1
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Angelis YS, Sakellariou P, Fragkaki AG, Karnava S, Goula O, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Georgakopoulos C, Loui S, Chlapana F, Kletsas D. New long-standing metabolites of 17α-methyltestosterone are detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:604-615. [PMID: 37903531 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their detection was accomplished through targeted gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry analysis that has been based on microscale synthesized standards. The related synthesis and the gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry characterization of the analytical standards are described. All newly presented metabolites have a fully reduced steroid A-ring with either an 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure or they have been further oxidized at position 16 of the steroid backbone. Metabolites with 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure may be considered as side products of phase II metabolic sulfation of the 17β-hydroxy group of methyltestosterone or its reduced tetrahydro-methyltestosterone metabolites 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol that produce the known epimeric 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 17β-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol metabolites. The prospective of these new metabolites to increase detection time windows and improve identification was investigated by applying the World Anti-doping Agency TD2021IDCR criteria. The new metabolites, presented herein, complement the current knowledge on the 17α-methyltestosterone metabolism and in some cases can be used as additional long-term markers in the frame of sport doping drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Karnava
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Goula
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stella Loui
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Chlapana
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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2
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Pranata A, Yamada S, Weththasinghe S, Caldwell K, Zahra PW, Karamatic SL, Gardiner MG, McLeod MD. The in vivo metabolism of Jungle Warfare in greyhounds. Steroids 2023; 190:109150. [PMID: 36511323 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Δ6-Methyltestosterone was reported as the main active ingredient of the purported "dietary supplement" Jungle Warfare. This compound is structurally similar to 17α-methyltestosterone, containing an additional Δ6 double bond, and is reported to possess notable androgenic activity, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of Jungle Warfare in sport. The in vivo metabolism of Δ6-methyltestosterone in greyhounds was investigated. Urinary phase I (unconjugated) and phase II (glucuronide) metabolites were detected following oral administration using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. No phase II sulfate metabolites were detected. The major phase I metabolite was confirmed as 16α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one by comparison with a synthetically-derived reference material. Minor amounts of the parent drug were also confirmed. Glucuronide conjugated metabolites were also observed, but were found to be resistant to hydrolysis using the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase enzyme. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection, and extraction recoveries were determined for the parent drug and the major phase I metabolite. These results provide a method for the detection of Jungle Warfare abuse in greyhounds suitable for incorporation into routine screening methods conducted by anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sean Yamada
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | - Sumudu Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, QLD 4010, Australia
| | - Paul W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | | | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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3
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Nakayama Y, Maser MR, Okita T, Dubrovskiy AV, Campbell TL, Reisman SE. Total Synthesis of Ritterazine B. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4187-4192. [PMID: 33689345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of the cytotoxic alkaloid ritterazine B is reported. The synthesis features a unified approach to both steroid subunits, employing a titanium-mediated propargylation reaction to achieve divergence from a common precursor. Other key steps include gold-catalyzed cycloisomerizations that install both spiroketals and late stage C-H oxidation to incorporate the C7' alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nakayama
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R Maser
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tatsuya Okita
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anton V Dubrovskiy
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Taryn L Campbell
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Savill R, Baues H, Voigt E, Zierau O, Thieme D, Keiler AM. Cell culture as a toolbox to generate phase I metabolites for antidoping screening. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1169-1177. [PMID: 33527655 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the biotransformation of compounds prohibited by the World Anti Doping Agency is of high concern as doping analyses are mostly based on the detection of metabolites instead of the parent compounds abused by athletes. While the self-administration of doping-relevant compounds is from an ethical point of view a rather problematic method to investigate metabolism, the usage of cell culture systems allows for studies on biotransformation in vitro. Five cell culture models with different tissue origin (liver, ovary, skin, kidney, and testis) were comparatively incubated with testosterone and epitestosterone as well as with the synthetic testosterone derivatives 17α-methyltestosterone and 4-chlorotestosterone to investigate the impact of synthetic modifications on phase I metabolic pathways. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All cell lines possessed the default steroid phase I biotransformation reactions. The highest conversion rate was observed in ovarian (BG-1) and liver cells (HepG2). For BG-1 and skin cells (HaCaT), the 5α-reductase products 5α-dihydrotestosterone (for both) and 5α-androstane-3α/β,17β-diol (for BG-1 solely) were found to be prevailing after testosterone incubation. In kidney (COS-1) and HepG2 cells, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was predominant as supported by the observation that the 17α-OH (epitestosterone) and the methyl group (17α-methyltestosterone) impeded the conversion rate in these cell lines. In conclusion, future work should extend the characterization of the BG-1 and HepG2 cells on phase II metabolic pathways to examine whether they are suitable models for the generation of metabolite reference collections comparable to those obtained by human excretion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Savill
