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Yang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Ke T, Zhao L. PCSK9 inhibitor effectively alleviated cognitive dysfunction in a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17676. [PMID: 39157774 PMCID: PMC11330219 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD) is increasing; however, few clinical intervention measures are available for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Research has shown that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, particularly SBC-115076, have a protective effect against various neurodegenerative diseases. However, their role in DACD remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on DACD. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The rats were randomly divided into three groups: the Control group (Control, healthy rats, n = 8), the Model group (Model, rats with T2DM, n = 8), and the PCSK9 inhibitor-treated group (Treat, T2DM rats treated with PCSK9 inhibitors, n = 8). To assess the spatial learning and memory of the rats in each group, the Morris water maze (MWM) test was conducted. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining procedures were performed to assess the structural characteristics and functional status of the neurons of rats from each group. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology and structure of the hippocampal neurons. Determine serum PCSK9 and lipid metabolism indicators in each group of rats. Use qRT-PCR to detect the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampal tissues of each group of rats. Western blot was used to detect the expression of PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in the hippocampal tissues of rats. In addition, a 4D label-free quantitative proteomics approach was used to analyse protein expression in rat hippocampal tissues. The expression of selected proteins in hippocampal tissues was verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The results showed that the PCSK9 inhibitor alleviated cognitive dysfunction in T2DM rats. PCSK9 inhibitors can reduce PCSK9, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the serum of T2DM rats. Meanwhile, it was found that PCSK9 inhibitors can reduce the expression of PCSK9, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampal tissues of T2DM rats, while increasing the expression of LDLR. Thirteen potential target proteins for the action of PCSK9 inhibitors on DACD rats were identified. PRM and IHC revealed that PCSK9 inhibitors effectively counteracted the downregulation of transthyretin in DACD rats. Conclusion This study uncovered the target proteins and specific mechanisms of PCSK9 inhibitors in DACD, providing an experimental basis for the clinical application of PCSK9 inhibitors for the potential treatment of DACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yeying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tingyu Ke
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Park LM, Pacher P, Lohoff FW. Targeting Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Novel Role for PCSK9 Inhibition? ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2662-2664. [PMID: 39022840 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protein that regulates cholesterol levels by lysosomal low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation and has recently been associated with the production of neuronal oxidative stress and age-associated cardiovascular dysfunction. Since increased oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction are implicated in the pathology of aging and various neurodegenerative disorders, targeting PCSK9 may offer a promising therapeutic avenue for addressing these conditions. While the precise mechanisms through which PCSK9 contributes to vascular and neuronal oxidative stress in the brain remain elusive, preclinical studies have highlighted a neuroprotective effect linked to PCSK9 inhibition. This inhibition has shown promise in reducing oxidative stress, mitigating neuroinflammation, and alleviating neuropathological changes, thus underscoring the therapeutic potential of this approach in addressing neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Park
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Vilella A, Bodria M, Papotti B, Zanotti I, Zimetti F, Remaggi G, Elviri L, Potì F, Ferri N, Lupo MG, Panighel G, Daini E, Vandini E, Zoli M, Giuliani D, Bernini F. PCSK9 ablation attenuates Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions in 5XFAD mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:517-534. [PMID: 37967665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence highlights the importance of novel players in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, including alterations of lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation. Indeed, a potential involvement of Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in AD has been recently postulated. Here, we first investigated the effects of PCSK9 on neuroinflammation in vitro. Then, we examined the impact of a genetic ablation of PCSK9 on cognitive performance in a severe mouse model of AD. Finally, in the same animals we evaluated the effect of PCSK9 loss on Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and brain