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Kock A, Glanville HC, Law AC, Stanton T, Carter LJ, Taylor JC. Emerging challenges of the impacts of pharmaceuticals on aquatic ecosystems: A diatom perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162939. [PMID: 36934940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are a ubiquitous group of emerging pollutants of considerable importance due to their biological potency and potential to elicit effects in wildlife and humans. Pharmaceuticals have been quantified in terrestrial, marine, fresh, and transitional waters, as well as the fauna and macro-flora that inhabit them. Pharmaceuticals can enter water ways through different human and veterinary pathways with traditional wastewater treatment, unable to completely remove pharmaceuticals, discharging often unknown quantities to aquatic ecosystems. However, there is a paucity of available information regarding the effects of pharmaceuticals on species at the base of aquatic food webs, especially on phytoplankton, with research typically focussing on fish and aquatic invertebrates. Diatoms are one of the main classes of phytoplankton and are some of the most abundant and important organisms in aquatic systems. As primary producers, diatoms generate ∼40 % of the world's oxygen and are a vital food source for primary consumers. Diatoms can also be used for bioremediation of polluted water bodies but perhaps are best known as bio-indicators for water quality studies. However, this keystone, non-target group is often ignored during ecotoxicological studies to assess the effects of pollutants of concern. Observed effects of pharmaceuticals on diatoms have the potential to be used as an indicator of pharmaceutical-induced impacts on higher trophic level organisms and wider ecosystem effects. The aim of this review is to present a synthesis of research on pharmaceutical exposure to diatoms, considering ecotoxicity, bioremediation and the role of diatoms as bio-indicators. We highlight significant omissions and knowledge gaps which need addressing to realise the potential role of diatoms in future risk assessment approaches and help evaluate the impacts of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kock
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - H C Glanville
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - A C Law
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - T Stanton
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - L J Carter
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J C Taylor
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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2
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Enzyme-inspired dry-powder polymeric catalyst for green and fast pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wang Z, Li A, Liao Y, Shuang C, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhou Q, Li W. The key role of hydrophobicity in the determination of pharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry under the interference of natural organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83071-83080. [PMID: 35759101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The determination of trace-level pharmaceuticals in water is generally performed using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, which is susceptible to interference from non-target substances, such as natural organic matter (NOM). In this study, the interference of NOM on the determination of 20 typical pharmaceuticals using solid-phase extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-tqMS) was investigated with a combined consideration of recoveries, matrix effects, and process efficiencies. The results showed that the recoveries of most pharmaceuticals were not significantly affected by NOM concentrations of 1-50 mg/L. The matrix effects and process efficiencies decreased linearly with increasing logarithmic NOM concentrations, and the changes in matrix effects and process efficiencies both exhibited negative linear correlations with the pharmaceuticals' hydrophobicity (logKow). This result indicated that the determination of hydrophilic pharmaceuticals suffered from more severe NOM interference, as NOM entered the ESI source together with hydrophilic pharmaceuticals after UPLC separation and subsequently weakened the ionization efficiency of these pharmaceuticals. According to the correlations between logKow and the changes in matrix effects and process efficiencies, the pharmaceutical determination in positive/negative ESI modes with logKow ≤ 3.80/4.27 is considered to be significantly affected by NOM, accompanied by > 20% changes in matrix effects and process efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou, 362008, China.
| | - Yufeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chendong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou, 362008, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Bozyiğit GD, Ayyıldız MF, Chormey DS, Engin GO, Bakırdere S. Trace level determination of eleven nervous system-active pharmaceutical ingredients by switchable solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with matrix matching calibration strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:58. [PMID: 34989878 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction (SS-LPME) to enrich eleven nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from aqueous samples for their determination at trace levels by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The analytes selected for the study included APIs utilized in antidepressant, antipsychotic, antiepileptic, and anti-dementia drugs. Parameters of the microextraction method including switchable solvent volume, concentration and volume of the trigger agent (sodium hydroxide), and sample agitation period were optimized univariately to boost extraction efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits calculated for the analytes were in the range of 0.20-8.0 ng/mL, and repeatability for six replicate measurements as indicated by percent relative standard deviation values were below 10%. Matrix matching calibration strategy was used to enhance quantification accuracy for the analytes. The percent recovery results calculated for the eleven analytes ranged between 86 and 117%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat Ayyıldız
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güleda Onkal Engin
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No. 112, 06670, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh AOO. Distribution and Chemical Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environmental Systems: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3026. [PMID: 31438569 PMCID: PMC6747491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PPCPs are found almost everywhere in the environment especially at an alarming rate and at very low concentration in the aquatic systems. Many methods-including pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and micro-assisted extraction (MAE)-have been employed for their extraction from both surface waters and biota. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) proved to be the best extraction method for these polar, non-volatile, and thermally unstable compounds in water. However, ultrasonic extraction works better for their isolation from sediment because it is cheap and consumes less solvent, even though SPE is preferred as a clean-up method for sediment samples. PPCPs are in groups of-acidic (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen), neutral (e.g., caffeine, carbamazepine, fluoxetine), and basic pharmaceuticals, as well as antibiotics and estrogens amongst others. PPCPs which are present in trace levels (ng/L) are more often determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolent (HPLC-UV). Of these, LC-MS and LC-MS-MS are mostly employed for the analysis of this class of compounds, though not without a draw-back of matrix effect. GC-MS and GC-MS-MS are considered as alternative cost-effective methods that can also give better results after derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - A O Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - A I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - And O O Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Zhan N, Guo F, Tian Q, Yang ZP, Rao Z. Screening and Quantification of Organic Pollutants in Soil Using Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1367798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhan
