1
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Bager Christensen I, Ribas L, Mosshammer M, Abrahamsen ML, Kühl M, Larsen S, Dela F, Gillberg L. Choice of medium affects PBMC quantification, cell size, and downstream respiratory analysis. Mitochondrion 2024; 77:101890. [PMID: 38718898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution respirometry (HRR) can assess peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) bioenergetics, but no standardized medium for PBMC preparation and HRR analysis exist. Here, we study the effect of four different media (MiR05, PBS, RPMI, Plasmax) on the count, size, and HRR (Oxygraph-O2k) of intact PBMCs. Remarkably, the cell count was 21 % higher when PBMCs were resuspended in MiR05 than in PBS or Plasmax, causing O2 flux underestimation during HRR due to inherent adjustments. Moreover, smaller cell size and cell aggregation was observed in MiR05. Based on our findings, we propose that Plasmax, PBS or RPMI is more suitable than MiR05 for HRR of intact PBMCs. We provide oxygen solubility factors for Plasmax and PBS and encourage further optimization of a standardized HRR protocol for intact PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bager Christensen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucas Ribas
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Mosshammer
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Kühl
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Gillberg
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Kong E, Zhang Y, Geng X, Zhao Y, Yue W, Feng X. Inhibition of Sirt3 activates the cGAS-STING pathway to aggravate hepatocyte damage in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111474. [PMID: 38185036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) typically manifests during subtotal hepatectomy and inflicts substantial damage to liver function in the perioperative period. Although the central role of cGAS-STING-mediated immune inflammation in hepatocyte damage during hepatic IRI is acknowledged, the precise regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The current study aims to elucidate how Sirt3 inhibition activates the cGAS-STING pathway and exacerbates hepatocyte damage in hepatic IRI. We established both in vivo and in vitro models by creating hepatic IRI mice model and subjecting AML-12 hepatocyte cell lines to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Hepatic IRI compromised liver and mitochondrial function while elevating cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in hepatocytes. Additionally, both in vivo hepatic IRI and in vitro OGD/R induced increased phosphorylation and activation of cGAS, STING, and IRF3, accompanied by heightened levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and type I interferon (IFN-β). Importantly, knockdown of cGAS or STING through siRNA effectively attenuated hepatic IRI-induced inflammation and ameliorated liver function in both experimental settings, underscoring the dynamic involvement of the cGAS-STING pathway in hepatic IRI-induced inflammation. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in Sirt3 expression following hepatic IRI, both in vivo and in vitro. Then we generated Sirt3-deficient mice and applied Sirt3 knockdown in AML-12 hepatocytes. Notably, Sirt3 deficiency led to increased phosphorylation and activation of cGAS, STING, and IRF3, coupled with elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-β levels in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Moreover, upon silencing various downstream targets of Sirt3, such as transcription factors Sp1, Pu1, and p65, we observed that specifically knocking down p65 in AML-12 hepatocytes reduced cGAS mRNA levels. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed a direct interaction between Sirt3 and p65. The absence of Sirt3 significantly increased nuclear translocation of p65 in mice, whereas Sirt3 knockdown in AML-12 hepatocytes heightened nuclear translocation of p65. ChIP-PCR assays demonstrated that Sirt3 deficiency notably enhanced the binding of p65 to two cGAS promoters, ultimately promoting cGAS transcription. Collectively, our results underscored that inhibition of Sirt3 activates the cGAS-STING pathway to aggravate hepatocyte damage by increasing cytosolic mtDNA and promoting nuclear translocation of p65 to promote cGAS transcription in hepatic IRI. These findings hold promise for potential therapeutic interventions in hepatic IRI by targeting the Sirt3-cGAS-STING axis, offering new avenues for the development of clinical strategies to mitigate liver damage during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou 450042, Henan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou 450042, Henan, China
| | - Xuqiang Geng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Service, the 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou 450042, Henan, China
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Medical Service, the 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou 450042, Henan, China.
| | - Xudong Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 988th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou 450042, Henan, China.
