM 7S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (7S-HDHA) in 25, 30, and 25 min, corresponding to molar conversion rates of 91, 72, and 68% and productivities of 2.18, 1.44, and 1.63 mM h-1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the bioconversion into 5S-HETE, 5S-HEPE, and 7S-HDHA for the application of biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Harris RJ, Willsmore Z, Laddach R, Crescioli S, Chauhan J, Cheung A, Black A, Geh JLC, MacKenzie Ross AD, Healy C, Tsoka S, Spicer J, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. Enriched circulating and tumor-resident TGF-β + regulatory B cells in patients with melanoma promote FOXP3 + Tregs. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2104426. [PMID: 35909944 PMCID: PMC9336482 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are emerging as key players of anti-tumor adaptive immune responses. We investigated regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine-expressing B cells in patients with melanoma by flow cytometric intracellular cytokine, CyTOF, transcriptomic, immunofluorescence, single-cell RNA-seq, and B:T cell co-culture analyses. We found enhanced circulating regulatory (TGF-β+ and PD-L1+) and reduced pro-inflammatory TNF-α+ B cell populations in patients compared with healthy volunteers (HVs), including lower IFN-γ+:IL-4+ and higher TGF-β+:TNF-α+ B cell ratios in patients. TGF-β-expressing B cells in the melanoma tumor microenvironment assembled in clusters and interacted with T cells via lymphoid recruitment (SELL, CXCL13, CCL4, CD74) signals and with Tregs via CD47:SIRP-γ, and FOXP3-promoting Galectin-9:CD44. While reduced in tumors compared to blood, TNF-α-expressing B cells engaged in crosstalk with Tregs via TNF-α signaling and the ICOS/ICOSL axis. Patient-derived B cells promoted FOXP3+ Treg differentiation in a TGF-β-dependent manner, while sustaining expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by autologous T-helper cells and promoting T-helper cell proliferation ex vivo, an effect further enhanced with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Our findings reveal cytokine-expressing B cell compartments skewed toward regulatory phenotypes in patient circulation and melanoma lesions, intratumor spatial localization, and bidirectional crosstalk between B and T cell subsets with immunosuppressive attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Harris
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,King's Health Partners Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zena Willsmore
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,King's Health Partners Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Laddach
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jitesh Chauhan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anna Black
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jenny L C Geh
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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3
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Akiyama S, Nagai H, Oike S, Horikawa I, Shinohara M, Lu Y, Futamura T, Shinohara R, Kitaoka S, Furuyashiki T. Chronic social defeat stress increases the amounts of 12-lipoxygenase lipid metabolites in the nucleus accumbens of stress-resilient mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11385. [PMID: 35790870 PMCID: PMC9256733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and prolonged social stress induces mood and cognitive dysfunctions and precipitates major depression. Neuroinflammation has been associated with chronic stress and depression. Rodent studies showed crucial roles of a few inflammation-related lipid mediators for chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Despite an increasing number of lipid mediators identified, systematic analyses of synthetic pathways of lipid mediators in chronic stress models have not been performed. Using LC–MS/MS, here we examined the effects of chronic social defeat stress on multiple synthetic pathways of lipid mediators in brain regions associated with stress susceptibility in mice. Chronic social defeat stress increased the amounts of 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites, 12-HETE and 12-HEPE, specifically in the nucleus accumbens 1 week, but not immediately, after the last stress exposure. The increase was larger in stress-resilient mice than stress-susceptible mice. The S isomer of 12-HETE was selectively increased in amount, indicating the role of 12S-LOX activity. Among the enzymes known to have 12S-LOX activity, only Alox12 mRNA was reliably detected in the brain and enriched in brain endothelial cells. These findings suggest that chronic social stress induces a late increase in the amounts of 12S-LOX metabolites derived from the brain vasculature in the nucleus accumbens in a manner associated with stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akiyama
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nagai
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Shota Oike
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Io Horikawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Division of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yabin Lu
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Futamura
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Ryota Shinohara
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Shiho Kitaoka
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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4
