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Grasselli G, Arigò A, Palma P, Famiglini G, Cappiello A. Latest Developments in Direct and Non-Direct LC-MS Methods Based on Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39046707 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2381543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) enables precise identification and quantification of molecules, particularly when combined with chromatography. The advent of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allowed the efficient coupling of liquid chromatography with MS (LC-MS), extending analyses to nonvolatile and thermolabile compounds. API techniques present limitations such as low informative capacity and reproducibility of mass spectra, increasing instrument complexity and costs. Other challenges include analyzing poorly polar molecules and matrix effects (ME), which negatively impact quantitative analyses, necessitating extensive sample purification or using expensive labeled standards. These limitations prompted the exploration of alternative solutions, leading to the development of the Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI) interface. The system has demonstrated excellent robustness and reproducibility. LEI has been employed to analyze various compounds, including pesticides, drugs of abuse, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and many others. Its versatility has been validated with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole, and QToF detectors, operating in electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) modes and with both reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). LEI has also been successfully integrated with the Microfluidic Open Interface (MOI), Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS), and Microfluidic Water-Assisted Trap Focusing (M-WATF), broadening its application scope and consistently demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and identification power. The most recent advancement is the development of Extractive-Liquid Sampling Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (E-LEI-MS), a surface sampling and real-time analysis technique based on the LEI concept. This review article offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the potential of LEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genny Grasselli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Adriana Arigò
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Werner J, Kohut K, Frankowski R, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. Application of phosphonium deep eutectic solvents as extractants in ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for preconcentration of trace amounts of herbicides in drainage ditches waters. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200682. [PMID: 36373174 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient preconcentration method was presented that is based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction taking the advantage of newly synthesized phosphonium deep eutectic solvents used as extractants and ultrasound probe as a dispersing agent. The extracts obtained were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. To optimize the five most important factors for the microextraction procedure a central composite design plan was used. Under optimal conditions (140 μl of extractant, 60 mg of NaCl, pH = 2.0, 120 s of extraction time with ultrasound probe as the dispersing agent, 16 min of centrifugation for phase separation), the proposed method allowed to achieve good precision with RSD between 3.2% and 9.7% at 1.0, 5.0 and 40.0 ng ml levels. The preconcentration factors were equal to 42, 39, and 41, and the limits of detection 0.128, 0.103, and 0.135 ng/ml for dicamba, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxypropionic acid, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in water samples from drainage ditches with a good recovery in the range of 70%-93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Werner
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Kohut
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Frankowski
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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3
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Development of a green deep eutectic solvent-based thin film solid phase microextraction technique for the preconcentration of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in drainage ditches and river waters using a central composite design. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Deng Z, Zhang W, Zheng S, Xu Z. Metal-organic framework-101 grafted with amino groups as solid-phase extraction adsorbent coupled with liquid chromatography for the determination of phenoxycarboxylic acids in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1657:462569. [PMID: 34614471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) MIL-101 and three amino-modified MIL-101s were synthesized and used as adsorbents for solid-phase extraction of trace-level polar phenoxycarboxylic acids (PCAs) from environmental water samples for quantification by liquid chromatography. The four MOFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, pore structure analysis and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Parameters which play important roles in the process of solid phase extraction were optimized. MIL-101-ethylenediamine (ED) was chosen as the optimum adsorbent for the extraction of PCAs due to electron donation of alkyl groups in aliphatic amino groups and the smaller steric hindrance. The extraction efficiency using MIL-101-ED compacted column was compared with three commercial columns and the influence of humic acid (HA) on extraction was investigated. The merits of newly-built SPE-LC method based on MIL-101-ED are as follows: (a) low limits of detection (0.052-0.160 ng mL-1), (b) wide linear ranges (0.5-1000 ng mL-1), (c) good repeatabilities (1.33-3.35%) and reproducibilities (2.51-3.49%) and (d) excludability of HA. This method has been applied to the determination of PCAs in environmental water samples successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Shahrezaei F, Gholivand MB, Shamsipur M. Liquid Phase Microextraction of Chloridazon from Environmental Water and Soil Samples by Supramolecular Solvent-Impregnated TiO2 Coated Polypropylene Hollow Fibers. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821050178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Yuan X, Yuan Y, Gao X, Xiong Z, Zhao L. Magnetic dummy-template molecularly imprinted polymers based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous selective extraction and analysis of phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides in cereals. Food Chem 2020; 333:127540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Ghaste M, Hayden NC, Osterholt MJ, Young J, Young B, Widhalm JR. Evaluation of a Stable Isotope-Based Direct Quantification Method for Dicamba Analysis from Air and Water Using Single-Quadrupole LC-MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163649. [PMID: 32796576 PMCID: PMC7465465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicamba is a moderately volatile herbicide used for post-emergent control of broadleaf weeds in corn, soybean, and a number of other crops. With increased use of dicamba due to the release of dicamba-resistant cotton and soybean varieties, growing controversy over the effects of spray drift and volatilization on non-target crops has increased the need for quantifying dicamba collected from water and air sampling. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate stable isotope-based direct quantification of dicamba from air and water samples using single-quadrupole liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The sample preparation protocols developed in this study utilize a simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol for water samples and a single-step concentration protocol for air samples. The LC–MS detection method achieves sensitive detection of dicamba based on selected ion monitoring (SIM) of precursor and fragment ions and relies on the use of an isotopically labeled internal standard (IS) (D3-dicamba), which allows for calculating recoveries and quantification using a relative response factor (RRF). Analyte recoveries of 106–128% from water and 88–124% from air were attained, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1 ng mL−1 and 1 ng mL−1, respectively. The LC–MS detection method does not require sample pretreatment such as ion-pairing or derivatization to achieve sensitivity. Moreover, this study reveals matrix effects associated with sorbent resin used in air sample collection and demonstrates how the use of an isotopically labeled IS with RRF-based analysis can account for ion suppression. The LC–MS method is easily transferrable and offers a robust alternative to methods relying on more expensive tandem LC–MS/MS-based options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Ghaste
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Hayden
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (N.C.H.); (M.J.O.); (J.Y.); (B.Y.)
| | - Matthew J. Osterholt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (N.C.H.); (M.J.O.); (J.Y.); (B.Y.)
| | - Julie Young
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (N.C.H.); (M.J.O.); (J.Y.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bryan Young
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (N.C.H.); (M.J.O.); (J.Y.); (B.Y.)
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-496-3891
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Monodisperse cobalt(II) based metal-organic coordination polymer beads as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides prior to their quantitation by HPLC. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:761. [PMID: 31712903 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic coordination polymer beads (MOCBs) are described for use as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of chlorophenoxy herbides. By applying regulation of Co(II) ions, micro-sized monodisperse MOCBs were obtained through the microwave heating. The MOCBs-based method displays excellent extraction efficiency towards chlorophenoxy herbicides, specifically of 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chloromethylphenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid. Following extraction, the herbicides were eluted with 8% formic acid in methanol and quantified by HPLC. The method, when applied to analyze spiked cereals, exhibits a wide linear range (from 0.6 to 1000 ng g-1) and low limits of quantification (ranging from 0.10 to 0.25 ng g-1). For a single column, the inter-day and intra-day precisions, expressed as the relative standard deviation are in the range of 2.5-6.8%. The batch-to-batch reproducibility (for n = 3) is <4.6%. For spiked cereal samples, relative recoveries are very good (90.3-102.3%, for n = 4). The extraction efficiency of MOCBs remains unchanged after reusing for 40 times. Graphical abstractSchematic presentation of Co(II)-doped metal-organic coordination polymer beads (Co(II)@MOCB) using for solid-phase extraction (SPE).