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3
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Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Umare MD, Lokhande S, Upaganlawar AB, Wal P, Taksande BG, Umekar MJ, Khandige PS, Singh B, Sadananda V, Ramniwas S, Behl T. Revisiting the Mitochondrial Function and Communication in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:902-911. [PMID: 38482626 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128286655240304070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are distinguished by the progressive loss of anatomically or physiologically relevant neural systems. Atypical mitochondrial morphology and metabolic malfunction are found in many neurodegenerative disorders. Alteration in mitochondrial function can occur as a result of aberrant mitochondrial DNA, altered nuclear enzymes that interact with mitochondria actively or passively, or due to unexplained reasons. Mitochondria are intimately linked to the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ER-mitochondrial communication governs several of the physiological functions and procedures that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous researchers have associated these disorders with ER-mitochondrial interaction disturbance. In addition, aberrant mitochondrial DNA mutation and increased ROS production resulting in ionic imbalance and leading to functional and structural alterations in the brain as well as cellular damage may have an essential role in disease progression via mitochondrial malfunction. In this review, we explored the evidence highlighting the role of mitochondrial alterations in neurodegenerative pathways in most serious ailments, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanket Lokhande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandawad 423101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, NH-19, Bhauti Road, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee 441002, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasanna Shama Khandige
- Department of Conservative, Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Pharmacy, S.N. Medical College, Agra, India
| | - Vandana Sadananda
- Department of Conservative, Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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4
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Nguyen J, Le Q, Win PW, Hill KA, Singh SM, Castellani CA. Decoding mitochondrial-nuclear (epi)genome interactions: the emerging role of ncRNAs. Epigenomics 2023; 15:1121-1136. [PMID: 38031736 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus is required for several physiological processes, and the nuclear epigenome is a key mediator of this relationship. ncRNAs are an emerging area of discussion for their roles in cellular function and regulation. In this review, we highlight the role of mitochondrial-encoded ncRNAs as mediators of communication between the mitochondria and the nuclear genome. We focus primarily on retrograde signaling, a process in which the mitochondrion relays ncRNAs to translate environmental stress signals to changes in nuclear gene expression, with implications on stress responses that may include disease(s). Other biological roles of mitochondrial-encoded ncRNAs, such as mitochondrial import of proteins and regulation of cell signaling, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nguyen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Quinn Le
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Phyo W Win
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Hill
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Christina A Castellani
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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5
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Sun J, Ge X, Jin B, Li S, Hou Y, Zhong S, Yang Z, Xi P, Li M, Gao B. Super-resolution imaging of mitochondrial cristae using a more hydrophobic far-red Si-rhodamine probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13038-13041. [PMID: 37843422 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial probe SiRPFA was synthesized by attaching a long perfluoroalkyl chain on Si-rhodamine cationic dye. High lipophilicity endowed SiRPFA with mitochondrial membrane potential independent properties. Under stimulated emission depletion microscopy, SiRPFA clearly revealed changes in mitochondrial cristae morphology during autophagy induced by starvation or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
| | - Xichuan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
| | - Boya Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suyi Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zikang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiqi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Baoxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China.
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6
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Cho UH, Hetzer MW. Caspase-mediated nuclear pore complex trimming in cell differentiation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. eLife 2023; 12:RP89066. [PMID: 37665327 PMCID: PMC10476967 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, caspases degrade 8 out of ~30 nucleoporins to irreversibly demolish the nuclear pore complex. However, for poorly understood reasons, caspases are also activated during cell differentiation. Here, we show that sublethal activation of caspases during myogenesis results in the transient proteolysis of four peripheral Nups and one transmembrane Nup. 'Trimmed' NPCs become nuclear export-defective, and we identified in an unbiased manner several classes of cytoplasmic, plasma membrane, and mitochondrial proteins that rapidly accumulate in the nucleus. NPC trimming by non-apoptotic caspases was also observed in neurogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our results suggest that caspases can reversibly modulate nuclear transport activity, which allows them to function as agents of cell differentiation and adaptation at sublethal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukrae H Cho
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)KlosterneuburgAustria
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7
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Bhuiyan SH, Bordet G, Bamgbose G, Tulin AV. The Drosophila gene encoding JIG protein (CG14850) is critical for CrebA nuclear trafficking during development. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5647-5660. [PMID: 37144466 PMCID: PMC10287909 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of mitochondrial and nuclear processes is key to the cellular health; however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk. Here, we report a novel molecular mechanism controlling the shuttling of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) protein complex between mitochondria and nucleoplasm. We show that a previously unknown protein, herein termed as Jig, functions as a tissue-specific and developmental timing-specific coregulator in the CREB pathway. Our results demonstrate that Jig shuttles between mitochondria and nucleoplasm, interacts with CrebA protein and controls its delivery to the nucleus, thus triggering CREB-dependent transcription in nuclear chromatin and mitochondria. Ablating the expression of Jig prevents CrebA from localizing to the nucleoplasm, affecting mitochondrial functioning and morphology and leads to Drosophila developmental arrest at the early third instar larval stage. Together, these results implicate Jig as an essential mediator of nuclear and mitochondrial processes. We also found that Jig belongs to a family of nine similar proteins, each of which has its own tissue- and time-specific expression profile. Thus, our results are the first to describe the molecular mechanism regulating nuclear and mitochondrial processes in a tissue- and time-specific manner.