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Kotlyarov S. Analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways involved in atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:34-54. [PMID: 35189051 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an important medical and social problem, and the keys to solving this problem are still largely unknown. A common situation in real clinical practice is the comorbid course of atherosclerosis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Diseases share some common risk factors and may be closely linked pathogenetically. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was performed to examine the gene ontology (GO) of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in COPD and peripheral arterial atherosclerosis. DEGs were identified using the limma R package with the settings p < 0.05, corrected using the Benjamini & Hochberg algorithm and ǀlog 2FCǀ > 1.0. The GO, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed with the detected DEGs. RESULTS The biological processes and signaling pathways involving common DEGs from airway epithelial datasets in COPD and tissue in peripheral atherosclerosis were identified. A total of 15 DEGs were identified, comprising 12 upregulated and 3 downregulated DEGs. The GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that the upregulated hub genes were mainly involved in the inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, cell adhesion, lipid metabolic process, regulation of angiogenesis, icosanoid biosynthetic process, and cellular response to a chemical stimulus. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the common pathways were Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. CONCLUSIONS Biological processes and signaling pathways associated with the immune response may link the development and progression of COPD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026, Ryazan, Russian Federation
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Knock-In Mice Expressing a 15-Lipoxygenating Alox5 Mutant Respond Differently to Experimental Inflammation Than Reported Alox5-/- Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100698. [PMID: 34677413 PMCID: PMC8538363 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. We recently created knock-in mice (Alox5-KI) which express an arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenating Alox5 mutant instead of the 5-lipoxygenating wildtype enzyme. These mice were leukotriene deficient but exhibited an elevated linoleic acid oxygenase activity. Here we characterized the polyenoic fatty acid metabolism of these mice in more detail and tested the animals in three different experimental inflammation models. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Alox5-KI mice displayed an earlier disease onset and a significantly higher cumulative incidence rate than wildtype controls but the clinical score kinetics were not significantly different. In dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis (DSS) and in the chronic constriction nerve injury model (CCI), Alox5-KI mice performed like wildtype controls with similar genetic background. These results were somewhat surprising since in previous loss-of-function studies targeting leukotriene biosynthesis (Alox5−/− mice, inhibitor studies), more severe inflammatory symptoms were observed in the EAE model but the degree of inflammation in DSS colitis was attenuated. Taken together, our data indicate that these mutant Alox5-KI mice respond differently in two models of experimental inflammation than Alox5−/− animals tested previously in similar experimental setups.
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Mikulska-Ruminska K, Anthonymuthu TS, Levkina A, Shrivastava IH, Kapralov AA, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Bahar I. NO ● Represses the Oxygenation of Arachidonoyl PE by 15LOX/PEBP1: Mechanism and Role in Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105253. [PMID: 34067535 PMCID: PMC8156958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered an anti-ferroptotic mechanism inherent to M1 macrophages whereby high levels of NO● suppressed ferroptosis via inhibition of hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (HpETE-PE) production by 15-lipoxygenase (15LOX) complexed with PE-binding protein 1 (PEBP1). However, the mechanism of NO● interference with 15LOX/PEBP1 activity remained unclear. Here, we use a biochemical model of recombinant 15LOX-2 complexed with PEBP1, LC-MS redox lipidomics, and structure-based modeling and simulations to uncover the mechanism through which NO● suppresses ETE-PE oxidation. Our study reveals that O2 and NO● use the same entry pores and channels connecting to 15LOX-2 catalytic site, resulting in a competition for the catalytic site. We identified residues that direct O2 and NO● to the catalytic site, as well as those stabilizing the esterified ETE-PE phospholipid tail. The functional significance of these residues is supported by in silico saturation mutagenesis. We detected nitrosylated PE species in a biochemical system consisting of 15LOX-2/PEBP1 and NO● donor and in RAW264.7 M2 macrophages treated with ferroptosis-inducer RSL3 in the presence of NO●, in further support of the ability of NO● to diffuse to, and react at, the 15LOX-2 catalytic site. The results provide first insights into the molecular mechanism of repression of the ferroptotic Hp-ETE-PE production by NO●.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Mikulska-Ruminska
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.M.-R.); (V.E.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Tamil S. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (T.S.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Anastasia Levkina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (A.L.); (A.A.K.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Indira H. Shrivastava
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (A.L.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (A.L.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (T.S.A.); (H.B.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (A.L.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (A.L.); (A.A.K.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (K.M.-R.); (V.E.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- Correspondence: (K.M.-R.); (V.E.K.); (I.B.)
