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Hemavathi KN, Skariyachan S, Raju R, Keshava Prasad TS, Abhinand CS. Computational screening of potential anti-inflammatory leads from Jeevaneeya Rasayana plants targeting COX-2 and 5- LOX by molecular docking and dynamic simulation approaches. Comput Biol Med 2024; 171:108164. [PMID: 38412690 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in various pathological processes, ranging from routine injuries and infections to cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) are two major enzymes involved in the formation of lipid mediators of inflammation, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, through the arachidonic acid pathway. Despite the frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for managing inflammatory disorders by inhibiting these enzymes, there is a wide spectrum of adverse effects linked to their usage. Jeevaneeya Rasayana (JR), a polyherbal formulation traditionally used in India, is renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to identify the potential phytocompounds in JR plants against COX-2 and 5-LOX, utilizing molecular docking and dynamic simulations. Among the 429 identified phytocompounds retrieved from publicly available data sources, Terrestribisamide and 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine have shown potential binding affinity and favorable interactions with COX-2 and 5-LOX arachidonic acid binding sites. The physicochemical properties and ADMET profiles of these compounds determined their drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics features. Additional validation using molecular dynamics simulations, SASA, Rg, and MM-PBSA binding energy calculations affirmed the stability of the complex formed between those compounds with target proteins. Together, the study identified the effectual binding potential of those bioactive compounds against COX-2 and 5-LOX, providing a viable approach for the development of effective anti-inflammatory medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinosh Skariyachan
- Department of Microbiology, St. Pius X College, Rajapuram, Kasaragod, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Center for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | | | - Chandran S Abhinand
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.
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2
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Shin KC, Lee J, Oh DK. Characterization of Arachidonate 5S-Lipoxygenase from Danio rerio with High Activity for the Production of 5S- and 7S-Hydroxy Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:958-972. [PMID: 36251113 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant putative lipoxygenase (LOX) from Danio rerio (zebrafish), ALOX3c protein with 6-histidine tag, was purified using affinity chromatography, with a specific activity of 17.2 U mg-1 for arachidonic acid (AA). The molecular mass of the native ALOX3c was 156 kDa composed of a 78-kDa dimer by gel-filtration chromatography. The product obtained from the conversion of AA was identified as 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE) by HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of the LOX from D. rerio for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) followed the order AA (17.2 U mg-1, 1.96 s-1 μM-1) > docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 13.6 U mg-1, 0.91 s-1 μM-1) > eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 10.5 U mg-1, 0.65 s-1 μM-1) and these values for AA were the highest among the 5S-LOXs reported to date. Based on identified products and substrate specificity, the enzyme is an AA 5S-LOX. The enzyme exhibited the maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 20 °C with 0.1 mM Zn2+ in the presence of 10 mM cysteine. Under these reaction conditions, 6.88 U mL-1 D. rerio 5S-LOX converted 1.0 mM of AA, EPA, and DHA to 0.91 mM 5S-HETE, 0.72 mM 5S-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5S-HEPE), and 0.68 mM 7S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (7S-HDHA) in 25, 30, and 25 min, corresponding to molar conversion rates of 91, 72, and 68% and productivities of 2.18, 1.44, and 1.63 mM h-1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the bioconversion into 5S-HETE, 5S-HEPE, and 7S-HDHA for the application of biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Krauth V, Bruno F, Pace S, Jordan PM, Temml V, Preziosa Romano M, Khan H, Schuster D, Rossi A, Filosa R, Werz O. Highly potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by new, simple heteroaryl-substituted catechols for treatment of inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115385. [PMID: 36535528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (LO) catalyzes the first steps in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) that are pivotal lipid mediators contributing to allergic reactions and inflammatory disorders. Based on its key role in LT biosynthesis, 5-LO is an attractive drug target, demanding for effective and selective inhibitors with efficacy in vivo, which however, are still rare. Encouraged by the recent identification of the catechol 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)dibenzofuran 1 as 5-LO inhibitor, simple structural modifications were made to yield even more effective and selective catechol derivatives. Within this new series, the two most potent compounds 3,4-dihydroxy-3'-phenoxybiphenyl (6b) and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thiophene (6d) potently inhibited human 5-LO in cell-free (IC506b