1
|
De Wilde L, Roels K, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Online Turbulent Flow Extraction and Column Switching for the Confirmatory Analysis of Stimulants in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:666-678. [PMID: 33025016 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulants are often used to treat attention deficit disorders and nasal congestion. As they can be misused and overdosed, the detection of stimulants is relevant in the toxicological field as well as in the doping control field. The effects of stimulants can indeed be beneficial for athletes. Therefore, their in-competition use is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). As stimulants represent one of the most detected categories of prohibited substances, automation of methods to detect and confirm their presence is desirable. Previous work has shown the advantages of using turbulent flow online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE LC-MS-MS) for the detection and confirmation of diuretics and masking agents. Hence, a turbulent flow online SPE LC-MS-MS method, compliant with the WADA's identification criteria, was developed and validated for the detection and confirmation of 80 stimulants or metabolites with limits of identification varying between 10 (or possibly lower) and 100 ng/mL. As several metabolites are common metabolites for multiple administered stimulants, this means that with this method, misuse of well over 100 compounds can be detected. As the developed method uses the same columns and mobile phases as our turbulent flow online SPE LC-MS-MS method for the confirmation of diuretics and masking agents, there is no need to change the configuration of the instrument when switching between the diuretics method and the developed stimulants method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Wilde L, Roels K, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Automated sample preparation for the detection and confirmation of hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers in urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4970. [PMID: 32840903 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers (HIFs) can artificially enhance an athlete's erythropoiesis, the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits their use at all times. Every urine sample for doping control analysis has to be evaluated for the presence of HIFs and therefore sensitive methods that allow high sample throughput are needed. Samples suspicious for the presence of HIFs need to be confirmed following the identification criteria established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Previous work has shown the advantages of using turbulent flow online solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures to reduce matrix effects and retention time shifts. Furthermore, the use of online SPE allows for automation and high sample throughput. Both an initial testing procedure (ITP) and a confirmation method were developed and validated, using online SPE liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with limits of detection between 0.1 ng/ml (or possibly lower) and 4 ng/ml (or higher for GSK360a) and limits of identification between 0.1 ng/ml (or possibly lower) and 1.17 ng/ml. The ITP only takes 6.5 min per sample. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first ITP and confirmation methods that include more than three HIFs without the need for manual sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gopal CM, Bhat K, Praveenkumarreddy Y, Shailesh, Kumar V, Basu H, Joshua DI, Singhal RK, Balakrishna K. Evaluation of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water matrix using ion trap mass spectrometry: A simple weighted calibration curve approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
De Wilde L, Roels K, Polet M, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Identification and confirmation of diuretics and masking agents in urine by turbulent flow online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for doping control. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1579:31-40. [PMID: 30430987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Diuretics can be misused to force diuresis to achieve weight loss or to mask the intake of a prohibited substance and are therefore prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). For similar reasons other masking agents (vaptans, probenecid, etc.) are also prohibited by the WADA. The currently employed methods to detect diuretics in urine use extraction or dilute-and-shoot, combined with 1D- liquid chromatography (LC) high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) or LC-triple quadrupole MS. Dilute-and-shoot methods save time and work, but these methods encounter some problems (e.g., peak drift and matrix effect). Therefore, a 2D-LC-MS/MS application was developed, validated and evaluated as an alternative. The effect of a turbulent flow rate was studied by loading samples under different conditions and the turbulent flow rate was found to be more effective in removing matrix interferences. A correlation with the specific gravity was observed. A turbulent flow online solid phase extraction (SPE) method combined with LC-MS/MS for the detection of 50 diuretics and masking agents was developed and validated for identification purposes. This method combines the advantages of dilute-and-shoot while solving the issues of matrix effect and retention time shift. Furthermore, the presented method is compliant with WADA's identification criteria and can hence be used for screening and/or confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Michaël Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eysseric E, Barry K, Beaudry F, Houde M, Gagnon C, Segura PA. Application of Spectral Accuracy to Improve the Identification of Organic Compounds in Environmental Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9805-9813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Eysseric
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Killian Barry