lipids. METHODS For in vitro studies, U373 human astrocytoma cells were treated with Aβ fibrils and human recombinant PCSK9. mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and inflammasome-related genes were evaluated by q-PCR, while MCP-1 secretion was measured by ELISA. For in vivo studies, the cognitive performance of a newly generated mouse line - obtained by crossing 5XFADHet with PCSK9KO mice - was tested by the Morris water maze test. After sacrifice, immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate Aβ plaque deposition, distribution and composition, BACE1 immunoreactivity, as well as microglia and astrocyte reactivity. Cholesterol and hydroxysterols levels in mouse brains were quantified by fluorometric and LC-MS/MS analyses, respectively. Statistical comparisons were performed according to one- or two-way ANOVA, two-way repeated measure ANOVA or Chi-square test. RESULTS In vitro, PCSK9 significantly increased IL6, IL1B and TNFΑ mRNA levels in Aβ fibrils-treated U373 cells, without influencing inflammasome gene expression, except for an increase in NLRC4 mRNA levels. In vivo, PCSK9 ablation in 5XFAD mice significantly improved the performance at the Morris water maze test; these changes were accompanied by a reduced corticohippocampal Aβ burden without affecting plaque spatial/regional distribution and composition or global BACE1 expression. Furthermore, PCSK9 loss in 5XFAD mice induced decreased microgliosis and astrocyte reactivity in several brain regions. Conversely, knocking out PCSK9 had minimal impact on brain cholesterol and hydroxysterol levels. CONCLUSIONS In vitro studies showed a pro-inflammatory effect of PCSK9. Consistently, in vivo data indicated a protective role of PCSK9 ablation against cognitive impairments, associated with improved Aβ pathology and attenuated neuroinflammation in a severe mouse model of AD. PCSK9 may thus be considered a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Martina Bodria
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Remaggi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35129, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Panighel
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Daini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vandini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Saputri FC, Azmi NU, Puteri MU, Damayanti, Novita V, Marisi G, Oktavira E, Sari AN, Ronaningtyas K, Herawati E. High-Fat Diet Enhances Platelet Activation and Is Associated with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9: An Animal Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4463. [PMID: 37892538 PMCID: PMC10609754 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) play pivotal roles in the progression of atherosclerosis to cardiovascular events. It has been reported that hyperlipidemia, a well-documented risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, tends increase platelet activation and PCSK9 expression. However, little is known about this specific mechanism, particularly how nutrition affects platelet activation and PCSK9 levels in hyperlipidemia conditions. This study aimed to assess how a high-fat diet influences platelet activation, its association with PCSK9, and the effects on blood pressure in an animal model. Here, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, subjected to different high-fat diets for ten weeks with varying nutrient components. The results showed that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia significantly increased the plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), p-selectin, and platelet factor 4 (PF-4). The blood pressure readings were also elevated post high-fat diet induction. Interestingly, the group with the highest percentage of saturated fatty acid and trans-fat exhibited the highest PCSK9 levels, along with the highest increase in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and platelet activation parameters. These findings confirm that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia stimulate platelet activity and PCSK9 levels. Moreover, our results suggest that PCSK9, implicated in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, may synergistically mediate platelet hyperactivity, aligning with clinical studies. Notably, our results highlight the association between a high-fat diet and PCSK9, providing insights for drug discovery targeting platelet activation in atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuriza Ulul Azmi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Meidi Utami Puteri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Vivi Novita
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Gracia Marisi
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Elin Oktavira
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Aninda Novika Sari
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Khairunisa Ronaningtyas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Enny Herawati
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