and 6d = 20 nM) and cell-based assays (IC506b = 70 nM, 6d = 60 nM). Inhibition of 5-LO was reversible, unaffected by exogenously added substrate arachidonic acid, and not primarily mediated via radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Functional 5-LO mutants expressed in HEK293 cells were still prone to inhibition by 6b and 6d, and docking simulations revealed distinct binding of the catechol moiety to 5-LO at an allosteric site. Analysis of 5-LO nuclear membrane translocation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization revealed that these 5-LO-activating events are hardly affected by the catechols. Importantly, the high inhibitory potency of 6b and 6d was confirmed in human blood and in a murine zymosan-induced peritonitis model in vivo. Our results enclose these novel catechol derivatives as highly potent, novel type inhibitors of 5-LO with high selectivity and with marked effectiveness under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Krauth
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Bruno
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Preziosa Romano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Italy.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Offenbacher AR, Holman TR. Fatty Acid Allosteric Regulation of C-H Activation in Plant and Animal Lipoxygenases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153374. [PMID: 32722330 PMCID: PMC7436259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the (per) oxidation of fatty acids that serve as important mediators for cell signaling and inflammation. These reactions are initiated by a C-H activation step that is allosterically regulated in plant and animal enzymes. LOXs from higher eukaryotes are equipped with an N-terminal PLAT (Polycystin-1, Lipoxygenase, Alpha-Toxin) domain that has been implicated to bind to small molecule allosteric effectors, which in turn modulate substrate specificity and the rate-limiting steps of catalysis. Herein, the kinetic and structural evidence that describes the allosteric regulation of plant and animal lipoxygenase chemistry by fatty acids and their derivatives are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Offenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
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5
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Gilbert NC, Gerstmeier J, Schexnaydre EE, Börner F, Garscha U, Neau DB, Werz O, Newcomer ME. Structural and mechanistic insights into 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by natural products. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:783-790. [PMID: 32393899 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are lipid mediators of the inflammatory response that are linked to asthma and atherosclerosis. LT biosynthesis is initiated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with the assistance of the substrate-binding 5-LOX-activating protein at the nuclear membrane. Here, we contrast the structural and functional consequences of the binding of two natural product inhibitors of 5-LOX. The redox-type inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is lodged in the 5-LOX active site, now fully exposed by disordering of the helix that caps it in the apo-enzyme. In contrast, the allosteric inhibitor 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) from frankincense wedges between the membrane-binding and catalytic domains of 5-LOX, some 30 Å from the catalytic iron. While enzyme inhibition by NDGA is robust, AKBA promotes a shift in the regiospecificity, evident in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and in primary immune cells expressing 5-LOX. Our results suggest a new approach to isoform-specific 5-LOX inhibitor development through exploitation of an allosteric site in 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Erin E Schexnaydre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Friedemann Börner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - David B Neau
- Cornell University, Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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6
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Gly188Arg substitution eliminates substrate inhibition in arachidonate 11R-lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:81-85. [PMID: 31477267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are dioxygenases that catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxyl derivates. These products are precursors for different lipid mediators which are associated with pathogenesis of various diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis and cancer. Several LOXs suffer from substrate inhibition, a potential regulatory mechanism, yet it is unclear what is the cause of this phenomenon. One such enzyme is the coral 11R-LOX which displays a significant decrease in turnover rate at arachidonic acid concentrations above 30 μM. In this report, site-directed mutagenesis and inhibition assays were employed to shed light on the mechanism of substrate inhibition in 11R-LOX. We found that introduction of a positive charge to the active site entrance with Gly188Arg substitution completely eliminates the slow-down at higher substrate concentrations. Inhibition of 11R-LOX by its catalysis product, 11(R)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, suggests an uncompetitive mechanism. We reason that substrate inhibition in 11R-LOX is due to additional fatty acid binding by the enzyme:substrate complex at an allosteric site situated in the very vicinity of the active site entrance.