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe
de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animal du Québec (GREPAQ), Department
of Veterinary Biomedicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Pedro A. Segura
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alencar LM, de Oliveira LH, Backes R, Rosa TM, de Oliveira PR, da Silva RAB, Trindade MAG. Liquid-liquid Extraction Coupled to Batch Injection Analysis for Electroanalysis of Levofloxacin at Low Concentration Level. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Machado Alencar
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12 Dourados-MS Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12 Dourados-MS Brazil
| | - Rafael Backes
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12 Dourados-MS Brazil
| | - Tamires Macedo Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12 Dourados-MS Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12 Dourados-MS Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Naldi AC, Fayad PB, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Analysis of steroid hormones and their conjugated forms in water and urine by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:30. [PMID: 27158261 PMCID: PMC4859969 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been found in rivers that receive significant inputs of wastewater. Among EDCs, natural and synthetic steroid hormones are recognized for their potential to mimic or interfere with normal hormonal functions (development, growth and reproduction), even at ultratrace levels (ng L−1). Although conjugated hormones are less active than free hormones, they can be cleaved and release the unconjugated estrogens through microbial processes before or during the treatment of wastewater. Due to the need to identify and quantify these compounds, a new fully automated method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the two forms of several steroid hormones (free and conjugated) in different water matrixes and in urine. Results The method is based on online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Several parameters were assessed in order to optimize the efficiency of the method, such as the type and flow rate of the mobile phase, the various SPE columns, chromatography as well as different sources and ionization modes for MS. The method demonstrated good linearity (R2 > 0.993) and precision with a coefficient of variance of less than 10 %. The quantification limits vary from a minimum of 3–15 ng L−1 for an injection volume of 1 and 5 mL, respectively, with the recovery values of the compounds varying from 72 to 117 %. Conclusion The suggested method has been validated and successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of several steroid hormones in different water matrixes and in urine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Naldi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - P B Fayad
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - M Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - S Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribeiro C, Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME. New trends in sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:142-85. [PMID: 25391434 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.833850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fedorova G, Golovko O, Randak T, Grabic R. Storage effect on the analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:55-60. [PMID: 24997900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the stability of 124 target analytes in influent and effluent wastewater samples during short-term (4°C) and long-term (-18°C) storage was assessed. The most common storage scenario was considered, in which samples were frozen immediately after sampling without any pre-treatment. During short-term storage more analytes remained stable (concentration during storage was in the range of 60-120% of the initial concentration) at 4°C than at -18°C. During long-term storage (-18°C), three types of behavior were observed: constant concentrations throughout the experimental period, decreasing concentrations with time, and loss of the compound from the sample after freezing. Differences between effluent and influent samples were observed for 50 out of 124 tested PPCPs. The amount of stable analytes decreased with time during long-term storage. 72% and 56% of the target compounds in the effluent and influent wastewater, respectively, remained stable during 60days of storage. The number of stable compounds decreased to 57 (46%) and 46 (37%) in the effluent and influent, respectively, over 120days. 15 Pharmaceuticals were lost after freezing/thawing cycle. The results stress the importance of storage factors during analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The stability of target compounds in the samples under the planned storage conditions should be checked before starting the experiment to obtain reliable data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rabii FW, Segura PA, Fayad PB, Sauvé S. Determination of six chemotherapeutic agents in municipal wastewater using online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:792-800. [PMID: 24388503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased consumption of chemotherapeutic agents, their high toxicity, carcinogenicity, their occurrence in the aquatic environment must be properly evaluated. An analytical method based on online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. A 1 mL injection volume was used to quantify six of the most widely used cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, methotrexate, irinotecan and epirubicin) in municipal wastewater. The method was validated using standard additions. The validation results in wastewater influent had coefficients of determination (R(2)) between 0.983 and 0.998 and intra-day precision ranging from 7 to 13% (expressed as relative standard deviation %RSD), and from 9 to 23% for inter-day precision. Limits of detection ranged from 4 to 20 ng L(-1) while recovery values were greater than 70% except for gemcitabine, which is the most hydrophilic compound in the selected group and had a recovery of 47%. Matrix effects were interpreted by signal suppression and ranged from 55 to 118% with cyclophosphamide having the highest value. Two of the target anticancer drugs (cyclophosphamide and methotrexate) were detected and quantified in wastewater (effluent and influent) and ranged from 13 to 60 ng L(-1). The proposed method thus allows proper monitoring of potential environmental releases of chemotherapy agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farida W Rabii