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Feng Z, Liao X, Peng J, Quan J, Zhang H, Huang Z, Yi B. PCSK9 causes inflammation and cGAS/STING pathway activation in diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23127. [PMID: 37561547 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300342rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research revealed that an increase in PCSK9 is linked to aggravated inflammation in the kidneys of mice affected by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) or in HGPA-induced HK-2 cells. Furthermore, the cGAS/STING pathway has been reported to be involved in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the correlation between the proinflammatory effect of PCSK9 and the cGAS/STING pathway in DN. We used PCSK9 mAbs to inhibit PCSK9 in vivo and PCSK9 siRNA in vitro and measured the inflammatory phenotype in HFD/STZ-treated mice or HGPA-induced HK-2 cells, and observed decreased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, UACR, and kidney injury in response to the PCSK9 mAb in HFD/STZ-treated mice. Moreover, IL-1 β, MCP-1, and TNF-α levels were reduced by the PCSK9 mAb in vivo and PCSK9 siRNA in vitro. We observed increased mtDNA damage and activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway during DN, as well as the downstream targets p-TBK1, p-NF-κB p65, and IL-1β. In a further experiment with an HGPA-induced DN model in HK-2 cells, we revealed that mtDNA damage was increased, which led to the activation of the cGAS/STING system and its downstream targets. Notably, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway was inhibited by the PCSK9 mAb in vivo and PCSK9 siRNA in vitro. In addition, inhibition of STING with C-176 in HGPA-induced HK-2 cells markedly blocked inflammation. In conclusion, we report for the first time that PCSK9 triggers mitochondrial DNA damage and activates the cGAS-STING pathway in DN, which leads to a series of inflammation cascades. PCSK9-targeted intervention can effectively reduce DN inflammation and delay its progression. Moreover, the inhibition of STING significantly abrogated the inflammation triggered by HGPA in HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Feng
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Liao
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Quan
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Furong Laboratory, Changsha, China
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Critical Kidney Disease Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Takechi R, Sharif A, Brook E, Majimbi M, Chan DC, Lam V, Watts GF, Mamo JCL. Is type 2 diabetes associated dementia a microvascular early-Alzheimer's phenotype induced by aberrations in the peripheral metabolism of lipoprotein-amyloid? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1127481. [PMID: 36875491 PMCID: PMC9978204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1127481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a positive association of type 2 diabetes with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia. Suggested pathways include cerebral vascular dysfunction; central insulin resistance, or exaggerated brain abundance of potentially cytotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ), a hallmark feature of AD. However, contemporary studies find that Aβ is secreted in the periphery by lipogenic organs and secreted as nascent triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL's). Pre-clinical models show that exaggerated abundance in blood of TRL-Aβ compromises blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, resulting in extravasation of the TRL-Aβ moiety to brain parenchyme, neurovascular inflammation and neuronal degeneration concomitant with cognitive decline. Inhibiting secretion of TRL-Aβ by peripheral lipogenic organs attenuates the early-AD phenotype indicated in animal models, consistent with causality. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes commonly features hypertriglyceridemia because of exaggerated TRL secretion and reduced rates of catabolism. Alzheimer's in diabetes may therefore be a consequence of heightened abundance in blood of lipoprotein-Aβ and accelerated breakdown of the BBB. This review reconciles the prevailing dogma of amyloid associated cytotoxicity as a primary risk factor in late-onset AD, with substantial evidence of a microvascular axis for dementia-in-diabetes. Consideration of potentially relevant pharmacotherapies to treat insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and by extension plasma amyloidemia in type 2 diabetes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Arazu Sharif
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily Brook
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maimuna Majimbi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dick C. Chan
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John C. L. Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: John C. L. Mamo,