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7
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A 5‑lipoxygenase-specific sequence motif impedes enzyme activity and confers dependence on a partner protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:543-551. [PMID: 30291962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are lipid mediators of the inflammatory response that play key roles in diseases such as asthma and atherosclerosis. The precursor leukotriene A4 (LTA4) is synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA) by 5‑lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a membrane-associated enzyme, with the help of 5‑lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), a nuclear transmembrane protein. In lipoxygenases the main chain carboxylate of the C-terminus is a ligand for the non-heme iron and thus part of the catalytic center. We investigated the role of a lysine-rich sequence (KKK653-655) 20 amino acids upstream of the C-terminus unique to 5-LOX that might displace the main-chain carboxylate in the iron coordination sphere. A 5-LOX mutant in which KKK653-655 is replaced by ENL was transfected into HEK293 cells in the absence and presence of FLAP. This mutant gave ~20-fold higher 5-LOX product levels in stimulated HEK cells relative to the wild-type 5-LOX. Co-expression of the enzymes with FLAP led to an equalization of 5-LOX products detected, with wild-type 5-LOX product levels increased and those from the mutant enzyme decreased. These data suggest that the KKK motif limits 5-LOX activity and that this attenuated activity must be compensated by the presence of FLAP as a partner protein for effective LT biosynthesis.
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8
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Rodrigues T, Werner M, Roth J, da Cruz EHG, Marques MC, Akkapeddi P, Lobo SA, Koeberle A, Corzana F, da Silva Júnior EN, Werz O, Bernardes GJL. Machine intelligence decrypts β-lapachone as an allosteric 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6899-6903. [PMID: 30310622 PMCID: PMC6138237 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02634c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Using machine learning, targets were identified for β-lapachone.
Using machine learning, targets were identified for β-lapachone. Resorting to biochemical assays, β-lapachone was validated as a potent, ligand efficient, allosteric and reversible modulator of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Moreover, we provide a rationale for 5-LO modulation and show that inhibition of 5-LO is relevant for the anticancer activity of β-lapachone. This work demonstrates the power of machine intelligence to deconvolute complex phenotypes, as an alternative and/or complement to chemoproteomics and as a viable general approach for systems pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av Prof Egaz Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal . ;
| | - Markus Werner
- Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 , Jena , Germany
| | - Jakob Roth
- Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 , Jena , Germany
| | - Eduardo H G da Cruz
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Marta C Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av Prof Egaz Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal . ;
| | - Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av Prof Egaz Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal . ;
| | - Susana A Lobo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av Prof Egaz Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal . ;
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 , Jena , Germany
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigacíon en Síntesis Química , Universidad de la Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Philosophenweg 14 , D-07743 , Jena , Germany
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av Prof Egaz Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal . ; .,Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
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9
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Wan M, Tang X, Stsiapanava A, Haeggström JZ. Biosynthesis of leukotriene B 4. Semin Immunol 2017; 33:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Droege KD, Keithly ME, Sanders CR, Armstrong RN, Thompson MK. Structural Dynamics of 15-Lipoxygenase-2 via Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5065-5074. [PMID: 28809482 PMCID: PMC5619234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are inflammatory signaling lipids that are biosynthesized in response to cellular injury or threat. They were originally thought to be pro-inflammatory molecules, but members of at least one subclass, the lipoxins, are able to resolve inflammation. One step in lipoxin synthesis is the oxygenation of arachidonic acid by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). 15-LOX contains two domains: a Ca2+ binding PLAT domain and a catalytic domain. 15-LOX is a soluble cytosolic protein until binding of Ca2+ to the PLAT domain promotes translocation to the membrane surface. The role of 15-LOX structural dynamics in this translocation has remained unclear. We investigated the dynamics of 15-LOX isoform B (15-LOX-2) upon binding of Ca2+ and ligands, as well as upon membrane association using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We used HDX-MS to probe the solvent accessibility and backbone flexibility of 15-LOX-2, revealing significant differences in deuterium incorporation between the PLAT and catalytic domains, with the PLAT domain demonstrating higher flexibility. Comparison of HDX for 15-LOX-2 in the presence and absence of Ca2+ indicates there are few differences in structural dynamics. Furthermore, our HDX results involving nanodisc-associated 15-LOX-2 suggest that significant structural and dynamic changes in 15-LOX-2 are not required for membrane association. Our results also show that a substrate lipid binding to the active site in the catalytic domain does induce changes in incorporation of deuterium into the PLAT domain. Overall, our results challenge the previous hypothesis that Ca2+ binding induces major structural changes in the PLAT domain and support the hypothesis that is interdomain communication in 15-LOX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Droege