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8
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Pinho SA, Anjo SI, Cunha-Oliveira T. Metabolic Priming as a Tool in Redox and Mitochondrial Theragnostics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051072. [PMID: 37237939 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Theragnostics is a promising approach that integrates diagnostics and therapeutics into a single personalized strategy. To conduct effective theragnostic studies, it is essential to create an in vitro environment that accurately reflects the in vivo conditions. In this review, we discuss the importance of redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function in the context of personalized theragnostic approaches. Cells have several ways to respond to metabolic stress, including changes in protein localization, density, and degradation, which can promote cell survival. However, disruption of redox homeostasis can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage, which are implicated in various diseases. Models of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction should be developed in metabolically conditioned cells to explore the underlying mechanisms of diseases and develop new therapies. By choosing an appropriate cellular model, adjusting cell culture conditions and validating the cellular model, it is possible to identify the most promising therapeutic options and tailor treatments to individual patients. Overall, we highlight the importance of precise and individualized approaches in theragnostics and the need to develop accurate in vitro models that reflect the in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A Pinho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- PDBEB-PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- IIIUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- IIIUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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9
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Casanova A, Wevers A, Navarro-Ledesma S, Pruimboom L. Mitochondria: It is all about energy. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1114231. [PMID: 37179826 PMCID: PMC10167337 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron and calcium homeostasis to the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable and influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, the nucleus, and the outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk mechanisms between mitochondria and circadian clocks, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. They might even be the hub supporting and integrating activity across all these domains. Hence, they might be the (missing) link in both health and disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding the mitochondrial mechanisms of action that allow for the maintenance of mitochondrial health and the pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although mitochondria have allowed us to adapt to changes over the course of evolution, in turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences mitochondria in its own way. The use of physiological stress triggers tolerance to the stressor, achieving adaptability and resistance. This review describes strategies that could recover mitochondrial functioning in multiple diseases, providing a comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach to recovering health and treating people suffering from chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaloha Casanova
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Anne Wevers
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla, Spain
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo Pruimboom
- PNI Europe, The Hague, Netherlands
- Chair of Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Granada and PNI Europe, Granada, Spain
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10
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Zhai R, Fang B, Lai Y, Peng B, Bai H, Liu X, Li L, Huang W. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes for mitochondrial nanoscale imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:942-972. [PMID: 36514947 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are inextricably linked to the development of diseases and cell metabolism disorders. Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is crucial in enhancing our understanding of mitochondrial ultrafine structures and functions. In addition to high-precision instruments, super-resolution microscopy relies heavily on fluorescent materials with unique photophysical properties. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs) have excellent properties that make them ideal for mitochondrial SRI. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field of SMFPs, with a focus on the chemical and spectroscopic properties required for mitochondrial SRI. Finally, we discuss future challenges in this field, including the design principles of SMFPs and nanoscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiu Zhai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yaqi Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaowang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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11
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D’Amato M, Morra F, Di Meo I, Tiranti V. Mitochondrial Transplantation in Mitochondrial Medicine: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031969. [PMID: 36768312 PMCID: PMC9916997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are inherited genetic conditions characterized by pathogenic mutations in nuclear DNA (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Current therapies are still far from being fully effective and from covering the broad spectrum of mutations in mtDNA. For example, unlike heteroplasmic conditions, MDs caused by homoplasmic mtDNA mutations do not yet benefit from advances in molecular approaches. An attractive method of providing dysfunctional cells and/or tissues with healthy mitochondria is mitochondrial transplantation. In this review, we discuss what is known about intercellular transfer of mitochondria and the methods used to transfer mitochondria both in vitro and in vivo, and we provide an outlook on future therapeutic applications. Overall, the transfer of healthy mitochondria containing wild-type mtDNA copies could induce a heteroplasmic shift even when homoplasmic mtDNA variants are present, with the aim of attenuating or preventing the progression of pathological clinical phenotypes. In summary, mitochondrial transplantation is a challenging but potentially ground-breaking option for the treatment of various mitochondrial pathologies, although several questions remain to be addressed before its application in mitochondrial medicine.