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Amino-modified covalent organic framework as solid phase extraction absorbent for determination of carboxylic acid pesticides in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A highly sensitive and selective method for determination of phenoxy carboxylic acids from environmental water samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 191:313-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Valimaña-Traverso J, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, García MÁ, Sierra I, Marina ML. Cationic amine-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica materials for off-line solid-phase extraction of phenoxy acid herbicides from water samples prior to their simultaneous enantiomeric determination by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:146-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Li N, Chen J, Shi YP. Magnetic polyethyleneimine functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a novel magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of polar acidic herbicides in rice. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 949:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eyer L, Vain T, Pařízková B, Oklestkova J, Barbez E, Kozubíková H, Pospíšil T, Wierzbicka R, Kleine-Vehn J, Fránek M, Strnad M, Robert S, Novak O. 2,4-D and IAA Amino Acid Conjugates Show Distinct Metabolism in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159269. [PMID: 27434212 PMCID: PMC4951038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-D exhibits an auxinic activity and therefore can be used as a synthetic and traceable analog to study auxin-related responses. Here we identified that not only exogenous 2,4-D but also its amide-linked metabolite 2,4-D-Glu displayed an inhibitory effect on plant growth via the TIR1/AFB auxin-mediated signaling pathway. To further investigate 2,4-D metabolite conversion, identity and activity, we have developed a novel purification procedure based on the combination of ion exchange and immuno-specific sorbents combined with a sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. In 2,4-D treated samples, 2,4-D-Glu and 2,4-D-Asp were detected at 100-fold lower concentrations compared to 2,4-D levels, showing that 2,4-D can be metabolized in the plant. Moreover, 2,4-D-Asp and 2,4-D-Glu were identified as reversible forms of 2,4-D homeostasis that can be converted to free 2,4-D. This work paves the way to new studies of auxin action in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Vain
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Elke Barbez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Kozubíková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roksana Wierzbicka
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Milan Fránek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ON); (SR)
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (ON); (SR)
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Wang X, Yu J, Wu X, Fu J, Kang Q, Shen D, Li J, Chen L. A molecular imprinting-based turn-on Ratiometric fluorescence sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:438-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B, Jankowska M, Hrynko I. Rapid determination of acid herbicides in soil by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection based on dispersive solid phase extraction. Talanta 2016; 152:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bagheri H, Fakhari AR, Sahragard A. A novel strategy based on surfactant assisted electromembrane extraction for the determination of dicamba and 2,4-DB as model herbicides in real water samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic illustration of the surfactant assisted electromembrane-extraction (SEME) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Ali Sahragard
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- I. R. Iran
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Fast vaporization solid phase microextraction and ion mobility spectrometry: A new approach for determination of creatinine in biological fluids. Talanta 2015; 144:474-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tabani H, Khodaei K, Bide Y, Zare FD, Mirzaei S, Fakhari AR. Application of pH-sensitive magnetic nanoparticles microgel as a sorbent for the preconcentration of phenoxy acid herbicides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:21-9. [PMID: 26159254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introducing new sorbents is an interesting and debatable issue in the field of sample preparation. In this study, for the first time, a pH-sensitive magnetic nanoparticles microgel, Fe3O4-SiO2-oly(4-vinylpyridine), was introduced as a new sorbent. The operating mechanism of this sorbent is based on changing the pH value of the sample and consequently the structure of this pH-sensitive microgel is changed. So that, at pH 6.0 the microgel was ready to accept and load the analytes (partial swelling), and when the pH was increased to 8.0, the microgel was closed and analytes were trapped inside the sorbent (deswelling). At pH 2.0 the microgel was opened and the analytes were released from the microgel (swelling). As the adsorption and desorption mechanism is based on changing the pH and only aqueous medium is used as the effluent solvent, this method is introduced as a green extraction method. The use of this microgel resulted in excellent figures of merit. The limits of quantitation and detection for herbicides were obtained within the range of 10-30 and 3-10 ng mL(-1), respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine the concentration of phenoxy acid herbicides as hazardous materials in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR) Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamal Khodaei
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR) Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Bide
- Department of applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dorabadi Zare
- Department of applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mirzaei
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR) Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran
