1
|
Burnet AM, Brunetti T, Rochford R. Hemin treatment drives viral reactivation and plasma cell differentiation of EBV latently infected B cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011561. [PMID: 37639483 PMCID: PMC10491393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum have a well described role in the development of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL), yet the mechanisms involved remain unknown. A major hallmark of malarial disease is hemolysis and bystander eryptosis of red blood cells, which causes release of free heme in large quantities into peripheral blood. We hypothesized that heme released during malaria infection drives differentiation of latently infected EBV-positive B cells, resulting in viral reactivation and release of infectious virus. To test this hypothesis, we used the EBV-positive Mutu I B-cell line and treated with hemin (the oxidized form of heme) and evaluated evidence of EBV reactivation. Hemin treatment resulted in the expression of EBV immediate early, early and late lytic gene transcripts. In addition, expression of CD138, a marker of plasma cells was co-expressed with the late lytic protein gp350 on hemin treated Mutu I cells. Finally, DNase-resistant EBV DNA indicative of virion production was detected in supernatant. To assess the transcriptional changes induced by hemin treatment, RNA sequencing was performed on mock- and hemin-treated Mutu I cells, and a shift from mature B cell transcripts to plasma cell transcripts was identified. To identify the mechanism of hemin-induced B cell differentiation, we measured levels of the plasma cell transcriptional repressor, BACH2, that contains specific heme binding sites. Hemin treatment caused significant degradation of BACH2 by 24 hours post-treatment in four BL cell lines (two EBV positive, two EBV negative). Knockdown of BACH2 in Mutu I cells using siRNAs significantly increased CD138+gp350+ cells to levels similar to treatment with hemin. This suggested that hemin induced BACH2 degradation was responsible for plasma cell differentiation and viral reactivation. Together, these data support a model where EBV reactivation can occur during malaria infection via heme modulation, providing a mechanistic link between malaria and EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Burnet
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tonya Brunetti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rathod DC, Vaidya SM, Hopp MT, Kühl T, Imhof D. Shapes and Patterns of Heme-Binding Motifs in Mammalian Heme-Binding Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1031. [PMID: 37509066 PMCID: PMC10377097 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it has a pivotal role as a prosthetic group of hemoproteins in many biological processes ranging from oxygen transport and storage to miRNA processing. On the other hand, heme can transiently associate with proteins, thereby regulating biochemical pathways. During hemolysis, excess heme, which is released into the plasma, can bind to proteins and regulate their activity and function. The role of heme in these processes is under-investigated, with one problem being the lack of knowledge concerning recognition mechanisms for the initial association of heme with the target protein and the formation of the resulting complex. A specific heme-binding sequence motif is a prerequisite for such complex formation. Although numerous short signature sequences indicating a particular protein function are known, a comprehensive analysis of the heme-binding motifs (HBMs) which have been identified in proteins, concerning specific patterns and structural peculiarities, is missing. In this report, we focus on the evaluation of known mammalian heme-regulated proteins concerning specific recognition and structural patterns in their HBMs. The Cys-Pro dipeptide motifs are particularly emphasized because of their more frequent occurrence. This analysis presents a comparative insight into the sequence and structural anomalies observed during transient heme binding, and consequently, in the regulation of the relevant protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv C Rathod
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonali M Vaidya
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-T Hopp
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz, D-56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Q, Mao X, Jing M, Fu Y, Yan W. Pathophysiological role of BACH transcription factors in digestive system diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121353. [PMID: 37228820 PMCID: PMC10203417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BTB and CNC homologous (BACH) proteins, including BACH1 and BACH2, are transcription factors that are widely expressed in human tissues. BACH proteins form heterodimers with small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) proteins to suppress the transcription of target genes. Furthermore, BACH1 promotes the transcription of target genes. BACH proteins regulate physiological processes, such as the differentiation of B cells and T cells, mitochondrial function, and heme homeostasis as well as pathogenesis related to inflammation, oxidative-stress damage caused by drugs, toxicants, or infections; autoimmunity disorders; and cancer angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, chemotherapy resistance, progression, and metabolism. In this review, we discuss the function of BACH proteins in the digestive system, including the liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and pancreas. BACH proteins directly target genes or indirectly regulate downstream molecules to promote or inhibit biological phenomena such as inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. BACH proteins are also regulated by proteins, miRNAs, LncRNAs, labile iron, and positive and negative feedback. Additionally, we summarize a list of regulators targeting these proteins. Our review provides a reference for future studies on targeted drugs in digestive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianben Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengjia Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Activation of Nrf2 to Optimise Immune Responses to Intracerebral Haemorrhage. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101438. [PMID: 36291647 PMCID: PMC9599325 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhage into the brain parenchyma can be devastating. This manifests as spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) after head trauma, and in the context of vascular dementia. Randomised controlled trials have not reliably shown that haemostatic treatments aimed at limiting ICH haematoma expansion and surgical approaches to reducing haematoma volume are effective. Consequently, treatments to modulate the pathophysiological responses to ICH, which may cause secondary brain injury, are appealing. Following ICH, microglia and monocyte derived cells are recruited to the peri-haematomal environment where they phagocytose haematoma breakdown products and secrete inflammatory cytokines, which may trigger both protective and harmful responses. The transcription factor Nrf2, is activated by oxidative stress, is highly expressed by central nervous system microglia and macroglia. When active, Nrf2 induces a transcriptional programme characterised by increased expression of antioxidant, haem and heavy metal detoxification and proteostasis genes, as well as suppression of proinflammatory factors. Therefore, Nrf2 activation may facilitate adaptive-protective immune cell responses to ICH by boosting resistance to oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity, whilst limiting harmful inflammatory signalling, which can contribute to further blood brain barrier dysfunction and cerebral oedema. In this review, we consider the responses of immune cells to ICH and how these might be modulated by Nrf2 activation. Finally, we propose potential therapeutic strategies to harness Nrf2 to improve the outcomes of patients with ICH.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liao R, Bresnick EH. Heme as a differentiation-regulatory transcriptional cofactor. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:174-181. [PMID: 35776402 PMCID: PMC10170499 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1 induces heme accumulation during erythropoiesis by directly activating genes mediating heme biosynthesis. In addition to its canonical functions as a hemoglobin prosthetic group and enzyme cofactor, heme regulates gene expression in erythroid cells both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Heme binding to the transcriptional repressor BACH1 triggers its proteolytic degradation. In heme-deficient cells, BACH1 accumulates and represses transcription of target genes, including α- and β-like globin genes, preventing the accumulation of cytotoxic free globin chains. A recently described BACH1-independent mechanism of heme-dependent transcriptional regulation is associated with a DNA motif termed heme-regulated motif (HERM), which resides at the majority of loci harboring heme-regulated chromatin accessibility sites. Progress on these problems has led to a paradigm in which cell type-specific transcriptional mechanisms determine the expression of enzymes mediating the synthesis of small molecules, which generate feedback loops, converging upon the transcription factor itself and the genome. This marriage between transcription factors and the small molecules that they control is predicted to be a canonical attribute of regulatory networks governing cell state transitions such as differentiation in the hematopoietic system and more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liao
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Segawa K, Igarashi K, Murayama K. The Cys-Pro motifs in the intrinsically disordered regions of the transcription factor BACH1 mediate distinct and overlapping functions upon heme binding. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1576-1585. [PMID: 35302665 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The function of the transcription factor BACH1 is regulated by heme binding to multiple Cys-Pro (CP) motifs within its intrinsically disordered regions. Here, biochemical analyses were conducted to reveal the individual functional roles of the CP motifs. Our findings revealed that four CP motifs in BACH1 individually contributed to the regulation of BACH1 activity by accepting heme in five- and six-coordination manner. The model structure around the bZip domain indicated that the CP motifs are in the N- and C-terminal heme-binding regions, which are approximately 9 nm apart, suggesting that spatial location is important for the individual function of the CP motifs. The presence of multiple CP motifs with distinct roles may ensure the multifaceted, strict regulation of BACH1 by heme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Segawa