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Tian Y, Gou J, Zhang H, Lu J, Jin Z, Jia S, Bai L. The anti-inflammatory effects of 15-HETE on osteoarthritis during treadmill exercise. Life Sci 2021; 273:119260. [PMID: 33636171 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Investigate the involvement of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), an anti-inflammatory molecule, on the beneficial effects of exercise therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). MAIN METHODS 15-HETE (10 μM, twice a week) and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) (1 mg) were injected into rat knee joints. Treadmill exercise was applied on OA rat. Primary rat chondrocytes were treated with 15-HETE, LY294002 and interleukin (IL)-1β. Rats undergo a 1 hour single session treadmill exercise once. 15-HETE levels in the knee joint were evaluated using ELISA after a single session of treadmill exercise on healthy and OA rats. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS)-5, p-Akt, Akt, and collagen type 2 (COL2) expression were evaluated using RT-PCR and western blotting. OA degree was evaluated using X-ray, scored by Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and Mankin scores. COL2 and MMP-13 expression in articular was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Medium intensity exercise alleviated OA. 15-HETE levels after exercise was increased. 15-HETE inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in primary chondrocytes and increased p-Akt levels. LY294002 blocked the effect of 15-HETE in vitro. Finally, 15-HETE alleviated cartilage damage, inhibited MMP-13 expression, and increased COL2 expression in joint cartilage tissue. SIGNIFICANCE Treadmill exercise alleviates OA and increases 15-HETE levels in the knee joint, which suppresses inflammation in chondrocytes via PI3k-Akt signalling in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian Gou
- Department of Nursing, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinghan Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuangshuo Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Shengjing Hospital, Sanhao Street 36#, Heping Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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8
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Nagala M, Crocker PR. Towards understanding the cell surface phenotype, metabolic properties and immune functions of resident macrophages of the peritoneal cavity and splenic red pulp using high resolution quantitative proteomics. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16061.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Resident macrophages (Mϕs) are distributed throughout the body and are important for maintaining tissue homeostasis and for defence against infections. Tissue Mϕs are highly adapted to their microenvironment and thought to mediate tissue-specific functions involving metabolism and immune defence that are not fully elucidated. Methods:We have used high resolution quantitative proteomics to gain insights into the functions of two types of resident tissue Mϕs: peritoneal cavity Mϕs and splenic red pulp Mϕs. The cellular expression levels of many proteins were validated by flow cytometry and were consistently in agreement with the proteomics data.Results:Peritoneal and splenic red pulp macrophages displayed major differences in cell surface phenotype reflecting their adaptation to different tissue microenvironments and tissue-specific functions. Peritoneal Mϕs were shown to be enriched in a number of key enzymes and metabolic pathways normally associated with the liver, such as metabolism of fructose, detoxification, nitrogen homeostasis and the urea cycle. Supporting these observations, we show that peritoneal Mϕs are able to utilise glutamine and glutamate which are rich in peritoneum for urea generation. In comparison, splenic red pulp Mϕs were enriched in proteins important for adaptive immunity such as antigen presenting MHC molecules, in addition to proteins required for erythrocyte homeostasis and iron turnover. We also show that these tissue Mϕs may utilise carbon and nitrogen substrates for different metabolic fates to support distinct tissue-specific roles.Conclusions:This study provides new insights into the functions of tissue Mϕs in immunity and homeostasis. The comprehensive proteomics data sets are a valuable resource for biologists and immunologists.