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12
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Mori KM, McElroy JP, Weng DY, Chung S, Fadda P, Reisinger SA, Ying KL, Brasky TM, Wewers MD, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG, Song MA. Lung mitochondrial DNA copy number, inflammatory biomarkers, gene transcription and gene methylation in vapers and smokers. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104301. [PMID: 36215783 PMCID: PMC9561685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtCN) maintains cellular function and homeostasis, and is linked to nuclear DNA methylation and gene expression. Increased mtCN in the blood is associated with smoking and respiratory disease, but has received little attention for target organ effects for smoking or electronic cigarette (EC) use. METHODS Bronchoscopy biospecimens from healthy EC users, smokers (SM), and never-smokers (NS) were assessed for associations of mtCN with mtDNA point mutations, immune responses, nuclear DNA methylation and gene expression using linear regression. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used for enriched pathways. GEO and TCGA respiratory disease datasets were used to explore the involvement of mtCN-associated signatures. FINDINGS mtCN was higher in SM than NS, but EC was not statistically different from either. Overall there was a negative association of mtCN with a point mutation in the D-loop but no difference within groups. Positive associations of mtCN with IL-2 and IL-4 were found in EC only. mtCN was significantly associated with 71,487 CpGs and 321 transcripts. 263 CpGs were correlated with nearby transcripts for genes enriched in the immune system. EC-specific mtCN-associated-CpGs and genes were differentially expressed in respiratory diseases compared to controls, including genes involved in cellular movement, inflammation, metabolism, and airway hyperresponsiveness. INTERPRETATION Smoking may elicit a lung toxic effect through mtCN. While the impact of EC is less clear, EC-specific associations of mtCN with nuclear biomarkers suggest exposure may not be harmless. Further research is needed to understand the role of smoking and EC-related mtCN on lung disease risks. FUNDING The National Cancer Institute, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products, the National Center For Advancing Translational Sciences, and Pelotonia Intramural Research Funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie M Mori
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Y Weng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Genomics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah A Reisinger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kevin L Ying
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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13
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Tomaszewski M, Morris AP, Howson JMM, Franceschini N, Eales JM, Xu X, Dikalov S, Guzik TJ, Humphreys BD, Harrap S, Charchar FJ. Kidney omics in hypertension: from statistical associations to biological mechanisms and clinical applications. Kidney Int 2022; 102:492-505. [PMID: 35690124 PMCID: PMC9886011 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor and contributor to premature death globally. Family-based investigations confirmed a significant heritable component of blood pressure (BP), whereas genome-wide association studies revealed >1000 common and rare genetic variants associated with BP and/or hypertension. The kidney is not only an organ of key relevance to BP regulation and the development of hypertension, but it also acts as the tissue mediator of genetic predisposition to hypertension. The identity of kidney genes, pathways, and related mechanisms underlying the genetic associations with BP has started to emerge through integration of genomics with kidney transcriptomics, epigenomics, and other omics as well as through applications of causal inference, such as Mendelian randomization. Single-cell methods further enabled mapping of BP-associated kidney genes to cell types, and in conjunction with other omics, started to illuminate the biological mechanisms underpinning associations of BP-associated genetic variants and kidney genes. Polygenic risk scores derived from genome-wide association studies and refined on kidney omics hold the promise of enhanced diagnostic prediction, whereas kidney omics-informed drug discovery is likely to contribute new therapeutic opportunities for hypertension and hypertension-mediated kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Heart Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Genetics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Novo Nordisk Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James M Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sergey Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen Harrap
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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14
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Burzio VA, Barrey E, Leucci E, Entelis N, Hollander JM, Das S. Editorial: Role of mitochondria-associated non-coding RNAs in intracellular communication. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980674. [PMID: 36072845 PMCID: PMC9442477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A. Burzio
- Centro Ciencia and Vida, Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Barrey
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156 GMGM Strasbourg University–CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - John M. Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, and Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Samarjit Das
- Department of Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Samarjit Das,
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15