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mary E Keithly
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Missouri Southern State University , Joplin, Missouri 64801, United States
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Richard N Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Matthew K Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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11
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Häfner AK, Beilstein K, Graab P, Ball AK, Saul MJ, Hofmann B, Steinhilber D. Identification and Characterization of a New Protein Isoform of Human 5-Lipoxygenase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166591. [PMID: 27855198 PMCID: PMC5113960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators that play a pivotal role in many diseases like asthma bronchiale, atherosclerosis and in various types of cancer. The key enzyme for generation of LTs is the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Here, we present a novel putative protein isoform of human 5-LO that lacks exon 4, termed 5-LOΔ4, identified in cells of lymphoid origin, namely the Burkitt lymphoma cell lines Raji and BL41 as well as primary B and T cells. Deletion of exon 4 does not shift the reading frame and therefore the mRNA is not subjected to non-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). By eliminating exon 4, the amino acids Trp144 until Ala184 are omitted in the corresponding protein. Transfection of HEK293T cells with a 5-LOΔ4 expression plasmid led to expression of the corresponding protein which suggests that the 5-LOΔ4 isoform is a stable protein in eukaryotic cells. We were also able to obtain soluble protein after expression in E. coli and purification. The isoform itself lacks canonical enzymatic activity as it misses the non-heme iron but it still retains ATP-binding affinity. Differential scanning fluorimetric analysis shows two transitions, corresponding to the two domains of 5-LO. Whilst the catalytic domain of 5-LO WT is destabilized by calcium, addition of calcium has no influence on the catalytic domain of 5-LOΔ4. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of 5-LOΔ4 on the activity of 5-LO WT and proved that it stimulates 5-LO product formation at low protein concentrations. Therefore regulation of 5-LO by its isoform 5-LOΔ4 might represent a novel mechanism of controlling the biosynthesis of lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (DS); (A-KH)
| | - Kim Beilstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Graab
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Ball
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meike J. Saul
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (DS); (A-KH)
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12
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Mitra S, Bartlett SG, Newcomer ME. Identification of the Substrate Access Portal of 5-Lipoxygenase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6333-42. [PMID: 26427761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid contributes to asthma and cardiovascular diseases, among other pathologies. Consequently, the enzyme that initiates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), is a target for drug design. The crystal structure of 5-LOX revealed a fully encapsulated active site; thus the point of substrate entry is not known. We asked whether a structural motif, a "cork" present in 5-LOX but absent in other mammalian lipoxygenases, might be ejected to allow substrate access. Our results indicate that reduction of cork volume facilitates access to the active site. However, if cork entry into the site is obstructed, enzyme activity is significantly compromised. The results support a model in which the "cork" that shields the active site in the absence of substrate serves as the active site portal, but the "corking" amino acid Phe-177 plays a critical role in providing a fully functional active site. Thus, the more appropriate metaphor for this structural motif is a "twist-and-pour" cap. Additional mutagenesis data are consistent with a role for His-600, deep in the elongated cavity, in positioning the substrate for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayana Mitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sue G Bartlett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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13
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Eek P, Piht MA, Rätsep M, Freiberg A, Järving I, Samel N. A conserved π–cation and an electrostatic bridge are essential for 11R-lipoxygenase catalysis and structural stability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for leukotriene biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:331-9. [PMID: 25152163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LTs), lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. In this review we focus on 5-LOX biochemistry including 5-LOX interacting proteins and regulation of enzyme activity. LTs function in normal host defense, and have roles in many disease states where acute or chronic inflammation is part of the pathophysiology, as briefly summarized at the end of this chapter. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Div. of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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