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9
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Wei X, Wang C, Feng H, Li B, Jiang P, Yang J, Zhu D, Zhang S, Jin T, Meng Y. Effects of ALOX5, IL6R and SFTPD gene polymorphisms on the risk of lung cancer: A case-control study in China. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 79:106155. [PMID: 31918059 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ALOX5, IL6R and SFTPD are all immune related genes that may be involved in the development of lung cancer. We sought to explore the effect of polymorphisms of these genes on the risk of lung cancer. METHODS Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using a MassARRAY platform in a case-control cohort including 550 patients with lung cancer and 550 healthy controls. RESULTS The rs4845626-T and rs4329505-C alleles were associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer (p < 0.001), while the rs745986-G and rs2245121-A alleles were correlated with an increased risk of lung cancer (p < 0.01). The rs4845626-GT/GG and rs4329505-TC genotypes were protective against lung cancer (p < 0.001). However, the rs745986-AG and rs2245121-AG/AA genotypes were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (p < 0.01). Stratification analysis showed that the rs4845626 and rs4329505 polymorphisms of IL6R were associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer in both smokers and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). However, rs892690, rs745986 and rs2115819 of ALOX5 were associated with an increased risk of disease in nonsmokers, while rs2245121 of SFTPD was correlated with a higher risk of disease in smokers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results provide candidate SNPs for early screening for lung cancer and new clues for further study of the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Haiming Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Jianbao Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Duojie Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Yuqi Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
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10
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Marbach-Breitrück E, Kutzner L, Rothe M, Gurke R, Schreiber Y, Reddanna P, Schebb NH, Stehling S, Wieler LH, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Functional Characterization of Knock-In Mice Expressing a 12/15-Lipoxygenating Alox5 Mutant Instead of the 5-Lipoxygenating Wild-Type Enzyme. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1-17. [PMID: 31642348 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Most mammalian genomes involve several genes encoding for functionally distinct arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX isoforms). Proinflammatory leukotrienes are formed via the ALOX5 pathway, but 12/15-lipoxygenating ALOX isoforms have been implicated in the biosynthesis of pro-resolving mediators. In vitro mutagenesis of the triad determinants abolished the leukotriene synthesizing activity of ALOX5, but the biological consequences of these alterations have not been studied. To fill this gap, we created Alox5 knock-in mice, which express the 12/15-lipoxygenating Phe359Trp + Ala424Ile + Asn425Met Alox5 triple mutant and characterized its phenotypic alterations. Results: The mouse Alox5 triple mutant functions as arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenating enzyme, which also forms 12S-hydroxy and 8S-hydroxy arachidonic acid. In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, the triple mutant effectively oxygenates linoleic acid to 13S-hydroxy linoleic acid (13S-HODE), which functions as activating ligand of the type-2 nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Knock-in mice expressing the mutant enzyme are viable, fertile, and develop normally. The mice cannot synthesize proinflammatory leukotrienes but show significantly attenuated plasma levels of lipolytic endocannabinoids. When aging, the animals gained significantly more body weight, which may be related to the fivefold higher levels of 13-HODE in the adipose tissue. Innovation: These data indicate for the first time that in vivo mutagenesis of the triad determinants of mouse Alox5 abolished the biosynthetic capacity of the enzyme for proinflammatory leukotrienes and altered the catalytic properties of the protein favoring the formation of 13-HODE. Conclusion:In vivo triple mutation of the mouse Alox5 gene impacts the body weight homeostasis of aging mice via augmented formation of the activating PPARγ ligand 13-HODE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Marbach-Breitrück
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Robert Gurke
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt (ZAFES), Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad India
| | - Nils-Helge Schebb