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Tanaka M, Szabó Á, Spekker E, Polyák H, Tóth F, Vécsei L. Mitochondrial Impairment: A Common Motif in Neuropsychiatric Presentation? The Link to the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162607. [PMID: 36010683 PMCID: PMC9406499 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Later, a number of mutations in mtDNA were identified as a cause of severe inheritable metabolic diseases with neurological manifestation, and the impairment of mitochondrial functions has been probed in the pathogenesis of a wide range of illnesses including neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a growing number of preclinical studies have revealed that animal behaviors are influenced by the impairment of mitochondrial functions and possibly by the loss of mitochondrial stress resilience. Indeed, as high as 54% of patients with one of the most common primary mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, present psychiatric symptoms including cognitive impairment, mood disorder, anxiety, and psychosis. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles which produce cellular energy and play a major role in other cellular functions including homeostasis, cellular signaling, and gene expression, among others. Mitochondrial functions are observed to be compromised and to become less resilient under continuous stress. Meanwhile, stress and inflammation have been linked to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system, which observably contributes to the development of pathological conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review discusses the functions of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system, the interaction of the Trp-KYN system with mitochondria, and the current understanding of the involvement of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system in preclinical and clinical studies of major neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Tóth
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351
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16
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Walker BR, Moraes CT. Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030427. [PMID: 35327619 PMCID: PMC8946195 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the cell’s major energy producers, also act as signaling hubs, interacting with other organelles both directly and indirectly. Despite having its own circular genome, the majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA. To respond to changes in cell physiology, the mitochondria must send signals to the nucleus, which can, in turn, upregulate gene expression to alter metabolism or initiate a stress response. This is known as retrograde signaling. A variety of stimuli and pathways fall under the retrograde signaling umbrella. Mitochondrial dysfunction has already been shown to have severe implications for human health. Disruption of retrograde signaling, whether directly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or cellular environmental changes, may also contribute to pathological deficits. In this review, we discuss known signaling pathways between the mitochondria and the nucleus, examine the possibility of direct contacts, and identify pathological consequences of an altered relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni R. Walker
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm. 229, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm. 229, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-5858
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17
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Zhang W, Wu M, Gao X, Ma C, Xu H, Lin L, He J, Cai W, Zhong Y, Tang D, Tang M, Dai Y. Multi-Platform-Based Analysis Characterizes Molecular Alterations of the Nucleus in Human Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:796703. [PMID: 35265610 PMCID: PMC8899079 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.796703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The disturbed molecular alterations of nucleus may promote the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). A multi-platform-based analysis of nucleus of CRC patients helps us to better understand the underlying mechanism of CRC and screen out the potential drug targets for clinical treatment. However, such studies on nucleus in human CRC are still lacking. Methods: We collected the cancerous and para-cancerous tissues from eight CRC patients and performed a multiplex analysis of the molecular changes of the nucleus, including structural variations (SVs), DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, proteome and phosphorproteome. Results: In our study, we revealed a significant molecular change of nucleus of CRC patients using our original proteomic and phosphorylomic datasets. Subsequently, we characterized the molecular alterations of nucleus of CRC patients at multiple dimensionalities, including DNA, mRNA, protein and epigenetic modification. Next, we found that the great molecular changes of nucleus might affect the biological processes named endocytosis and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Besides, we identified DYNC1LI2 and TPR as the potentially hub proteins within the network of nuclear genes in CRC cells. Furthermore, we identified 1905 CRC-specific SVs, and proclaimed 17 CRC-specific SVs were probably associated with the disturbance of immune microenvironment of CRC patients. We also revealed that the SVs of CXCL5, CXCL10 and CXCL11 might be the core SVs among all the immune-relevant SVs. Finally, we identified seven genes as the upstream transcriptional factors potentially regulating the expression of nuclear genes, such as YY1 and JUN, using a multi-omics approach. Conclusion: Here, we characterized the molecular changes of nucleus of CRC patients, disclosed the potentially core nuclear genes within the network, and identified the probable upstream regulator of nucleus. The findings of this study are helpful to understand the pathogenic molecular changes of nucleus in CRC patients and provide a functional context for drug development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
- South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xucan Gao
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chiyu Ma
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Huixuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Liewen Lin
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingquan He