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Pratchayasakul W, Arunsak B, Suparan K, Sriwichaiin S, Chunchai T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Combined caloric restriction and exercise provides greater metabolic and neurocognitive benefits than either as a monotherapy in obesity with or without estrogen deprivation. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109125. [PMID: 35977664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, as indicated by brain dysfunction and cognitive decline, is one of the complications associated with obesity and estrogen deprivation. Calorie restriction and exercise regimes improved brain function in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the comparative effects of a combination of calorie restriction with exercise, calorie restriction, and an exercise regime alone on brain/cognitive function in obesity with or without estrogen deprivation have not been investigated. Sixty female rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 27 weeks. At week 13, the ND-fed rats underwent a sham operation with sedentary lifestyle, HFD-fed rats were divided into two groups: each having either a sham operation (HFS) or ovariectomy (HFO). At week 20, HFD-fed rats in each group were divided into four subgroups undergoing either a sedentary lifestyle, calorie restriction, exercise regime or a combination of calorie restriction and exercise for 7 weeks. Insulin resistance, cognitive decline and hippocampal pathologies were found in both HFS and HFO rats. HFO rats had higher levels of insulin resistance and hippocampal reactive oxygen species levels than HFS rats. Calorie restriction decreased metabolic disturbance and hippocampal oxidative stress but failed to attenuate cognitive decline in HFS and HFO rats. Exercise attenuated metabolic/hippocampal dysfunctions, resulting in improved cognition only in HFS rats. Combined therapies restored brain function, and cognitive function in HFS and HFO rats. Therefore, a combination of calorie restriction with exercise is probably the greatest lifestyle modification to diminish the brain pathologies and cognitive decline in obesity with or without estrogen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Busarin Arunsak
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanokphong Suparan
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirawit Sriwichaiin
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Diagnostic Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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PCSK9 Affects Astrocyte Cholesterol Metabolism and Reduces Neuron Cholesterol Supplying In Vitro: Potential Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012192. [PMID: 36293049 PMCID: PMC9602670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is poorly investigated. We evaluated the in vitro PCSK9 modulation of astrocyte cholesterol metabolism and neuronal cholesterol supplying, which is fundamental for neuronal functions. Moreover, we investigated PCSK9 neurotoxic effects. In human astrocytoma cells, PCSK9 reduced cholesterol content (−20%; p < 0.05), with a greater effect in presence of beta amyloid peptide (Aβ) (−37%; p < 0.01). PCSK9 increased cholesterol synthesis and reduced the uptake of apoE-HDL-derived cholesterol (−36%; p < 0.0001), as well as the LDL receptor (LDLR) and the apoE receptor 2 (ApoER2) expression (−66% and −31%, respectively; p < 0.01). PCSK9 did not modulate ABCA1- and ABCG1-cholesterol efflux, ABCA1 levels, or membrane cholesterol. Conversely, ABCA1 expression and activity, as well as membrane cholesterol, were reduced by Aβ (p < 0.05). In human neuronal cells, PCSK9 reduced apoE-HDL-derived cholesterol uptake (−41%; p < 0.001) and LDLR/apoER2 expression (p < 0.05). Reduced cholesterol internalization occurred also in PCSK9-overexpressing neurons exposed to an astrocyte-conditioned medium (−39%; p < 0.001). PCSK9 reduced neuronal cholesterol content overall (−29%; p < 0.05) and increased the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity (p < 0.0001). Our data revealed an interfering effect of PCSK9, in cooperation with Aβ, on brain cholesterol metabolism leading to neuronal cholesterol reduction, a potentially deleterious effect. PCSK9 also exerted a neurotoxic effect, and thus represents a potential pharmacological target in AD.
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Marsillach J, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Papotti B, Zuliani G, Cervellati C. HDL Proteome and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence of a Link. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1224. [PMID: 33287338 PMCID: PMC7761753 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of epidemiological evidence link increased levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) with lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This observed relationship might reflect the beneficial effects of HDL on the cardiovascular system, likely due to the implication of vascular dysregulation in AD development. The atheroprotective properties of this lipoprotein are mostly due to its proteome. In particular, apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I, E, and J and the antioxidant accessory protein paraoxonase 1 (PON1), are the main determinants of the biological function of HDL. Intriguingly, these HDL constituent proteins are also present in the brain, either from in situ expression, or derived from the periphery. Growing preclinical evidence suggests that these HDL proteins may prevent the aberrant changes in the brain that characterize AD pathogenesis. In the present review, we summarize and critically examine the current state of knowledge on the role of these atheroprotective HDL-associated proteins in AD pathogenesis and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (C.C.)
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