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pedro A Segura
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Paul B Fayad
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kwon JW, Rodriguez JM. Occurrence and removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in three wastewater-treatment plants. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:538-548. [PMID: 24357097 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected in surface waters. Incomplete removal of these compounds by wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) results in their presence in effluents and finally in surface waters. The occurrence and removal of four PPCPs was investigated in three WWTPs in Mississippi, USA, during a period of 1 year. Influent and effluent were sampled from the three WWTPs. Upstream and downstream samples of the WWTPs were also collected. All four PPCPs were detected in all influents where sulfamethoxazole showed the highest concentration levels with a median concentration of 1,640 ng/L, and carbamazepine was detected at the lowest level with a median concentration of 132 ng/L. Different PPCPs were removed to different extents varying from 99 to 100 %. Gemfibrozil showed the highest removal rates (73-100 %), whereas carbamazepine showed the lowest (-99 to -30 %). Secondary activated sludge in oxidation-ditch process showed remarkable PPCP-specific removal rates. Galaxolide was removed more than the other PPCPs, and sulfamethoxazole showed the least removal. Galaxolide was found to be a predominant PPCP in effluent among the PPCPs studied, and it was detected in all downstream (14.1-428.2 ng/L) and upstream (4.1-60.0 ng/L) samples. Sulfamethoxazole was removed more during the summer than the winter season. A clear increase of PPCP concentrations was observed in most downstream samples compared with upstream samples suggesting that discharges from WWTPs are the major source of PPCPs in surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Wook Kwon
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State University, PO Box CR, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ostman M, Fick J, Näsström E, Lindberg RH. A snapshot of illicit drug use in Sweden acquired through sewage water analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:862-71. [PMID: 24342093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Analytical measurements of sewage water have been used many times to estimate the consumption of specific drugs in an area. This study measured a large number of illicit drugs and metabolites (>30) at a large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs) distributed across Sweden. Twenty-four illicit and prescription drugs, classified as narcotic substances in Sweden, and seven selected metabolites were included in the study. A 24 hour composite sample of incoming sewage water was collected from 33 different municipalities at various geographic locations across Sweden. Species were analyzed using an on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method. The method proved to be rapid with minimum need for sample work up and was able to detect 13 compounds above their respective limits of quantification. The results for all compounds were presented as per capita loads. Multivariate data analysis was used to relate drug consumption to geographical location and/or population of cities. The results showed that geographical differences in drug consumption were apparent across the country. For the narcotic pharmaceuticals, the geographical differences suggested by the multivariate model were supported by prescription statistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ostman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Näsström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Idder S, Ley L, Mazellier P, Budzinski H. Quantitative on-line preconcentration-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in water. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:107-15. [PMID: 24296150 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the current environmental issues concerns the presence and fate of pharmaceuticals in water bodies as these compounds may represent a potential environmental problem. The characterization of pharmaceutical contamination requires powerful analytical method able to quantify these pollutants at very low concentration (few ng L(-1)). In this work, a multi-residue analytical methodology (on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using positive and negative electrospray ionization) has been developed and validated for 40 multi-class pharmaceuticals and metabolites for tap and surface waters. This on-line SPE method was very convenient and efficient compared to classical off-line SPE method because of its shorter total run time including sample preparation and smaller sample volume (1 mL vs up to 1 L). The optimized method included several therapeutic classes as lipid regulators, antibiotics, beta-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, antineoplastic, etc., with various physicochemical properties. Quantification has been achieved with the internal standards. The limits of detection are between 0.7 and 15 ng L(-1) for drinking waters and 2-15 ng L(-1) for surface waters. The inter-day precision values are below 20% for each studied level. The improvement and strength of the analytical method has been verified along a monitoring of these 40 pharmaceuticals in Isle River, a French stream located in the South West of France. During this survey, 16 pharmaceutical compounds have been detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Idder