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanxia Cai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yafang Zhong
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Donge Tang, ; Min Tang, ; Yong Dai,
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Donge Tang, ; Min Tang, ; Yong Dai,
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Donge Tang, ; Min Tang, ; Yong Dai,
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18
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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111338. [PMID: 34768767 PMCID: PMC8583510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell’s needs. They are also at the center of the proinflammatory response and have essential roles in the response against pathogenic infections. Mitochondria are a major site for production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which are essential to fight infection. However, excessive and uncontrolled production can become deleterious to the cell, leading to mitochondrial and tissue damage. Pathogens exploit the role of mitochondria during infection by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), mitochondrial network and disrupting the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in these biological processes makes these organelle good targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented a summary of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogen response, as well as the potential promising mitochondrial targets for the fight against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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19
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Willingham TB, Ajayi PT, Glancy B. Subcellular Specialization of Mitochondrial Form and Function in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:757305. [PMID: 34722542 PMCID: PMC8554132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Across different cell types and within single cells, mitochondria are heterogeneous in form and function. In skeletal muscle cells, morphologically and functionally distinct subpopulations of mitochondria have been identified, but the mechanisms by which the subcellular specialization of mitochondria contributes to energy homeostasis in working muscles remains unclear. Here, we discuss the current data regarding mitochondrial heterogeneity in skeletal muscle cells and highlight potential new lines of inquiry that have emerged due to advancements in cellular imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bradley Willingham
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter T. Ajayi
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brian Glancy
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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20
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Venit T, El Said NH, Mahmood SR, Percipalle P. A dynamic actin-dependent nucleoskeleton and cell identity. J Biochem 2021; 169:243-257. [PMID: 33351909 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is an essential regulator of cellular functions. In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, actin regulates chromatin as a bona fide component of chromatin remodelling complexes, it associates with nuclear RNA polymerases to regulate transcription and is involved in co-transcriptional assembly of nascent RNAs into ribonucleoprotein complexes. Actin dynamics are, therefore, emerging as a major regulatory factor affecting diverse cellular processes. Importantly, the involvement of actin dynamics in nuclear functions is redefining the concept of nucleoskeleton from a rigid scaffold to a dynamic entity that is likely linked to the three-dimensional organization of the nuclear genome. In this review, we discuss how nuclear actin, by regulating chromatin structure through phase separation may contribute to the architecture of the nuclear genome during cell differentiation and facilitate the expression of specific gene programs. We focus specifically on mitochondrial genes and how their dysregulation in the absence of actin raises important questions about the role of cytoskeletal proteins in regulating chromatin structure. The discovery of a novel pool of mitochondrial actin that serves as 'mitoskeleton' to facilitate organization of mtDNA supports a general role for actin in genome architecture and a possible function of distinct actin pools in the communication between nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venit
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Hosny El Said
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Raza Mahmood
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, 1009 Silver Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Mohd Khair SZN, Abd Radzak SM, Mohamed Yusoff AA. The Uprising of Mitochondrial DNA Biomarker in Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:7675269. [PMID: 34326906 PMCID: PMC8302403 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7675269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases, the progression of which demands an accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations of the human nuclear genome or possibly in the mitochondrial genome as well. Despite modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to battle cancer, there are still serious concerns about the increase in death from cancer globally. Recently, a growing number of researchers have extensively focused on the burgeoning area of biomarkers development research, especially in noninvasive early cancer detection. Intergenomic cross talk has triggered researchers to expand their studies from nuclear genome-based cancer researches, shifting into the mitochondria-mediated associations with carcinogenesis. Thus, it leads to the discoveries of established and potential mitochondrial biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity. The research field of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) biomarkers has the great potential to confer vast benefits for cancer therapeutics and patients in the future. This review seeks to summarize the comprehensive insights of nuclear genome cancer biomarkers and their usage in clinical practices, the intergenomic cross talk researches that linked mitochondrial dysfunction to carcinogenesis, and the current progress of mitochondrial cancer biomarker studies and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Zulaikha Nashwa Mohd Khair