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Center of Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Ivanov I, Golovanov AB, Ferretti C, Canyelles-Niño M, Heydeck D, Stehling S, Lluch JM, González-Lafont À, Kühn H. Mutations of Triad Determinants Changes the Substrate Alignment at the Catalytic Center of Human ALOX5. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2768-2782. [PMID: 31664810 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For the specificity of ALOX15 orthologs of different mammals, the geometry of the amino acids Phe353, Ile418, Met419, and Ile593 ("triad determinants") is important, and mutagenesis of these residues altered the reaction specificity of these enzymes. Here we expressed wild-type human ALOX5 and its F359W/A424I/N425M/A603I mutant in Sf9 insect cells and characterized the catalytic differences of the two enzyme variants. We found that wild-type ALOX5 converted arachidonic acid mainly to 5(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HpETE). In contrast, 15(S)- and 8(S)-H(p)ETE were formed by the mutant enzyme. In addition to arachidonic acid, wild-type ALOX5 accepted eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as substrate, but C18 fatty acids were not oxygenated. The quadruple mutant also accepted linoleic acid and α- and γ-linolenic acid as substrate. Structural analysis of the oxygenation products and kinetic studies with stereospecifically labeled 11(S)- and 11(R)-deutero-linoleic acid suggested alternative ways of substrate orientation at the active site. In silico docking studies, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations confirmed this hypothesis. These data indicate that "triad determinant" mutagenesis alters the catalytic properties of ALOX5 abolishing its leukotriene synthase activity but improving its biosynthetic capacity for pro-resolving lipoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey B. Golovanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Hartmut Kühn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Kuhn H, Humeniuk L, Kozlov N, Roigas S, Adel S, Heydeck D. The evolutionary hypothesis of reaction specificity of mammalian ALOX15 orthologs. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 72:55-74. [PMID: 30237084 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lia Humeniuk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikita Kozlov
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Roigas
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Adel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepathology and Gastroenterology, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, CCO- Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of the Ala-versus-Gly Concept Controlling the Product Specificity in Reactions Catalyzed by Lipoxygenases: A Combined Molecular Dynamics and QM/MM Study of Coral 8R-Lipoxygenase. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Ackermann JA, Hofheinz K, Zaiss MM, Krönke G. The double-edged role of 12/15-lipoxygenase during inflammation and immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:371-381. [PMID: 27480217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) mediates the enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby contributing to the generation of various bioactive lipid mediators. Although 12/15-LOX has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, its physiologic functions seem to include potent immune modulatory properties that physiologically contribute to the resolution of inflammation and the clearance of inflammation-associated tissue damage. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview about our current knowledge on the role of this enzyme during the regulation of inflammation and immunity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen A Ackermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hofheinz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Saura P, Maréchal JD, Masgrau L, Lluch JM, González-Lafont À. Computational insight into the catalytic implication of head/tail-first orientation of arachidonic acid in human 5-lipoxygenase: consequences for the positional specificity of oxygenation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:23017-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a multi-scale approach to search for the arachidonic acid binding modes that determine the catalytic specificity of human 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Saura
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB)
| | | | - Laura Masgrau
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB)
- Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB)
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB)
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16
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Adel S, Heydeck D, Kuhn H, Ufer C. The lipoxygenase pathway in zebrafish. Expression and characterization of zebrafish ALOX5 and comparison with its human ortholog. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Mitra S, Bartlett SG, Newcomer ME. Identification of the Substrate Access Portal of 5-Lipoxygenase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6333-42. [PMID: 26427761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid contributes to asthma and cardiovascular diseases, among other pathologies. Consequently, the enzyme that initiates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), is a target for drug design. The crystal structure of 5-LOX revealed a fully encapsulated active site; thus the point of substrate entry is not known. We asked whether a structural motif, a "cork" present in 5-LOX but absent in other mammalian lipoxygenases, might be ejected to allow substrate access. Our results indicate that reduction of cork volume facilitates access to the active site. However, if cork entry into the site is obstructed, enzyme activity is significantly compromised. The results support a model in which the "cork" that shields the active site in the absence of substrate serves as the active site portal, but the "corking" amino acid Phe-177 plays a critical role in providing a fully functional active site. Thus, the more appropriate metaphor for this structural motif is a "twist-and-pour" cap. Additional mutagenesis data are consistent with a role for His-600, deep in the elongated cavity, in positioning the substrate for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayana Mitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sue G Bartlett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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18