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de la Dordogne, LDAR24, F-24660 Coulounieix Chamiers, France; University of Bordeaux, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico et Toxico Chimie de l'Environnement, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lara FJ, del Olmo-Iruela M, García-Campaña AM. On-line anion exchange solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection to determine quinolones in water and human urine. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
15
|
Fedorova G, Randak T, Lindberg RH, Grabic R. Comparison of the quantitative performance of a Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer with that of a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer for the analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1751-1762. [PMID: 23821568 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analysis of drugs in wastewater is gaining more interest, as new approaches to estimate drug consumption from the amount of drug residues in wastewater have been proposed. The aim of this study was to compare the quantitative performance of high-resolution mass spectrometry with that of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. METHODS A Q-Exactive mass spectrometer was operated in full scan (HRFS) (70 000 FWHM) and product scan (HRPS) (17 500 FWHM) modes. The first and third quadrupoles of the QqQ MS/MS instrument were operated at 0.7 FWHM. A mass-extracted window of 5 ppm around the theoretical m/z of each analyte was used to construct chromatograms. An HESI-II ion source was used for the ionization of target compounds. In-line-SPE-LC configuration was used for the extraction and separation of target analytes. RESULTS All three methods showed good linearity and repeatability. High-resolution detection of product ions exhibited better sensitivity and selectivity for some compounds. For most of the tested compounds, LOQs ranged from 0.46 to 20 ng L(-1) . Good agreement between measured and nominal concentrations was observed for most of the compounds at different levels of fortification. Both MS/MS methods showed good selectivity, while HRFS gave some false positive results. CONCLUSIONS The Q-Exactive mass spectrometer proved to be suitable for trace detection and quantification of most of the tested drugs in wastewater, with performance comparable to that of the commonly used MS/MS triple quadrupole, but with better selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Online solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry determination of multiple classes of antibiotics in environmental and treated waters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5953-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Gust M, Fortier M, Garric J, Fournier M, Gagné F. Effects of short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of different pharmaceutical mixtures on the immune response of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:210-218. [PMID: 23333517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are pollutants of potential concern in the aquatic environment where they are commonly introduced as complex mixtures via municipal effluents. Many reports underline the effects of pharmaceuticals on immune system of non target species. Four drug mixtures were tested, and regrouped pharmaceuticals by main therapeutic use: psychiatric (venlafaxine, carbamazepine, diazepam), antibiotic (ciprofloxacine, erythromycin, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), hypolipemic (atorvastatin, gemfibrozil, benzafibrate) and antihypertensive (atenolol, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril). Their effects were then compared with a treated municipal effluent known for its contamination, and its effects on the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis. Adult L. stagnalis were exposed for 3 days to an environmentally relevant concentration of the four mixtures individually and as a global mixture. Effects on immunocompetence (hemocyte viability and count, ROS and thiol levels, phagocytosis) and gene expression were related to the immune response and oxidative stress: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx), two isoforms of the nitric oxide synthetase gene (NOS1 and NOS2), molluscan defensive molecule (MDM), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). Immunocompetence was differently affected by the therapeutic class mixtures compared to the global mixture, which increased hemocyte count, ROS levels and phagocytosis, and decreased intracellular thiol levels. TLR4 gene expression was the most strongly increased, especially by psychiatric mixture (19-fold), while AIF-1, GR and CAT genes were downregulated. A decision tree analysis revealed that the immunotoxic responses caused by the municipal effluent were comparable to those obtained with the global pharmaceutical mixture, and the latter shared similarity with the antibiotic mixture. This suggests that pharmaceutical mixtures in municipal effluents represent a risk for gastropods at the immunocompetence levels and the antibiotic group could represent a model therapeutic class for municipal effluent toxicity studies in L. stagnalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 3 bis quai Chauveau, 69009 Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gust M, Fortier M, Garric J, Fournier M, Gagné F. Immunotoxicity of surface waters contaminated by municipal effluents to the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 126:393-403. [PMID: 23021492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of surface waters contaminated by a municipal effluent dispersion plume were examined in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Snails were exposed to surface waters where changes in hemocyte counts, viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced thiols and phagocytic activity were tracked following exposure periods of 3h and 3 and 7d. Changes in mRNA expression of some genes in the hemocytes were also assessed after 7d of exposure, as follows: genes coding for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPX), two isoforms of the nitric oxide synthetase (NOS1 and NOS2), molluscan defensive molecule (MDM), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF), and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). At the sites closest to the discharge point, exposure led to impaired hemocyte viability and intracellular thiol levels and also an increase of hemocyte count, ROS levels and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis and ROS levels in hemocytes were correlated with heterotrophic bacterial counts in snails. We found four genes with increased mRNA expression as a response to exposure of municipal wastewaters: TLR4 (6-fold), HSP70 (2-fold), SeGPx (4-fold) and CAT (2-fold). Immunocompetence responses were analyzed by canonical analysis to seek out relationships with mRNA expression of the genes involved in stress, pattern recognition, cellular and humoral responses. The data revealed that genes involved in oxidative stress were strongly involved with immunocompetence and that the resulting immune responses were influenced both by the bacterial and pollutant loadings of the effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huntscha S, Singer HP, McArdell CS, Frank CE, Hollender J. Multiresidue analysis of 88 polar organic micropollutants in ground, surface and wastewater using online mixed-bed multilayer solid-phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:74-83. [PMID: 23137864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An automated multiresidue method consisting of an online solid-phase extraction step coupled to a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method) was developed for the determination of 88 polar organic micropollutants with a broad range of physicochemical properties (logD(OW) (pH 7): -4.2 to 4.2). Based on theoretical considerations, a single mixed-bed multilayer cartridge containing four different extraction materials was composed for the automated enrichment of water samples. This allowed the simultaneous analysis of pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, many of their transformation products, and the artificial sweetener sucralose in three matrices groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the environmentally relevant concentration range of 0.1-87 ng/L for groundwater and surface water, and 1.5-206 ng/L for wastewater. The majority of the compounds could be quantified below 10 ng/L in groundwater (82%) and surface water (80%) and below 100 ng/L in wastewater (80%). Relative recoveries were largely between 80 and 120%. Intraday and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, were generally better than 10% and 20%, respectively. 50 isotope labeled internal standards were used for quantification and accordingly, relative recoveries as well as intraday and inter-day precision were better for compounds with corresponding internal standard. The applicability of this method was shown during a sampling campaign at a riverbank filtration site for drinking water production with travel times of up to 5 days. 36 substances of all compound classes investigated could be found in concentrations between 0.1 and 600 ng/L. The results revealed the persistence of carbamazepine and sucralose in the groundwater aquifer as well as degradation of the metamizole metabolite 4-acetamidoantipyrine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Huntscha
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang C, Gardinali PR. Comparison of multiple API techniques for the simultaneous detection of microconstituents in water by on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1255-1268. [PMID: 23019157 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study described a fully automated method using on-line solid phase extraction of large volume injections coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to simultaneously detect a group of recalcitrant microconstituents (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroid hormones and sterols) in aqueous matrices. Samples (1 mL to 20 mL) were loaded to the preconcentration column at 1 mL/min, and the column was washed with 1000 μL of 25% methanol in LC/MS water to remove polar and ionic interferences before LC-MS/MS analysis. Three different atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques, including photoionization (APPI) with four different dopants (acetone, anisole, chlorobenzene and toluene), heated electrospray ionization (HESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were evaluated on the basis of method detection limits (MDLs) and recoveries from different aqueous matrixes. Results indicated that APPI with toluene as dopant was the most sensitive ionization method for the majority of the analytes. When using 5 mL of sample, MDLs for pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including carbamazepine, DEET, caffeine, naproxen, acetaminophen and primidone, were between 0.3 ng/L and 15 ng/L. MDLs of hormones, including testosterone, equilenin, progesterone, equilin, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, estrone, androsterone, mestranol and estriol, were between 1.2 ng/L and 37 ng/L. The combination of APPI with dopant allowed the detection of two difficult to ionize fecal related sterols, such as coprostan-3-ol and coprostan-3-one with MDLs of 5.4 ng/L and 11 ng/L, respectively. Calculated MDLs are more than adequate for analysis of wastewater using 1 to 5 mL sample size and for surface waters using up to 20 mL sample size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Wang
- Florida International University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami, Florida 33181, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