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Muslihah Abd Radzak
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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22
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Zhao Q, Liu F, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Luo J, Li X, Yang Y. Constitutive activation of ERK1/2 signaling protects against myocardial ischemia via inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation in the aging heart. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:479. [PMID: 33850876 PMCID: PMC8039677 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the ability of the myocardium to tolerate ischemia becomes significantly compromised with age. During ischemia, several endogenous protective signals are activated to protect the heart from injury, among which extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling has been established as playing a pivotal role. However, in aging hearts, the activation of ERK1/2 is compromised. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) is a major regulator of ERK1/2 signaling. In the present study, we investigated whether transduction of CaMEK, a constitutively activated MEK, using adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) could protect the aging heart against ischemia. Methods Myocardial ischemia models were established in aging mice and senescent cardiomyocytes, and AAV9-mediated delivery of CaMEK was applied. Echocardiography, fluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting were used to explore the effects of CaMEK and their underlying mechanism. Results AAV9-CaMEK activated ERK1/2 signaling and exerted cardioprotective effects against ischemia in aging hearts. Specifically, CaMEK transduction decreased dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) expression and phosphorylation at serine 616, resulting in improved mitochondrial morphology and function in aging ischemic hearts. Furthermore, CaMEK transduction exerted similar protective effects in senescent cardiomyocytes under hypoxia. Meanwhile, with the inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling in senescent cardiomyocytes under hypoxia, the opposite effects were observed, including an increase in mitochondrial fragmentation and aggravation of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. Conclusions Our results suggested that AAV9-CaMEK alleviated ischemia-induced myocardium injury in the aging heart, at least in part, through inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation. Therefore, AAV9-CaMEK is a potential intervention for prevention of ischemia-induced injury of the aging myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yining Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
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Hevener AL, Ribas V, Moore TM, Zhou Z. ERα in the Control of Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic Health. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:31-46. [PMID: 33020031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decrements in metabolic health elevate disease risk, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. Thus, treatment strategies to combat metabolic dysfunction are needed. Reduced ESR1 (estrogen receptor, ERα) expression is observed in muscle from women, men, and animals presenting clinical features of the metabolic syndrome. Human studies of natural expression of ESR1 in metabolic tissues show that muscle expression of ESR1 is positively correlated with markers of metabolic health, including insulin sensitivity. Herein, we highlight the important impact of ERα on mitochondrial form and function and present how these actions of the receptor govern metabolic homeostasis. Studies identifying ERα-regulated pathways for disease prevention will lay the foundation for the design of novel therapeutics to improve the health of women while limiting secondary complications that have plagued traditional hormone replacement interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Hevener
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Iris Cantor-UCLA Women's Health Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Vicent Ribas
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy M Moore
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhenqi Zhou
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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24
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Fasting Drives Nrf2-Related Antioxidant Response in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207780. [PMID: 33096672 PMCID: PMC7589317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A common metabolic condition for living organisms is starvation/fasting, a state that could play systemic-beneficial roles. Complex adaptive responses are activated during fasting to help the organism to maintain energy homeostasis and avoid nutrient stress. Metabolic rearrangements during fasting cause mild oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls adaptive responses and remains the major regulator of quenching mechanisms underlying different types of stress. Here, we demonstrate a positive role of fasting as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. In particular, by using in vivo and in vitro models of fasting, we found that typical Nrf2-dependent genes, including those controlling iron (e.g., Ho-1) and glutathione (GSH) metabolism (e.g., Gcl, Gsr) are induced along with increased levels of the glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), a GSH-dependent antioxidant enzyme. These events are associated with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde, a well-known by-product of lipid peroxidation. Our results suggest that fasting could be a valuable approach to boost the adaptive anti-oxidant responses in skeletal muscle.