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for leukotriene biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:331-9. [PMID: 25152163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LTs), lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. In this review we focus on 5-LOX biochemistry including 5-LOX interacting proteins and regulation of enzyme activity. LTs function in normal host defense, and have roles in many disease states where acute or chronic inflammation is part of the pathophysiology, as briefly summarized at the end of this chapter. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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19
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Bradshaw M, Gaffney BJ. Fluctuations of an exposed π-helix involved in lipoxygenase substrate recognition. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5102-10. [PMID: 25036469 PMCID: PMC4131896 DOI: 10.1021/bi500768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The second helix in lipoxygenases adapts to permit substrate access to the active site, but details of this process are varied and poorly understood. We therefore examined the dynamics of helix 2 in solutions of spin-labeled soybean lipoxygenase-1 and spin relaxation at 60 K of the spin-labels by catalytic iron. Helix 2 in soybean lipoxygenase structures is surface-exposed and contains one turn of π-helix, centrally located. A site-directed spin-label scan of 18 of the 21 helix 2 residues, and electron paramagnetic resonance, showed that the π-helical segment became unusually mobile, on a nanosecond time scale, under conditions favoring substrate binding (pH 9 and lipid addition), while segments before and after had relatively unchanged dynamics. Backbone dynamics of residues in the π-helical segment appeared to be correlated, at pH 9. Samples also were frozen to examine the polarity and proticity of the local environments, the effect of the local environment on intrinsic relaxation, and dipolar relaxation by two symmetries of catalytic iron. The average hyperfine tensor component, Azz, of four π-helix residues decreased by 1.75 G, with an increase in pH from 7 to 9, while it remained unaffected for nearby buried residues. Power saturation data suggested the change in polarity specific to the π-helix altered the intrinsic relaxation rates. Different symmetries of iron contributed to distance-dependent magnetic relaxation. We interpret these data to mean that a π-helix in the second helix of plant lipoxygenases is highly dynamic and is the site where lipid chains penetrate to inner helices that outline the substrate pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles
D. Bradshaw
- Department
of Biological
Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, United States
| | - Betty J. Gaffney
- Department
of Biological
Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, United States
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20
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Horn T, Reddy Kakularam K, Anton M, Richter C, Reddanna P, Kuhn H. Functional characterization of genetic enzyme variations in human lipoxygenases. Redox Biol 2013; 1:566-77. [PMID: 24282679 PMCID: PMC3840004 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lipoxygenases play a role in normal cell development and differentiation but they have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, hyperproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. As lipid peroxidizing enzymes they are involved in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis since they produce lipid hydroperoxides, which serve as an efficient source for free radicals. There are various epidemiological correlation studies relating naturally occurring variations in the six human lipoxygenase genes (SNPs or rare mutations) to the frequency for various diseases in these individuals, but for most of the described variations no functional data are available. Employing a combined bioinformatical and enzymological strategy, which included structural modeling and experimental site-directed mutagenesis, we systematically explored the structural and functional consequences of non-synonymous genetic variations in four different human lipoxygenase genes (ALOX5, ALOX12, ALOX15, and ALOX15B) that have been identified in the human 1000 genome project. Due to a lack of a functional expression system we resigned to analyze the functionality of genetic variations in the hALOX12B and hALOXE3 gene. We found that most of the frequent non-synonymous coding SNPs are located at the enzyme surface and hardly alter the enzyme functionality. In contrast, genetic variations which affect functional important amino acid residues or lead to truncated enzyme variations (nonsense mutations) are usually rare with a global allele frequency<0.1%. This data suggest that there appears to be an evolutionary pressure on the coding regions of the lipoxygenase genes preventing the accumulation of loss-of-function variations in the human population. Non-synonymous coding variations in human lipoxygenases are mostly rare with a global allele frequency <1%. Common ALOX SNPs are mainly localized on the enzyme surface and hardly effect the enzyme functionality. hALOX15B Ala416Asp is a newly discovered loss-of-function mutation in the hALOX gene family while inactivity seems to be caused by severe structural alterations. Our data indicate that there is evolutionary pressure on these redox enzymes preventing the accumulation of loss-of-function variations in the human population. 1000 Genome database is a useful tool to analyze the distribution and functionality of variations in genes of interest.