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Omidi F, Behbahani M, Sadeghi Abandansari H, Sedighi A, Shahtaheri SJ. Application of molecular imprinted polymer nanoparticles as a selective solid phase extraction for preconcentration and trace determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the human urine and different water samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:137. [PMID: 25426299 PMCID: PMC4240808 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A molecular-imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP-NP) for the selective preconcentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is described. It was obtained by precipitation polymerization from methacrylic acid (the functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (the cross-linker), 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (the initiator) and 2,4-D (the template molecule) in acetonitrile solution. The MIP-NPs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, and by scanning electron microscopy. Imprinted 2,4-D molecules were removed from the polymeric structure using acetic acid in methanol (15:85 v/v %) as the eluting solvent. The sorption and desorption process occur within 10 min and 15 min, respectively. The maximum sorbent capacity of the molecular imprinted polymer is 89.2 mg g(-1). The relative standard deviation and limit of detection for water samples by introduced selective solid phase extraction were 4.2% and 1.25 μg L(-1), and these data for urine samples were 4.7% and 1.80 μg L(-1), respectively. The method was applied to the determination of 2,4-D in the urine and different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Omidi
- />Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Sedighi
- />Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri
- />Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rezazadeh M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Tahmasebi E, Rezaei F. Electromembrane Surrounded Solid Phase Microextraction Followed by Injection Port Derivatization and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector Analysis for Determination of Acidic Herbicides in Plant Tissue. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3134-3142. [PMID: 24660667 DOI: 10.1021/jf500017r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction (EM-SPME) of acidic herbicides was studied for the first time. In order to investigate the capability of this new microextraction technique to analyze acidic targets, chlorophenoxy acid (CPA) herbicides were quantified in plant tissue. 1-Octanol, was sustained in the pores of the wall of a hollow fiber and served as supported liquid membrane (SLM). Other EM-SPME related parameters, including extraction time, applied voltage, and pHs of the sample solution and the acceptor phase, were optimized using experimental design. A 20 min time frame was needed to reach the highest extraction efficiency of the analytes from a 24 mL alkaline sample solution across the organic liquid membrane and into the aqueous acceptor phase through a 50 V electrical field, and to their final adsorption on a carbonaceous anode. In addition to high sample cleanup, which made the proposed method appropriate for analysis of acidic compounds in a complicated media (plant tissue), 4.8% of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 0.6% of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were adsorbed on the anode, resulting in suitable detection limits (less than 5 ng mL-1), and admissible repeatability and reproducibility (intra- and interassay precision were in the ranges of 5.2-8.5% and 8.8-12.0%, respectively). Linearity of the method was scrutinized within the ranges of 1.0-500.0 and 10.0-500.0 ng mL-1 for MCPA and 2,4-D, respectively, and coefficients of determination greater than 0.9958 were obtained. Optimal conditions of EM-SPME of the herbicides were employed for analysis of CPAs in whole wheat tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology , Tehran 16315-1355, Iran
| | - Elham Tahmasebi
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University , P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Behbahani M, Najafi F, Bagheri S, Bojdi MK, Hassanlou PG, Bagheri A. Coupling of solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous simple and rapid trace monitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2609-2618. [PMID: 24297307 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and efficient sample pretreatment technique, based on solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SD-DLLME), followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration and trace detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in water and urine samples. Some parameters such as acidity of solution, the amount of salt, type, and volume of extraction solvents, type of disperser/de-emulsifier solvent, and its volume were investigated and optimized. Under optimum extraction conditions, the limits of detections (LODs) of this method for MCPA and 2,4-D were 0.2 and 0.6 μg L(-1) (based on 3S(b)/m) in water and 0.4 and 1.6 μg L(-1) in urine, respectively. Furthermore, dynamic linear range of this method for MCPA and 2,4-D was 1-300 and 2-400 μg L(-1), repectively. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by extraction and determination of the herbicides in urine and different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Behbahani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
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Prieto A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R, Möder M, Rodríguez I. Evaluation of polyethersulfone performance for the microextraction of polar chlorinated herbicides from environmental water samples. Talanta 2014; 122:264-71. [PMID: 24720994 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the suitability of bulk polyethersulfone (PES) for sorptive microextraction of eight polar, chlorinated phenoxy acids and dicamba from environmental water samples is assessed and the analytical features of the optimized method are compared to those reported for other microextraction techniques. Under optimized conditions, extractions were performed with samples (18 mL) adjusted at pH 2 and containing a 30% (w/v) of sodium chloride, using a tubular PES sorbent (1 cm length × 0.7 mm o.d., sorbent volume 8 µL). Equilibrium conditions were achieved after 3h of direct sampling, with absolute extraction efficiencies ranging from 39 to 66%, depending on the compound. Analytes were recovered soaking the polymer with 0.1 mL of ethyl acetate, derivatized and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Achieved quantification limits (LOQs) varied between 0.005 and 0.073 ng mL(-1). After normalization with the internal surrogate (IS), the efficiency of the extraction was only moderately affected by the particular characteristics of different water samples (surface and sewage water); thus, pseudo-external calibration, using spiked ultrapure water solutions, can be used as quantification technique. The reduced cost of the PES polymer allowed considering it as a disposable sorbent, avoiding variations in the performance of the extraction due to cross-contamination problems and/or surface modification with usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Monika Möder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Applications of microextraction techniques in environmental analysis. Se Pu 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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25