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25
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Diaz-Juarez J, Suarez JA, Dillmann WH, Suarez J. Mitochondrial calcium handling and heart disease in diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165984. [PMID: 33002576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus-induced heart disease, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, is an important medical problem and is difficult to treat. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk for heart failure and decreases cardiac myocyte function, which are linked to changes in cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism. The free mitochondrial calcium concentration ([Ca2+]m) is fundamental in activating the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and ATP production and is also known to regulate the activity of key mitochondrial dehydrogenases. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) plays a major role in mediating mitochondrial Ca2+ import, and its expression and function therefore may have a marked impact on cardiac myocyte metabolism and function. Here, we summarize the pathophysiological role of [Ca2+]m handling and MCUC in the diabetic heart. In addition, we evaluate potential therapeutic targets, directed to the machinery that regulates mitochondrial calcium handling, to alleviate diabetes-related cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Diaz-Juarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Seccion XVI, 14080 Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Suarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang H Dillmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Suarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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26
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Roman B, Kaur P, Ashok D, Kohr M, Biswas R, O'Rourke B, Steenbergen C, Das S. Nuclear-mitochondrial communication involving miR-181c plays an important role in cardiac dysfunction during obesity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 144:87-96. [PMID: 32442661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In cardiomyocytes, there is microRNA (miR) in the mitochondria that originates from the nuclear genome and matures in the cytoplasm before translocating into the mitochondria. Overexpression of one such miR, miR-181c, can lead to heart failure by stimulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing mitochondrial calcium level ([Ca2+]m). Mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 protein (MICU1), a regulatory protein in the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex, plays an important role in regulating [Ca2+]m. Obesity results in miR-181c overexpression and a decrease in MICU1. We hypothesize that lowering miR-181c would protect against obesity-induced cardiac dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS We used an in vivo mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks and induced high lipid load in H9c2 cells with oleate-conjugated bovine serum albumin in vitro. We tested the cardioprotective role of lowering miR-181c by using miR-181c/d-/- mice (in vivo) and AntagomiR against miR-181c (in vitro). HFD significantly upregulated heart levels of miR-181c and led to cardiac hypertrophy in wild-type mice, but not in miR-181c/d-/- mice. HFD also increased ROS production and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (a surrogate for [Ca2+]m), but the increases were alleviated in miR-181c/d-/- mice. Moreover, miR-181c/d-/- mice fed a HFD had higher levels of MICU1 than did wild-type mice fed a HFD, attenuating the rise in [Ca2+]m. Overexpression of miR-181c in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVM) caused increased ROS production, which oxidized transcription factor Sp1 and led to a loss of Sp1, thereby slowing MICU1 transcription. Hence, miR-181c increases [Ca2+]m through Sp1 oxidation and downregulation of MICU1, suggesting that the cardioprotective effect of miR-181c/d-/- results from inhibition of Sp1 oxidation. CONCLUSION This study has identified a unique nuclear-mitochondrial communication mechanism in the heart orchestrated by miR-181c. Obesity-induced overexpression of miR-181c increases [Ca2+]m via downregulation of MICU1 and leads to cardiac injury. A strategy to inhibit miR-181c in cardiomyocytes can preserve cardiac function during obesity by improving mitochondrial function. Altering miR-181c expression may provide a pharmacologic approach to improve cardiomyopathy in individuals with obesity/type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Roman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Pawandeep Kaur
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Deepthi Ashok
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Kohr
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Roopa Biswas
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Samarjit Das
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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27
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Klinge CM. Estrogenic control of mitochondrial function. Redox Biol 2020; 31:101435. [PMID: 32001259 PMCID: PMC7212490 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-based differences in human disease are caused in part by the levels of endogenous sex steroid hormones which regulate mitochondrial metabolism. This review updates a previous review on how estrogens regulate metabolism and mitochondrial function that was published in 2017. Estrogens are produced by ovaries and adrenals, and in lesser amounts by adipose, breast stromal, and brain tissues. At the cellular level, the mechanisms by which estrogens regulate diverse cellular functions including reproduction and behavior is by binding to estrogen receptors α, β (ERα and ERβ) and G-protein coupled ER (GPER1). ERα and ERβ are transcription factors that bind genomic and mitochondrial DNA to regulate gene transcription. A small proportion of ERα and ERβ interact with plasma membrane-associated signaling proteins to activate intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately alter transcriptional responses, including mitochondrial morphology and function. Although the mechanisms and targets by which estrogens act directly and indirectly to regulate mitochondrial function are not fully elucidated, it is clear that estradiol regulates mitochondrial metabolism and morphology via nuclear and mitochondrial-mediated events, including stimulation of nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) transcription that will be reviewed here. NRF-1 is a transcription factor that interacts with coactivators including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) to regulate nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. One NRF-1 target is TFAM that binds mtDNA to regulate its transcription. Nuclear-encoded miRNA and lncRNA regulate mtDNA-encoded and nuclear-encoded transcripts that regulate mitochondrial function, thus acting as anterograde signals. Other estrogen-regulated mitochondrial activities including bioenergetics, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and extracellular acidification (ECAR), are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, 40292, KY, USA.
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