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Key Words
- 12-H(p)ETE, (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid
- 15-H(p)ETE, (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-15-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoic acid
- 5-H(p)ETE, (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroperoxyeicosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid
- 8-H(p)ETE, (5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
- ALOX, arachidonate lipoxygenase
- Eicosanoids
- Gene polymorphism
- H(p)ETE, hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- IPTG, Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranosid
- LOXs, lipoxygenases
- LTA4, 4-[(2S,3S)-3-[(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)-tetradeca-1,3,5,8-tetraen-1-yl]oxiran-2-yl]butanoic acid
- LTB4, 5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-(Z,E,E,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid
- LTC4, (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-6-{[(2R)-2-[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido]-2-[(carboxymethyl) carbamoyl]ethyl]sulfanyl}-5-hydroxyeicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
- Leukotrienes
- Lipoxygenases
- SNP
- UTR, untranslated region
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. Targeting leukotriene B4 in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:79-93. [PMID: 24090264 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukotriene (LT) B(4) is a powerful proinflammatory lipid mediator and triggers adherence to the endothelium, activates and recruits leukocytes to the site of injury. When formed in excess, LTB(4) plays a pathogenic role and may sustain chronic inflammation in diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent investigations have also indicated that LTB(4) is involved in cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED As the 5-lipoxygenase pathway involves several discrete, tightly coupled, enzymes, which convert the substrate, 'step by step', into bioactive products, several different strategies have been used to target LTB(4) as a means to treat inflammation. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the development of selective enzyme inhibitors and antagonists for LTB(4) receptors, as well as their application in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Components of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway have received considerable attention as candidate drug targets resulting in one new class of medications against asthma, that is, the antileukotrienes. However, efforts to specifically target LTB(4) have not yet been fruitful in the clinical setting, in spite of very promising preclinical data. Recently, crystal structures along with hitherto unknown functions of key enzymes in the leukotriene cascade have emerged, offering new opportunities for drug development and, with time, pharmacological intervention in LTB(4)-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2 , Scheeles väg 2, Stockholm, S-171 77 , Sweden
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22
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Steinhilber D, Hofmann B. Recent advances in the search for novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:70-7. [PMID: 23953428 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is an important enzyme of the arachidonic acid cascade and catalyses with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein, the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs). LTs are inflammatory mediators playing a pathophysiological role in different diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis as well as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. Up to now, only one 5-LO inhibitor is on the market, zileuton for the treatment of asthma. With the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy, 5-LO inhibitor drug development becomes more and more important. This MiniReview gives an update on 5-LO inhibitors currently under clinical development. Furthermore, the recent advances in the search for novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors with a focus on computational methods are summarized. Currently, licofelone is the compound with the highest clinical development status (completed phase III trials). 5-LO inhibitor screening programmes based on computational methods could deliver several promising drug-like new molecules. These activities can be expected to be driven by the newly resolved structure of human 5-LO in the future, enabling structure-based drug design. For the prospective drugs in late-stage clinical development, the future will show their clinical safety and efficacy in the particular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Horn T, Ivanov I, Di Venere A, Kakularam KR, Reddanna P, Conrad ML, Richter C, Scheerer P, Kuhn H. Molecular basis for the catalytic inactivity of a naturally occurring near-null variant of human ALOX15. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1702-13. [PMID: 23958500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian lipoxygenases belong to a family of lipid-peroxidizing enzymes, which have been implicated in cardiovascular, hyperproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report that a naturally occurring mutation in the hALOX15 gene leads to expression of a catalytically near-null enzyme variant (hGly422Glu). The inactivity may be related to severe misfolding of the enzyme protein, which was concluded from CD-spectra as well as from thermal and chemical stability assays. In silico mutagenesis experiments suggest that most mutations at hGly422 have the potential to induce sterical clash, which might be considered a reason for protein misfolding. hGly422 is conserved among ALOX5, ALOX12 and ALOX15 isoforms and corresponding hALOX12 and hALOX5 mutants also exhibited a reduced catalytic activity. Interestingly, in the hALOX5 Gly429Glu mutants the reaction specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation was shifted from 5S- to 8S- and 12R-H(p)ETE formation. Taken together, our data indicate that the conserved glycine is of functional importance for these enzyme variants and most mutants at this position lose catalytic activity.