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Combination of graphene oxide-based solid phase extraction and electro membrane extraction for the preconcentration of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhang L, Wang M, Wang C, Hu X, Wang G. Label-free impedimetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) in soybean. Talanta 2012; 101:226-32. [PMID: 23158316 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance immunosensor, with its high sensitivity from electrochemical impedance analysis and ideal specificity from the immunoassay, is increasingly used in the detection of a kind of phenoxy acid herbicides which is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB). In this experiment, synthetic 2,4-DB antibodies were immobilized on the electrode by the crosslinking of L-Cysteine/glutaraldehyde, and 2,4-DB were measured by the increase of electron-transfer resistance when the immune reaction occurred, with Fe(CN)(6)(3-)/Fe(CN)(6)(4-) as the probe. Under optimal conditions, the change of resistance is in a linear relationship with the logarithm of the concentration in the range of 1.0×10(-7)-1.0×10(-3) g/L (R=0.994) with the detection limit of 1.0×10(-7) g/L (0.1 ppb). This method bears such merits as simplicity in operation, high sensitivity, wide linear range, specificity, reproducibility and good stability. The actual soybean samples were analyzed with the recovery of 82.8%-102.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of environmental engineering and monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Moral A, Caballo C, Sicilia MD, Rubio S. Highly efficient microextraction of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides in natural waters using a decanoic acid-based nanostructured solvent prior to their quantitation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Esrafili A, Yamini Y, Ghambarian M, Moradi M, Seidi S. A novel approach to automation of dynamic hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:957-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Park JY, Choi JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Kim BM, Park JH, Choi WJ, Shim JH. Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of endocrine disruptor, 2,4-D, in paddy field water. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1018-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Shin EH, Choi JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Khay S, Kim SJ, Im MH, Kwon CH, Shim JH. Simultaneous determination of three acidic herbicide residues in food crops using HPLC and confirmation via LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:124-35. [PMID: 20842699 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
2,4-D, dicamba and 4-CPA with auxin-like activity have been intensively used in agriculture, for the control of unwanted broadleaf weeds. An analytical method involving HPLC coupled with UVD was developed for the simultaneous analysis of these three analytes in Chinese cabbage, apple and pepper fruits (representative non-fatty samples) and brown rice and soybean (representative fatty samples) using liquid-liquid partitioning and column cleanup procedures. The residues were confirmed via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The standard curves were linear over the range of the tested concentrations (0.25-10 microg/mL), as shown by a marked linearity in excess of 0.9999 (r(2) ). The average recoveries (mean, n = 3) ranged from 94.30 to 102.63 in Chinese cabbage, from 94.76 to 108.47 in apple, from 97.52 to 102.27 in pepper, from 76.19 to 101.90 in brown rice, and from 74.60 to 107.39 in soybean. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were <9% in all tested matrices. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Samples purchased from local markets were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the methods developed herein. The concentration of the 2,4-D residue was measured at 0.102 mg/kg in the soybean sample; however, this level is exactly the same MRL set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. This developed method deserves full and complete consideration, as it clearly displays the sensitivity, accuracy and precision required for residue analysis of 2,4-D, dicamba and 4-CPA in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ho Shin
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Spietelun A, Pilarczyk M, Kloskowski A, Namieśnik J. Current trends in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre coatings. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4524-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c003335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Analysis of fatty acids in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry preceded by solid-phase microextraction and post-derivatization on the fiber. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:1450-7. [PMID: 19171347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and post-derivatization on the fiber coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the analysis of fatty acids in sputum from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The sputum specimens were digested, hydrolyzed, extracted, derivertized, injected and analyzed without cultivation or isolation of the microorganism. Under optimized conditions, the relative standard deviations (RSD, n=5) for all analytes were below 17% and the limits of detection varied from 1.68 (C(24:0)) to 150.4 microg L(-1) (C(12:0)). Good linearity was observed for all the fatty acids studied except for C(12:0) within a wide concentration range of three orders of magnitudes with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.91 (C(24:0)) to 0.99 (C(14:0)). Fatty acids in sputum specimens from 21 persons were directly analyzed using the proposed method. The results show that in all the sputum specimens from patients, who were clinically diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), tuberculosis stearic acid (TBSA) was detected, while in all the sputum samples from persons without TB, TBSA was not found. The possibility of using the proposed method to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) via the identification of TBSA in sputum was discussed. The comparison with other methods including sputum culture and microscopy of direct smears indicated that the proposed method is fast and sensitive for the analysis of fatty acids in sputum and offers an alternative for the detection of MTB in sputum.