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Discovery Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Asahigaoka 4-3-2, Hino, 191-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Seiryo 2-1, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fleischhacker AS, Sarkar A, Liu L, Ragsdale SW. Regulation of protein function and degradation by heme, heme responsive motifs, and CO. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:16-47. [PMID: 34517731 PMCID: PMC8966953 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1961674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heme is an essential biomolecule and cofactor involved in a myriad of biological processes. In this review, we focus on how heme binding to heme regulatory motifs (HRMs), catalytic sites, and gas signaling molecules as well as how changes in the heme redox state regulate protein structure, function, and degradation. We also relate these heme-dependent changes to the affected metabolic processes. We center our discussion on two HRM-containing proteins: human heme oxygenase-2, a protein that binds and degrades heme (releasing Fe2+ and CO) in its catalytic core and binds Fe3+-heme at HRMs located within an unstructured region of the enzyme, and the transcriptional regulator Rev-erbβ, a protein that binds Fe3+-heme at an HRM and is involved in CO sensing. We will discuss these and other proteins as they relate to cellular heme composition, homeostasis, and trafficking. In addition, we will discuss the HRM-containing family of proteins and how the stability and activity of these proteins are regulated in a dependent manner through the HRMs. Then, after reviewing CO-mediated protein regulation of heme proteins, we turn our attention to the involvement of heme, HRMs, and CO in circadian rhythms. In sum, we stress the importance of understanding the various roles of heme and the distribution of the different heme pools as they relate to the heme redox state, CO, and heme binding affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela S. Fleischhacker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen W. Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raczkowski HL, Xu LS, Wang WC, Dekoter RP. The E26 Transformation-Specific Family Transcription Factor Spi-C Is Dynamically Regulated by External Signals in B Cells. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:104-115. [PMID: 38285436 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Spi-C is an E26 transformation-specific transcription factor closely related to PU.1 and Spi-B. Spi-C has lineage-instructive functions important in B cell development, Ab-generating responses, and red pulp macrophage generation. This research examined the regulation of Spi-C expression in mouse B cells. To determine the mechanism of Spic regulation, we identified the Spic promoter and upstream regulatory elements. The Spic promoter had unidirectional activity that was reduced by mutation of an NF-κB binding site. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis revealed that Spic expression was reduced in B cells following treatment with cytokines BAFF + IL-4 + IL-5, anti-IgM Ab, or LPS. Cytochalasin treatment partially prevented downregulation of Spic. Unstimulated B cells upregulated Spic on culture. Spic was repressed by an upstream regulatory region interacting with the heme-binding regulator Bach2. Taken together, these data indicate that Spi-C is dynamically regulated by external signals in B cells and provide insight into the mechanism of regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Raczkowski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li S Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Cen Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney P Dekoter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Raczkowski HL, DeKoter RP. Lineage-instructive functions of the E26-transformation-specific-family transcription factor Spi-C in immune cell development and disease. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 13:e1519. [PMID: 34730294 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis are the consequence of a complex mixture of inputs from cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. In rare cases, expression of a single transcription factor, or a few key factors, may be sufficient to dictate lineage differentiation in a precursor cell. The E26-transformation-specific-family transcription factor Spi-C has emerged as an example of a lineage-instructive factor involved in the generation of mature, specialized subsets of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. Spi-C can instruct differentiation of splenic precursors into red pulp macrophages responsible for phagocytosing senescent red blood cells. In the B cell compartment, Spi-C acts as a key regulator of cell fate decisions at the pro-B to pre-B cell stage and for plasma cell differentiation. Spi-C regulates key genes including Nfkb1, Bach2, Syk, and Blnk to regulate cell cycle entry and B cell differentiation. Here, we review the biology of the lineage-instructive transcription factor Spi-C and its contribution to mechanisms of disease in macrophages and B cells. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Infectious Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Raczkowski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney P DeKoter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nomura K, Kitagawa Y, Aihara M, Ohki Y, Furuyama K, Hirokawa T. Heme-dependent recognition of 5-aminolevulinate synthase by the human mitochondrial molecular chaperone ClpX. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:3019-3029. [PMID: 34704252 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase chaperone subunit (ClpX) plays an important role in the heme-dependent regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1), a key enzyme in heme biosynthesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of ClpX in this process remain unclear. In this in vitro study, we confirmed the direct binding between ALAS1 and ClpX in a heme-dependent manner. The substitution of C108 P109 [CP motif 3 (CP3)] with A108 A109 in ALAS1 resulted in a loss of ability to bind ClpX. Computational disorder analyses revealed that CP3 was located in a potential intrinsically disordered protein region (IDPR). Thus, we propose that conditional disorder-to-order transitions in the IDPRs of ALAS1 may represent key mechanisms underlying the heme-dependent recognition of ALAS1 by ClpX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Nomura