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helge Baues
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmely Voigt
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
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5
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New biosourced chiral molecularly imprinted polymer: Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the recognition capacity of methyltestosterone. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Cawley AT, Blakey K, Waller CC, McLeod MD, Boyd S, Heather A, McGrath KC, Handelsman DJ, Willis AC. Detection and metabolic investigations of a novel designer steroid: 3-chloro-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:621-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Karen Blakey
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland; Department of Health, Queensland Government; Archerfield QLD Australia
| | - Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sue Boyd
- Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Natural Sciences; Griffith University; Nathan QLD Australia
| | - Alison Heather
- Faculty of Science; University of Technology; Sydney NSW Australia
- Currently with the Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | | | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective control of the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) in animal sports is essential in order to ensure both animal welfare and integrity. In order to better police their use in Australian and New Zealand greyhound racing, thorough metabolic studies have been carried out on a range of registered human and veterinary AASs available in the region. RESULTS Canine metabolic data are presented for the AASs boldenone, danazol, ethylestrenol, mesterolone, methandriol, nandrolone and norethandrolone. The principal Phase I metabolic processes observed were the reduction of A-ring unsaturations and/or 3-ketones with either 3α,5β- or 3β,5α-stereochemistry, the oxidation of secondary 17β-hydroxyl groups and 16α-hydroxylation. The Phase II β-glucuronylation of sterol metabolites was extensive. CONCLUSION The presented data have enabled the effective analysis of AASs and their metabolites in competition greyhound urine samples.
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8
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Metabolism of anabolic steroids and their relevance to drug detection in horseracing. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1085-107. [PMID: 21083210 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against doping in sport using analytical chemistry is a mature area with a history of approximately 100 years in horseracing. In common with human sport, anabolic/androgenic steroids (AASs) are an important group of potential doping agents. Particular issues with their detection are extensive metabolism including both phase I and phase II. A number of the common AASs are also endogenous to the equine. A further issue is the large number of synthetic steroids produced as pharmaceutical products or as 'designer' drugs intended to avoid detection or for the human supplement market. An understanding of the metabolism of AASs is vital to the development of effective detection methods for equine sport. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge of the metabolism of appropriate steroids, the current approaches to their detection in equine sport and future trends that may affect equine dope testing.
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Homklin S, Ong SK, Limpiyakorn T. Biotransformation of 17α-methyltestosterone in sediment under different electron acceptor conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1401-1407. [PMID: 21194723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
17α-Methyltestosterone (MT), an anabolic androgenic steroid, is used widely in inducing an all male population in aquaculture farming of fish, such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Current understanding of the occurrence and fate of MT in the sediments and the surrounding areas of the aquaculture ponds are very limited. Bioassay tests showed that MT was biotransformed under aerobic and sulfate-reducing conditions with a half-life of 3.8d and 5.3d, respectively, with complete disappearance of androgenic activity. However, under methanogenic condition, MT was found to biotransform but the androgenic activity continued to persist even after 45 d of incubation. In contrast, MT was found to transform slowly under iron(III)-reducing condition and was hardly transformed under nitrate-reducing condition. A possible reason for the lack of transformation of MT under nitrate-reducing condition is the presence of the methyl group at the C-17 position. The results of this study suggest that MT and its degradation products with androgenic activity may potentially accumulate in the sediments of fish farming ponds under iron(III)-reducing, nitrate-reducing and methanogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeda Homklin
- International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Scarth JP, Teale P, Kuuranne T. Drug metabolism in the horse: a review. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:19-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Abstract