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Crespo-Corral E, Santos-Delgado M, Polo-Díez L, Soria A. Determination of carbamate, phenylurea and phenoxy acid herbicide residues by gas chromatography after potassium tert-butoxide/dimethyl sulphoxide/ethyl iodide derivatization reaction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Koesukwiwat U, Sanguankaew K, Leepipatpiboon N. Rapid determination of phenoxy acid residues in rice by modified QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 626:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Extending the molecular application range of gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Ranz A, Korpecka J, Lankmayr E. Optimized derivatization of acidic herbicides with trimethylsilyldiazomethane for GC analysis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:746-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Analysis of Emerging Contaminants of Municipal and Industrial Origin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74795-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Quintana JB, Rodil R, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Multiresidue analysis of acidic and polar organic contaminants in water samples by stir-bar sorptive extraction–liquid desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:27-39. [PMID: 17727869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by liquid desorption in combination with large volume injection (LVI)-in port silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the simultaneous determination of a broad range of 46 acidic and polar organic pollutants in water samples has been evaluated. The target analytes included phenols (nitrophenols, chlorophenols, bromophenols and alkylphenols), acidic herbicides (phenoxy acids and dicamba) and several pharmaceuticals. Experimental variables affecting derivatisation yield and peak shape as a function of different experimental PTV parameters [initial injection time, pressure and temperature and the ratio solvent volume/N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) volume] were first optimised by an experimental design approach. Subsequently, SBSE conditions, such as pH, ionic strength, agitation speed and extraction time were investigated. After optimisation, the method failed only for the extraction of most polar phenols and some pharmaceuticals, being suitable for the determination of 37 (out of 46) pollutants, with detection limits for these analytes ranging between 1 and 800 ng/L and being lower than 25 ng/L in most cases. Finally, the developed method was validated and applied to the determination of target analytes in various aqueous environmental matrices, including ground, river and wastewater. Acceptable accuracy (70-130%) and precision values (<20%) were obtained for most analytes independently of the matrix, with the exception of some alkylphenols, where an isotopically labelled internal standard would be required in order to correct for matrix effects. Among the drawbacks of the method, carryover was identified as the main problem even though the Twisters were cleaned repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- IUMA - University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
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Saraji M, Farajmand B. Application of single-drop microextraction combined with in-microvial derivatization for determination of acidic herbicides in water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1178:17-23. [PMID: 18068712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A single-drop microextraction (SDME) method and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection have been developed for the determination of acidic herbicides in water. The analytes were extracted from a 3 mL sample solution using 4 microL of hexyl acetate. After extraction, derivatization was carried out inside a glass microvial (1.1mm i.d.) using pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr). Triethylamine (TEA) was used as the reaction catalyst. The influence of derivatization reagent volume, catalyst amount, derivatization time and temperature on the yield of the in-microvial derivatization was investigated. Derivatization reaction was performed using 0.3 microL of PFBBr and 0.4 microL of TEA (10%, v/v in toluene) at 100 degrees C during 5 min. Also, the effects of different experimental SDME parameters such as selection of organic solvent, sample pH, addition of salt, extraction time and temperature of extraction were studied. Analytical parameters such as enrichment factor, precision, linearity and detection limits were also determined. The enrichment factors were between 83 and 157. The limits of detection (LOD) were in the range 1.2-7 ng/L (S/N=3). The relative standard deviations obtained were below 10.1% (n=5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84154-83111, Iran.