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Japan
| | - Yu Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Japan
| | - Marina Aihara
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan.,Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang T, Ashrafi A, Modareszadeh P, Deese AR, Chacon Castro MDC, Alemi PS, Zhang L. An Analysis of the Multifaceted Roles of Heme in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Related Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4142. [PMID: 34439295 PMCID: PMC8393563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential prosthetic group in proteins and enzymes involved in oxygen utilization and metabolism. Heme also plays versatile and fascinating roles in regulating fundamental biological processes, ranging from aerobic respiration to drug metabolism. Increasing experimental and epidemiological data have shown that altered heme homeostasis accelerates the development and progression of common diseases, including various cancers, diabetes, vascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of heme on the pathogenesis of these diseases may be mediated via its action on various cellular signaling and regulatory proteins, as well as its function in cellular bioenergetics, specifically, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Elevated heme levels in cancer cells intensify OXPHOS, leading to higher ATP generation and fueling tumorigenic functions. In contrast, lowered heme levels in neurons may reduce OXPHOS, leading to defects in bioenergetics and causing neurological deficits. Further, heme has been shown to modulate the activities of diverse cellular proteins influencing disease pathogenesis. These include BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), tumor suppressor P53 protein, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 protein (PGRMC1), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitric oxide synthases (NOS). This review provides an in-depth analysis of heme function in influencing diverse molecular and cellular processes germane to disease pathogenesis and the modes by which heme modulates the activities of cellular proteins involved in the development of cancer and other common diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (T.W.); (A.A.); (P.M.); (A.R.D.); (M.D.C.C.C.); (P.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Igarashi K, Nishizawa H, Saiki Y, Matsumoto M. The transcription factor BACH1 at the crossroads of cancer biology: From epithelial-mesenchymal transition to ferroptosis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101032. [PMID: 34339740 PMCID: PMC8387770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer involves not only the gradual evolution of cells by mutations in DNA but also alterations in the gene expression induced by those mutations and input from the surrounding microenvironment. Such alterations contribute to cancer cells' abilities to reprogram metabolic pathways and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which facilitate the survival of cancer cells and their metastasis to other organs. Recently, BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), a heme-regulated transcription factor that represses genes involved in iron and heme metabolism in normal cells, was shown to shape the metabolism and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The growing list of BACH1 target genes in cancer cells reveals that BACH1 promotes metastasis by regulating various sets of genes beyond iron metabolism. BACH1 represses the expression of genes that mediate cell–cell adhesion and oxidative phosphorylation but activates the expression of genes required for glycolysis, cell motility, and matrix protein degradation. Furthermore, BACH1 represses FOXA1 gene encoding an activator of epithelial genes and activates SNAI2 encoding a repressor of epithelial genes, forming a feedforward loop of EMT. By synthesizing these observations, we propose a “two-faced BACH1 model”, which accounts for the dynamic switching between metastasis and stress resistance along with cancer progression. We discuss here the possibility that BACH1-mediated promotion of cancer also brings increased sensitivity to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) through crosstalk of BACH1 target genes, imposing programmed vulnerability upon cancer cells. We also discuss the future directions of this field, including the dynamics and plasticity of EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hironari Nishizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) can adopt a range of conformations from globules to swollen coils. This large range of conformational preferences for different IDPs raises the question of how conformational preferences are encoded by sequence. Global compositional features of a sequence such as the fraction of charged residues and the net charge per residue engender certain conformational biases. However, more specific sequence features such as the patterning of oppositely charged residues, expansion driving residues, or residues that can undergo posttranslational modifications can also influence the conformational ensembles of an IDP. Here, we outline how to calculate important global compositional features and patterning metrics that can be used to classify IDPs into different conformational classes and predict relative changes in conformation for sequences with the same amino acid composition. Although increased effort has been devoted to determining conformational properties of IDPs in recent years, quantitative predictions of conformation directly from sequence remain difficult and often inaccurate. Thus, if quantitative predictions of conformational properties are desired, then sequence-specific simulations must be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten M Ruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kumar A, Bellstedt P, Wiedemann C, Wißbrock A, Imhof D, Ramachandran R, Ohlenschläger O. NMR experiments on the transient interaction of the intrinsically disordered N-terminal peptide of cystathionine-β-synthase with heme. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 308:106561. [PMID: 31345774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal segment of human cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS(1-40)) constitutes an intrinsically disordered protein stretch that transiently interacts with heme. We illustrate that the HCBCACON experimental protocol provides an efficient alternative approach for probing transient interactions of intrinsically disordered proteins with heme in situations where the applicability of the conventional [1H, 15N]-HSQC experiment may be limited. This experiment starting with the excitation of protein side chain protons delivers information about the proline residues and thereby makes it possible to use these residues in interaction mapping experiments. Employing this approach in conjunction with site-specific mutation we show that transient heme binding is mediated by the Cys15-Pro16 motif of CBS(1-40).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Wiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramadurai Ramachandran
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Ohlenschläger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nishitani Y, Okutani H, Takeda Y, Uchida T, Iwai K, Ishimori K. Specific heme binding to heme regulatory motifs in iron regulatory proteins and its functional significance. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 198:110726. [PMID: 31220756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) control iron metabolism in mammalian cells by binding to the iron-responsive element (IRE) in the target mRNA. Heme regulatory motifs (HRMs) are conserved in the two IRP homologues IRP1 and IRP2 that specifically bind to two and three heme equivalents, respectively; however, only the heme binding to the iron-dependent degradation (IDD) domain of IRP2 causes heme-mediated oxidation, which does not occur in IRP1. Therefore, the functional significance of conserved HRMs outside the IDD domain is yet unclear. In this study, spectroscopic heme titration with IRP mutants confirmed heme binding to each HRM in IRPs, and the effect of heme binding to HRMs on IRE binding was examined. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that heme binding to HRMs near the IRE binding site inhibits complex formation between IRPs and IRE without oxidative modification, indicating that the function of HRMs varies outside and within the IDD domain. However, the formation of a typical reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide, was spectroscopically detected in both heme-bound IRPs. Comparing the heme environmental structures surrounding HRMs, the flexible conformation and many amino acid residues sensitive to ROS of the IDD domain were suggested to promote specific oxidation by the generated hydrogen peroxide. Thus, heme binding to HRM near the IRE binding site sterically interferes with IRE binding, while HRM in the IDD domain facilitates specific heme-mediated oxidation of the protein moiety and the protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, resulting in the inhibition of IRE binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Nishitani
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Okutani
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukiko Takeda
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8561, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchida
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8561, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ishimori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Segawa K, Watanabe-Matsui M, Tsuda K, Matsui T, Shirouzu M, Igarashi K, Murayama K. Biophysical characterization of heme binding to the intrinsically disordered region of Bach1. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2019; 48:361-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
17
|
Shimizu T, Lengalova A, Martínek V, Martínková M. Heme: emergent roles of heme in signal transduction, functional regulation and as catalytic centres. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5624-5657. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of unprecedented functions of exchangeable/labile heme and heme proteins including transcription, DNA binding, protein kinase activity, K+ channel functions, cis–trans isomerization, N–N bond formation, and other functions are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Lengalova
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Martínková
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Segawa K, Watanabe-Matsui M, Matsui T, Igarashi K, Murayama K. Functional Heme Binding to the Intrinsically Disordered C-Terminal Region of Bach1, a Transcriptional Repressor. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2019; 247:153-159. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.247.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Segawa