López-Serna R, Petrović M, Barceló D. Direct analysis of pharmaceuticals, their metabolites and transformation products in environmental waters using on-line TurboFlow™ chromatography–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:115-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
22
|
Khan GA, Lindberg R, Grabic R, Fick J. The development and application of a system for simultaneously determining anti-infectives and nasal decongestants using on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
23
|
Analysis of selected pharmaceuticals in fish and the fresh water bodies directly affected by reclaimed water using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2711-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Zamyadi A, MacLeod SL, Fan Y, McQuaid N, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Toxic cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation in a drinking water plant: a monitoring and treatment challenge. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1511-1523. [PMID: 22137293 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins has intensified in recent years in both drinking water sources and the raw water of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate the breakthrough and accumulation of toxic cyanobacteria in water, scums and sludge inside a DWTP, and 2) to determine whether chlorination can be an efficient barrier to the prevention of cyanotoxin breakthrough in drinking water. In a full scale DWTP, the fate of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins was studied after the addition of coagulant and powdered activated carbon, post clarification, within the clarifier sludge bed, after filtration and final chlorination. Elevated cyanobacterial cell numbers (4.7 × 10(6)cells/mL) and total microcystins concentrations (up to 10 mg/L) accumulated in the clarifiers of the treatment plant. Breakthrough of cells and toxins in filtered water was observed. Also, a total microcystins concentration of 2.47 μg/L was measured in chlorinated drinking water. Cyanobacterial cells and toxins from environmental bloom samples were more resistant to chlorination than results obtained using laboratory cultured cells and dissolved standard toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Zamyadi
- École Polytechnique de Montreal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Segura PA, MacLeod SL, Lemoine P, Sauvé S, Gagnon C. Quantification of carbamazepine and atrazine and screening of suspect organic contaminants in surface and drinking waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1085-94. [PMID: 21565385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for the identification of suspect trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface waters is presented. Samples were initially analyzed using a target determination method for two contamination tracers, carbamazepine (CBZ) and atrazine (ATZ). This method used offline solid-phase extraction and online solid-phase extraction techniques coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to accelerate the sample preparation process and improve method performance. CBZ and ATZ were found respectively in 31% and 56% of the samples, and concentrations were usually <20 ng L(-1). These samples were re-analyzed with a similar method on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer to identify suspect contaminants by means of exact mass measurements and isotope patterns. A database of 264 common organic contaminants was built and used in conjunction with a Molecular Feature algorithm to identify the presence of these substances in drinking and surface water collected from different sources at various locations across Canada. Several organic contaminants were identified in the samples, but only the presence of caffeine, desethylatrazine, simazine and venlafaxine could be verified by comparison to pure standards. The presence of desethylatrazine was also confirmed by MS/MS experiments. These results suggest that target analysis for tracers of organic contamination may be a helpful tool to prioritize samples which should be further screened for suspect contaminants. This study also shows that the combination of separation techniques (offline and online SPE, LC) contribute to advance the applicability of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of trace organic contaminants by accelerating the preparation step, reducing complexity and increasing analyte concentrations for optimal detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Segura
- Aquatic Ecosystems Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodríguez E, Navarro-Villoslada F, Benito-Peña E, Marazuela MD, Moreno-Bondi MC. Multiresidue Determination of Ultratrace Levels of Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobials in Drinking and Aquaculture Water Samples by Automated Online Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2046-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102839n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Navarro-Villoslada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Marazuela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cruz Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Column-switching linked to large sample volumes to preconcentrate β-blockers at trace levels in environmental water. Talanta 2011; 83:1665-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
28
|