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Larreta J, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Arana G, Zuloaga O. Optimisation of the on-fibre derivatisation of volatile fatty acids in the simultaneous determination together with phenols and indoles in cow slurries. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1603-9. [PMID: 17786410 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The on-fibre derivatisation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) using N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was optimised in the simultaneous determination of VFAs together with phenols and indoles by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Firstly, the nature of the SPME fibre was optimised and four different fibres were studied (100 microm polydimethylsiloxane, 85 microm Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane, 5/30 microm divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane and 85 microm polyacrylate). The optimum fibre (50/30 microm divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane) was used to study the exposure time of the fibre to the derivatisation agent and the desorption time and temperature. Firstly, a factorial design was built but since the three variables had a significant effect, a central composite design was used to build the response surfaces. The best signals were obtained after the exposure of the fibre in the headspace of the MTBSTFA derivatisation reagent for 1 h and desorption at 300 degrees C for 9 min. The determination of underivatised phenols and indoles was not affected by the presence of the derivatisation reagent in the fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Larreta
- Kimika Analitikoa Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 644 P.K., 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Liu JF, Toräng L, Mayer P, Jönsson JA. Passive extraction and clean-up of phenoxy acid herbicides in samples from a groundwater plume using hollow fiber supported liquid membranes. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1160:56-63. [PMID: 17449052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fiber supported liquid membranes were applied for the passive extraction of phenoxy acid herbicides from water samples. Polypropylene hollow fiber membranes (240 microm i.d., 30 microm wall thickness, 0.05 microm pore size, 30 cm length) were impregnated with 2.0% tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in di-n-hexyl ether in the pores of the fiber wall to form a liquid membrane. They were then filled with basic solution in the lumen as acceptor and finally placed into the sample (donor). Complete extraction of phenoxy acid herbicides including 2,4-D, MCPA, dichlorprop, and mecoprop from an acidified sample (4 mL, adjusted to pH 1.5 with HCl) into basic acceptor (10 microL of 0.2M NaOH) was achieved after 4 h of shaking (100 rpm) resulting in an enrichment factor of 400 times. The acceptor was then neutralized by addition of HCl and injected into a HPLC system for the determination of the phenoxy acid herbicides. Environmentally relevant salinity (0-3.5% NaCl) and dissolved organic matter (0-25 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon) had no significant effect on the extraction. The method provided extraction efficiencies of more than 91%, detection limits of 0.3-0.6 microg/L, and combined extraction and clean up in one single step. This procedure was applied to determine aqueous concentrations of phenoxy acid herbicides in groundwater samples collected from an old dumping site (Cheminova, Denmark) with detected concentrations up to 5800 microg/L. Although the samples were very dirty with large amounts of suspended particles, non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and dissolved organic matters, good spike recoveries (80-126%) were obtained for 10 of the 11 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
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Pizarro C, Pérez-del-Notario N, González-Sáiz JM. Optimisation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatisation method for the direct determination of haloanisoles and halophenols in wine. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:26-35. [PMID: 17258751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure for the determination of four haloanisoles (2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole, pentachloroanisole and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole), as well as their precursor halophenols (2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol), involved in the presence of cork taint in wine, was developed. Firstly, analytes were concentrated on a SPME fiber, and then halophenols were derivatised using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). The compounds were desorbed for 5 min in the gas chromatography injector port and then determined with an electron capture detector. The influence of different parameters on the efficiency of extraction (volume of sample, type of fibre coating and time) and derivatisation (time, temperature and volume of MSTFA) steps was evaluated. Polyacrylate (PA) was selected as the extraction fiber, optimised parameters for SPME were 10 ml of wine, temperature 70 degrees C and extraction time 60 min. The optimal conditions identified for the derivatisation step were temperature 25 degrees C, reagent volume 50 microl and extraction time 25 min. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method showed satisfactory linearity, precision and detection limits. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of red wine samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time that headspace (HS) SPME combined with on-fiber derivatisation has been applied to determine cork taint responsible compounds in wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pizarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
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Picó Y, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:117-31. [PMID: 17175029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures for pesticide residues in food and environment are reviewed and discussed. The use of these procedures, which include several approaches such as: matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), represents an opportunity to reduce analysis time, solvent consumption, and overall cost. SPE techniques differ from solvent extraction depending on the interactions between a sorbent and the pesticide. This interaction may be specific for a particular pesticide, as in the interaction with an immunosorbent, or non-specific, as in the way a number of different pesticides are adsorbed on apolar or polar materials. A variety of applications were classified according to the method applied: conventional SPE, SPME, hollow-fiber micro-extraction (HFME), MSPD and SBSE. Emphasis is placed on the multiresidue analysis of liquid and solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmácia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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45