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University
- Pharmaceutical Discovery Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited
| | - Miki Watanabe-Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
| | - Toshitaka Matsui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santambrogio C, Natalello A, Brocca S, Ponzini E, Grandori R. Conformational Characterization and Classification of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins by Native Mass Spectrometry and Charge‐State Distribution Analysis. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1800060. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| | - Stefania Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| | - Erika Ponzini
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosciencesUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 20126 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ikushiro H, Nagami A, Takai T, Sawai T, Shimeno Y, Hori H, Miyahara I, Kamiya N, Yano T. Heme-dependent Inactivation of 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase from Caulobacter crescentus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14228. [PMID: 30242198 PMCID: PMC6154995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of heme is strictly regulated, probably because of the toxic effects of excess heme and its biosynthetic precursors. In many organisms, heme biosynthesis starts with the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A, a process catalyzed by a homodimeric enzyme, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS). ALAS activity is negatively regulated by heme in various ways, such as the repression of ALAS gene expression, degradation of ALAS mRNA, and inhibition of mitochondrial translocation of the mammalian precursor protein. There has been no clear evidence, however, that heme directly binds to ALAS to negatively regulate its activity. We found that recombinant ALAS from Caulobacter crescentus was inactivated via a heme-mediated feedback manner, in which the essential coenzyme PLP was rel eased to form the inactive heme-bound enzyme. The spectroscopic properties of the heme-bound ALAS showed that a histidine-thiolate hexa-coordinated ferric heme bound to each subunit with a one-to-one stoichiometry. His340 and Cys398 were identified as the axial ligands of heme, and mutant ALASs lacking either of these ligands became resistant to heme-mediated inhibition. ALAS expressed in C. crescentus was also found to bind heme, suggesting that heme-mediated feedback inhibition of ALAS is physiologically relevant in C. crescentus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nagami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.,Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Taiki Sawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimeno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kamiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar A, Wißbrock A, Goradia N, Bellstedt P, Ramachandran R, Imhof D, Ohlenschläger O. Heme interaction of the intrinsically disordered N-terminal peptide segment of human cystathionine-β-synthase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2474. [PMID: 29410458 PMCID: PMC5802807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) belongs to a large family of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes, responsible for the sulfur metabolism. The heme-dependent protein CBS is part of regulatory pathways also involving the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide. Malfunction of CBS can lead to pathologic conditions like cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Truncation of residues 1–40, absent in X-ray structures of CBS, reduces but does not abolish the activity of the enzyme. Here we report the NMR resonance assignment and heme interaction studies for the N-terminal peptide stretch of CBS. We present NMR-spectral evidence that residues 1–40 constitute an intrinsically disordered region in CBS and interact with heme via a cysteine-proline based motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nishit Goradia
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ramadurai Ramachandran
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Oliver Ohlenschläger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ogura M, Endo R, Ishikawa H, Takeda Y, Uchida T, Iwai K, Kobayashi K, Ishimori K. Redox-dependent axial ligand replacement and its functional significance in heme-bound iron regulatory proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 182:238-248. [PMID: 29449016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), regulators of iron metabolism in mammalian cells, control the translation of proteins involved in iron uptake, storage and utilization by binding to specific iron-responsive element (IRE) sequences of mRNAs. Two homologs of IRPs (IRP1 and IRP2) have a typical heme regulatory motif (HRM), a consensus sequence found in "heme-regulated proteins". However, specific heme binding to HRM has been reported only for IRP2, which is essential for oxidative modification and loss of binding to target mRNAs. In this paper, we confirmed that IRP1 also specifically binds two molar equivalents of heme, and found that the absorption and resonance Raman spectra of heme-bound IRP1 were quite similar to those of heme-bound IRP2. This shows that the heme environmental structures in IRP1 are close to those of proteins using heme as a regulatory molecule. Pulse radiolysis experiments, however, clearly revealed an axial ligand exchange from Cys to His immediately after the reduction of the heme iron to form a 5-coordinate His-ligated heme in heme-bound IRP2, whereas the 5-coordinate His-ligated heme was not observed after the reduction of heme-bound IRP1. Considering that the oxidative modification is only observed in heme-bound IRP2, but not IRP1, probably owing to the structural flexibility of IRP2, we propose that the transient 5-coordinate His-ligated heme is a prerequisite for oxidative modification of heme-bound IRP2, which functionally differentiates heme binding of IRP2 from that of IRP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ogura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Haruto Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Yukiko Takeda