This chapter reviews drug and medication control in equestrian sports and addresses the rules of racing, the technological advances that have been made in drug detection and the importance of metabolism studies in the development of effective drug surveillance programmes. Typical approaches to screening and confirmatory analysis are discussed, as are the quality processes that underpin these procedures. The chapter also addresses four specific topics relevant to equestrian sports: substances controlled by threshold values, the approach adopted recently by European racing authorities to control some therapeutic substances, anabolic steroids in the horse and LC-MS analysis in drug testing in animal sports and metabolism studies. The purpose of discussing these specific topics is to emphasise the importance of research and development and collaboration to further global harmonisation and the development and support of international rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Houghton
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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12
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Pozo ÓJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Lootens L, Van Thuyne W, Parr MK, Schänzer W, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Delbeke FT. Detection and Characterization of a New Metabolite of 17α-Methyltestosterone. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2153-62. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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13
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Modern techniques for the determination of anabolic–androgenic steroid doping in the horse. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:785-803. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the use of performance-affecting substances in the horse is critical to the integrity of a wide range of equine sports, with major implications for both animal welfare and revenue streams. One class of medications enjoying particular public notoriety is the anabolic–androgenic steroid group, as highlighted by the recent ‘Big Brown’ affair and Congressional inquiries into the use of steroids in professional sports, including horse racing, in the USA. This review examines the latest developments pertaining to the analytical detection of these substances in equine biological samples and the supporting regulatory environment. Consideration is given to the full variety of sample matrices available, together with modern sample preparative approaches and instrumental techniques. Issues concerning the regulation of endogenous steroids, including thresholds where applicable, are also discussed.
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14
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Biddle STB, O'Donnell A, Houghton E, Creaser C. Metabolism of methyltestosterone in the greyhound. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:713-721. [PMID: 19199316 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selective derivatisation techniques have been used to identify urinary metabolites of methyltestosterone following oral administration to the greyhound. Several metabolites were identified including reduced, mono-, di- and trihydroxylated steroids. The major metabolites observed were 17alpha-methyl-5beta-androstane-3alpha-17beta-diol, 17alpha-methyl-5beta-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17beta-triol, and a further compound tentatively identified as 17alpha-methyl-5z-androstane-6z,17beta-triol. The most abundant of these was the 17alpha-methyl-5beta-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17beta-triol. This metabolite was identified by comparison with a reference standard synthesised using a Grignard procedure and characterised using trimethylsilyl (TMS) and acetonide-TMS derivatisation techniques. There did not appear to be any evidence for 16beta-hydroxylation as a phase I metabolic transformation in the greyhound. However, significant quantities of 16alpha-hydroxy metabolites were detected. Selective enzymatic hydrolysis procedures indicated that the major metabolites identified were excreted as glucuronic acid conjugates. Metabolic transformations observed in the greyhound have been compared with those of other mammalian species and are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T B Biddle
- HFL Sport Science, Quotient Bioresearch, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Ely CB7 5WW, UK.
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15
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Yamada M, Aramaki S, Okayasu T, Hosoe T, Kurosawa M, Kijima-Suda I, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Identification and quantification of metabolites common to 17α-methyltestosterone and mestanolone in horse urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:125-133. [PMID: 17709226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids with the 17alpha-methyl,17beta-hydroxyl group, which were developed as oral formulations for therapeutic purposes, have been abused in the field of human sports. These anabolic steroids are also used to enhance racing performance in racehorses. In humans, structurally related 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MTS) and mestanolone (MSL), which are anabolic steroids with the 17alpha-methyl,17beta-hydroxyl group, have metabolites in common. The purpose of this study was to determine metabolites common to these two steroids in horses, which may serve as readily available screening targets for the doping test of these steroids in racehorses. Urine sample collected after administering MTS and MSL to horses was treated to obtain unconjugated steroid, glucuronide, and sulfate fractions. The fractions were subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol, 17alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol, 17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3beta,16beta,17beta-triol, and 17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3beta,16alpha,17beta-triol were detected as the common metabolites by comparison with synthesized reference standards. The urinary concentrations of these metabolites after dosing were determined by GC/MS. 17Alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3beta,16beta,17beta-triol was mainly detected in the sulfate fractions of urine samples after administration. This compound was consistently detected for the longest time in the urine samples after dosing with both steroids. The results suggest that 17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3beta,16beta,17beta-triol is a very useful screening target for the doping test of MTS and MSL in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan.
| | - Sugako Aramaki
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Okayasu
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hosoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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