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Key Words
- (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-12-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid
- (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-15-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoic acid
- (5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroperoxyicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
- (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid
- 12-H(p)ETE
- 13-H(p)ODE
- 15-H(p)ETE
- 8-H(p)ETE
- ALOX
- ALOX15
- ALOX15 gene variation
- HETE
- HpETE
- IPTG
- Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside
- LOXs
- Lipid peroxidation
- Lipoxygenase
- Misfolding
- UTR
- arachidonate lipoxygenase
- hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- lipoxygenases
- untranslated region
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Hofmann B, Steinhilber D. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2010-2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:895-909. [PMID: 23600432 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.791678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a crucial enzyme of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein. LTs are inflammatory mediators playing a pathophysiological role in different diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis as well as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. With the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy, 5-LO inhibitor drug development becomes increasingly important. AREAS COVERED Here, both recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of 5-LO and the patents claimed for 5-LO inhibitors are discussed. Focusing on direct inhibitors, several patents disclosing FLAP antagonists are also subject of this review. Novel compounds include 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, indolizines and indoles and several natural product extracts. EXPERT OPINION Evaluation of the patent activities revealed only quite moderate action. Nevertheless, several auspicious drug-like molecules were disclosed. It seems that in the near future, FLAP inhibitors can be expected to enter the market for the treatment of asthma. With the resolved structure of 5-LO, structure-based drug design is now applicable. Together with the identification of downstream enzyme inhibitors and dual-targeting drugs within the AA cascade, several tools are at hand to cope with 5-LOs increasing pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hofmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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Chaitidis P, Adel S, Anton M, Heydeck D, Kuhn H, Horn T. Lipoxygenase pathways in Homo neanderthalensis: functional comparison with Homo sapiens isoforms. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1397-409. [PMID: 23475662 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) have been implicated in biosynthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and a previous report suggested compromised leukotriene signaling in H. neanderthalensis. To search for corresponding differences in leukotriene biosynthesis, we screened the Neandertal genome for LOX genes and found that, as modern humans, this archaic hominid contains six LOX genes (nALOX15, nALOX12, nALOX5, nALOX15B, nALOX12B, and nALOXE3) and one pseudogene. In the Neandertal genome, 60-75% of the amino acids of the different human LOX isoforms have been identified, and the degree of identity varies between 96 and 99%. Most functional amino acids (iron ligands, specificity determinants, calcium and ATP-binding sites, membrane-binding determinants, and phosphorylation sites) are well conserved in the Neandertal LOX isoforms, and expression of selected neandertalized human LOX mutants revealed no major functional defects. However, in nALOX12 and nALOXE3, two premature stop codons were found, leading to inactive enzyme species. These data suggest that ALOX15, ALOX5, ALOX15B, and ALOX12B should have been present as functional enzymes in H. neanderthalensis and that in contrast to lower nonhuman primates (M. mulatta) and other mammals (mice, rats), this ancient hominid expressed a 15-lipoxygenating ALOX15. Expression of ALOXE3 and ALOX12 was compromised, which might have caused problems in epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Chaitidis
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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