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8561, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchida
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ishimori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zsila F, Juhász T, Bősze S, Horváti K, Beke-Somfai T. Hemin and bile pigments are the secondary structure regulators of intrinsically disordered antimicrobial peptides. Chirality 2017; 30:195-205. [PMID: 29110341 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of protoporphyrin compounds of human origin with the major bee venom component melittin (26 a.a., Z +6) and its hybrid derivative (CM15, 15 a.a., Z +6) were studied by a combination of various spectroscopic methods. Throughout a two-state, concentration-dependent process, hemin and its metabolites (biliverdin, bilirubin, bilirubin ditaurate) increase the parallel β-sheet content of the natively unfolded melittin, suggesting the oligomerization of the peptide chains. In contrast, α-helix promoting effect was observed with the also disordered but more cationic CM15. According to fluorescence quenching experiments, the sole Trp residue of melittin is the key player during the binding, in the vicinity of which the first pigment molecule is accommodated presumably making indole-porphyrin π-π stacking interaction. As circular dichroism titration data suggest, cooperative association of additional ligands subsequently occurs, resulting in multimeric complexes with an apparent dissociation constant ranged from 20 to 65 μM. Spectroscopic measurements conducted with the bilirubin catabolite urobilin and stercobilin refer to the requirement of intact dipyrrinone moieties for inducing secondary structure transformations. The binding topography of porphyrin rings on a model parallel β-sheet motif was evaluated by absorption spectroscopy and computational modeling showing a slipped-cofacial binding mode responsible for the red shift and hypochromism of the Soret band. Our results may aid to recognize porphyrin-responsive binding motifs of biologically relevant, intrinsically disordered peptides and proteins, where transient conformations play a vital role in their functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zsila
- Biomolecular Self-Assembly Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Juhász
- Biomolecular Self-Assembly Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Biomolecular Self-Assembly Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Igarashi K, Kurosaki T, Roychoudhuri R. BACH transcription factors in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:437-450. [PMID: 28461702 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BTB and CNC homology (BACH) proteins are transcriptional repressors of the basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family. Recent studies indicate widespread roles of BACH proteins in controlling the development and function of the innate and adaptive immune systems, including the differentiation of effector and memory cells of the B and T cell lineages, CD4+ regulatory T cells and macrophages. Here, we emphasize similarities at a molecular level in the cell-type-specific activities of BACH factors, proposing that competitive interactions of BACH proteins with transcriptional activators of the bZIP family form a common mechanistic theme underlying their diverse actions. The findings contribute to a general understanding of how transcriptional repressors shape lineage commitment and cell-type-specific functions through repression of alternative lineage programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Suenaga T, Watanabe-Matsui M, Uejima T, Shima H, Matsui T, Ikeda-Saito M, Shirouzu M, Igarashi K, Murayama K. Charge-state-distribution analysis of Bach2 intrinsically disordered heme binding region. J Biochem 2016; 160:291-298. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
26
|
|
27
|
A heme-binding domain controls regulation of ATP-dependent potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3785-90. [PMID: 27006498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600211113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme iron has many and varied roles in biology. Most commonly it binds as a prosthetic group to proteins, and it has been widely supposed and amply demonstrated that subtle variations in the protein structure around the heme, including the heme ligands, are used to control the reactivity of the metal ion. However, the role of heme in biology now appears to also include a regulatory responsibility in the cell; this includes regulation of ion channel function. In this work, we show that cardiac KATP channels are regulated by heme. We identify a cytoplasmic heme-binding CXXHX16H motif on the sulphonylurea receptor subunit of the channel, and mutagenesis together with quantitative and spectroscopic analyses of heme-binding and single channel experiments identified Cys628 and His648 as important for heme binding. We discuss the wider implications of these findings and we use the information to present hypotheses for mechanisms of heme-dependent regulation across other ion channels.