Fatta-Kassinos D, Meric S, Nikolaou A. Pharmaceutical residues in environmental waters and wastewater: current state of knowledge and future research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:251-75. [PMID: 21063687 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, GAIA, Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75, Kallipoleos, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singer H, Jaus S, Hanke I, Lück A, Hollender J, Alder AC. Determination of biocides and pesticides by on-line solid phase extraction coupled with mass spectrometry and their behaviour in wastewater and surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3054-3064. [PMID: 20663596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the input of hydrophilic biocides into the aquatic environment and on the efficiency of their removal in conventional wastewater treatment by a mass flux analysis. A fully automated method consisting of on-line solid phase extraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed and validated for the simultaneous trace determination of different biocidal compounds (1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT), 3-Iodo-2-propynylbutyl-carbamate (IPBC), irgarol 1051 and 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolinone (octhilinone, OIT), carbendazim, diazinon, diuron, isoproturon, mecoprop, terbutryn and terbutylazine) and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole) in wastewater and surface water. In the tertiary effluent, the highest average concentrations were determined for mecoprop (1010 ng/L) which was at comparable levels as the pharmaceuticals diclofenac (690 ng/L) and sulfamethoxazole (140 ng/L) but 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the other biocidal compounds. Average eliminations for all compounds were usually below 50%. During rain events, increased residual amounts of biocidal contaminants are discharged to receiving surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aboulfadl K, De Potter C, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Time-dependent integrity during storage of natural surface water samples for the trace analysis of pharmaceutical products, feminizing hormones and pesticides. Chem Cent J 2010; 4:10. [PMID: 20403158 PMCID: PMC2873356 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and analysis of trace contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides require the preservation of the samples before they can be quantified using the appropriate analytical methods. Our objective is to determine the sample shelf life to insure proper quantification of ultratrace contaminants. To this end, we tested the stability of a variety of pharmaceutical products including caffeine, natural steroids, and selected pesticides under refrigerated storage conditions. The analysis was performed using multi-residue methods using an on-line solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring mode. After 21 days of storage, no significant difference in the recoveries was observed compared to day 0 for pharmaceutical products, while for pesticides, significant losses occurred for DIA and simazine after 10 days (14% and 17% reduction respectively) and a statistically significant decrease in the recovery was noted for cyanazine (78% disappearance). However, the estrogen and progestogen steroids were unstable during storage. The disappearance rates obtained after 21 days of storage vary from 63 to 72% for the feminizing hormones. Overall, pharmaceuticals and pesticides seem to be stable for refrigerated storage for up to about 10 days (except cyanazine) and steroidal hormones can be quite sensitive to degradation and should not be stored for more than a few days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Aboulfadl
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chaire CRSNG en Eau Potable, Département des génies civil, géologique et des mines, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
| | - Cyril De Potter
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Chaire CRSNG en Eau Potable, Département des génies civil, géologique et des mines, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garcia-Ac A, Segura PA, Viglino L, Fürtös A, Gagnon C, Prévost M, Sauvé S. On-line solid-phase extraction of large-volume injections coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitation and confirmation of 14 selected trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface water. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8518-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Segura PA, Gagnon C, Sauvé S. Application of Turbulent Flow Chromatography Load Columns for the On-Line Analysis of Anti-Infectives in Wastewaters. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
33
|
Wong CS, MacLeod SL. JEM spotlight: recent advances in analysis of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:923-36. [PMID: 19436850 DOI: 10.1039/b819464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both ecosystem and human health rely on clean, abundant supplies of water, thus many classes of potential pollutants are regulated. In recent years, the possible risks associated with largely uncontrolled inputs of pharmaceuticals to rivers, lakes, groundwater, and coastal waters, mainly via wastewater, have been a focus of much research. During this time, our capacity to sequester, identify, and quantify pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices has improved. Devices have emerged to allow passive uptake of drugs to augment or replace laborious grab sampling. Advances in sample preparation have streamlined extraction procedures and removed interfering matrix components. New instrumental techniques have allowed faster, more accurate and sensitive detection of drugs in water samples. This review highlights all of these advances, from sample collection to instrumental analysis, which will continue to help us better understand the fate and effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Wong
- Environmental Studies Program and Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Garcia-Ac A, Segura PA, Gagnon C, Sauvé S. Determination of bezafibrate, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, orlistat and enalapril in waste and surface waters using on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography coupled to polarity-switching electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:830-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b817570e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Rapid determination of five antibiotic residues in swine wastewater by online solid-phase extraction–high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1367-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|