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Chapter 2.5 Analysis of acidic drugs by gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(07)50006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Wu J, Lee HK. Injection Port Derivatization Following Ion-Pair Hollow Fiber-Protected Liquid-Phase Microextraction for Determining Acidic Herbicides by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:7292-301. [PMID: 17037935 DOI: 10.1021/ac060966e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Injection port derivatization following ion-pair hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) for the trace determination of acidic herbicides (2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid) in aqueous samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. Prior to GC injection port derivatization, acidic herbicides were converted into their ion-pair complexes with tetrabutylammonium chloride in aqueous samples and then extracted by 1-octanol impregnated in the hollow fiber. Upon injection, ion pairs of acidic herbicides were quantitatively derivatized to their butyl esters in the GC injection port. Thus, several parameters related to the derivatization process (i.e., injection temperature, purge-off time) were evaluated, and main parameters affecting the hollow fiber-protected LPME procedure such as extraction organic solvent, ion-pair reagent type, pH of aqueous medium, concentration of ion-pair reagent, sodium chloride concentration added to the aqueous medium, stirring speed, and extraction time profile, optimized. At the selected extraction and derivatization conditions, no matrix effects were observed. This method proved good repeatability (RSDs <12.3%, n = 6) and good linearity (r2 > or = 0.9939) for spiked deionized water samples for five analytes. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.51-13.7 ng x L(-1) (S/N =3) under GC/MS selected ion monitoring mode. The results demonstrated that injection port derivatization following ion-pair hollow fiber-protected LPME was a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the determination of trace acidic herbicides from aqueous samples. In addition, this method proved to be environmentally friendly since it completely avoided open derivatization with potentially hazardous reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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47
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Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J. SPME in environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1059-73. [PMID: 16673085 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in environmental analysis, including fiber coatings, derivatization techniques, and in-tube SPME, are reviewed in this article. Several calibration methods for SPME, including traditional calibration methods, the equilibrium extraction method, the exhaustive extraction method, and several diffusion-based calibration methods, are presented. Recent developed SPME devices for on-site sampling and several applications of SPME in environmental analysis are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Ouyang
- chool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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48
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Quintana JB, Rodríguez I. Strategies for the microextraction of polar organic contaminants in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1447-61. [PMID: 16496135 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the most recent developments in the microextraction of polar analytes from aqueous environmental samples are critically reviewed. The particularities of different microextraction approaches, mainly solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), and their suitability for use in combination with chromatographic or electrically driven separation techniques for determination of polar species are discussed. The compatibility of microextraction techniques, especially SPME, with different derivatisation strategies enabling GC determination of polar analytes and improving their extractability is revised. In addition to the use of derivatisation reactions, the possibility of enhancing the yield of solid-phase microextraction methods for polar analytes by using new coatings and/or larger amounts of sorbent is also considered. Finally, attention is also focussed on describing the versatility of LPME in its different possible formats and its ability to improve selectivity in the extraction of polar analytes with acid-base properties by using separation membranes and buffer solutions, instead of organic solvents, as the acceptor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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Berhanu T, Liu JF, Romero R, Megersa N, Jönsson JA. Determination of trace levels of dinitrophenolic compounds in environmental water samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:1-8. [PMID: 16376356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction method for the liquid chromatographic determination of dinitrophenolic compounds at ppt levels has been developed. Different variables affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, shaking speed, acceptor pH, acceptor buffer concentration, salt content and humic acids have been studied. Enrichment factors up to 7000 times were obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments and studies of the linearity of the responses in different matrices. Good linearity was obtained in the environmental matrices evaluated. Detection limits range from 6.0 to 8.0 ng/L, and the relative standard deviations do not exceed 7% in terms of repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarekegn Berhanu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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50
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Dietz C, Sanz J, Cámara C. Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction coatings and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:183-92. [PMID: 16337213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has gained widespread acceptance for analyte matrix separation and preconcentration. Relatively few data are currently available dealing with in-house production of fibres with tailor-made properties to be used for SPME, though recently the number of publications evaluating new coatings has been considerably growing. This review, centred on publications that appeared during the last five years, is resuming different approaches which can be used for fibre production and further summarises alternative techniques closely related to SPME, such as in-tube extraction or single-drop microextraction (SDME). The aim is to give the reader a concise overview of recent developments in new coating procedures and materials, including the respective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dietz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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