Collapse
|
28
|
Igarashi K, Itoh-Nakadai A. Orchestration of B lymphoid cells and their inner myeloid by Bach. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:136-42. [PMID: 26894991 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription repressor Bach2 is required for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of antibody genes in B cells, and proper development of effector and regulatory T cells. In addition, Bach2 and its related factor Bach1 promote B cell commitment of progenitor cells by repressing myeloid-related genes. Bach2 and the myeloid regulators C/EBPβ and C/EBPα mutually repress their expression, forming a gene regulatory network (GRN) that dictates the process of lineage commitment. Bach2 forms another GRN with the plasma cell regulator Blimp-1, in which Bach2 and Blimp-1 mutually repress their expression. Since Bach2 expression is reduced in plasma cells, the repression of myeloid-related genes in B cells may be dissolved upon terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells. The Bach2 GRNs support the myeloid-based model of hematopoiesis. Myeloid-like characteristics suppressed or manifested in B cells by modifying differentiation trajectories of B and myeloid cells may be termed as 'inner myeloid' after the concept of 'inner fish'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Ari Itoh-Nakadai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ando R, Shima H, Tamahara T, Sato Y, Watanabe-Matsui M, Kato H, Sax N, Motohashi H, Taguchi K, Yamamoto M, Nio M, Maeda T, Ochiai K, Muto A, Igarashi K. The Transcription Factor Bach2 Is Phosphorylated at Multiple Sites in Murine B Cells but a Single Site Prevents Its Nuclear Localization. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1826-1840. [PMID: 26620562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Bach2 regulates the immune system at multiple points, including class switch recombination (CSR) in activated B cells and the function of T cells in part by restricting their terminal differentiation. However, the regulation of Bach2 expression and its activity in the immune cells are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Bach2 mRNA expression decreased in Pten-deficient primary B cells. Bach2 was phosphorylated in primary B cells, which was increased upon the activation of the B cell receptor by an anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody or CD40 ligand. Using specific inhibitors of kinases, the phosphorylation of Bach2 in activated B cells was shown to depend on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The complex of mTOR and Raptor phosphorylated Bach2 in vitro. We identified multiple new phosphorylation sites of Bach2 by mass spectrometry analysis of epitope-tagged Bach2 expressed in the mature B cell line BAL17. Among the sites identified, serine 535 (Ser-535) was critical for the regulation of Bach2 because a single mutation of Ser-535 abolished cytoplasmic accumulation of Bach2, promoting its nuclear accumulation in pre-B cells, whereas Ser-509 played an auxiliary role. Bach2 repressor activity was enhanced by the Ser-535 mutation in B cells. These results suggest that the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway inhibits Bach2 by both repressing its expression and inducing its phosphorylation in B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ando
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; Pediatric Surgery, and
| | - Hiroki Shima
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Toru Tamahara
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, and; the Department of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Sendai 980-8575
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Sax
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Sendai 980-8575
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575
| | | | - Tatsuya Maeda
- the Laboratory of Membrane Proteins, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ochiai
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, and; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575
| | - Akihiko Muto
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- From the Departments of Biochemistry,; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, and; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575,.
| |
Collapse
|