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Guo
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Tian
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Peng Yang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Rao
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Molina-Fernandez N, Perez-Conde C, Rainieri S, Sanz-Landaluze J. Method for quantifying NSAIDs and clofibric acid in aqueous samples, lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) roe, and zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and evaluation of their bioconcentration in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10907-10918. [PMID: 27164891 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and lipid regulators are being repeatedly detected at low concentrations (pg · mL-1-ng · mL-1) in the environment. A large fraction of these compounds are ionizable. Ionized compounds show different physico-chemical properties and environmental behavior in comparison to their neutral analogs; as a consequence, the quantification methods currently available, based on the neutral molecules, might not be suitable to detect the corresponding ionized compounds. To overcome this problem, we developed a specific analytical method to quantify NSAIDs and lipid regulators (i.e., ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and clofibric acid) and their ionized compounds. This method is based on three steps: (1) the extraction of the organic compounds with an organic solvent assisted with an ultrasonic probe, (2) the cleaning of the extracts with a dispersive SPE with C18, and (3) the determination of the chemical compounds by GC-MS (prior derivatization of the analytes). We demonstrated that the proposed method can successfully quantify the pharmaceuticals and their ionized compounds in aqueous samples, lumpfish eggs, and zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Additionally, it allows the extraction and the cleanup of extracts from small samples (0.010 g of wet weight in pools of 20 larvae) and complex matrixes (due to high lipid content) and can be used as a basis for bioaccumulation assays performed with zebrafish eleutheroembryos in alternative to OECD test 305.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Molina-Fernandez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Perez-Conde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Rainieri
- Food Research Division, AZTI, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea 609, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - J Sanz-Landaluze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Salgueiro-González N, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Trends in analytical methodologies for the determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 962:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Iparraguirre A, Prieto A, Vallejo A, Moeder M, Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Paschke A. Tetraphasic polar organic chemical integrative sampler for the determination of a wide polarity range organic pollutants in water. The use of performance reference compounds and in-situ calibration. Talanta 2017; 164:314-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Recent Advances in the Use of Chemical Markers for Tracing Wastewater Contamination in Aquatic Environment: A Review. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in environmental matrices: Review of analytical strategies for pharmaceuticals, estrogenic hormones, and alkylphenol compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Occurrence, fate and removal efficiencies of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging in the coastal environment of Algiers. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Multianalyte method for the determination of pharmaceuticals in wastewater samples using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4229-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tan L, Liu H, Shu J, Xia F. Strengthen the collaboration between the River Basin Management Organization of China and International Environmental Specimen Bank Group. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1628-1630. [PMID: 24817678 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several types of emerging organic contaminants were investigated in many recent researches, such as persistent toxic substance (PTS), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupters (EDs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). But the Chinese country standard detection methods of emerging organic pollutants were not developed with the dramatic increasing of the organic substances production. Hence, it is necessary to obtain the latest informations about the long-term storage of representative environmental specimens, which could provide scientific basis for environmental management and environmental decision-making of the water resources protection and management organization. As the significant water resource conservation organization, the Water Environment Monitoring Center of Yangtze River Basin is experienced in water environmental monitoring and records many useful water resources and environment informations. It is also our responsibility to monitor all the pollutants in water environment of the Yangtze River valley, especially the emerging organic contaminants. Meanwhile, the International Environmental Specimen Bank (IESB) accumulates lots environmental organic pollution specimens and plays a significant role in environmental monitoring. Thus, the collaboration between the two parties will be greatly helpful for each further researches and monitoring work of organic contaminants in Yangtze River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Tan
- Water Environment Monitoring Center of Yangtze River Basin, Yangtze River Valley Water Resources Protection Bureau, Wuhan, 430010, China,
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Shaaban H, Górecki T. Current trends in green liquid chromatography for the analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environmental water compartments. Talanta 2015; 132:739-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Matrix effect during the membrane-assisted solvent extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of a variety of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:163-70. [PMID: 25001332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was studied for the determination of a variety of emerging and priority compounds in wastewater. Among the target analytes studied certain hormones (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), androsterone (ADT), 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), equilin (EQ), testosterone (TT), mestranol (MeEE2), 19-norethisterone (NT), progesterone (PG) and equilenin (EQN)), alkylphenols (APs) (4-tert-octylphenol (4tOP), nonylphenol technical mixture (NPs) and 4n-octylphenol (4nOP)) and BPA were included. The work was primarily focused in the LC-MS/MS detection step, both in terms of variable optimization and with respect to the matrix effect study. Both, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were assessed both in the negative and positive mode, including the optimization of MS/MS operating conditions. The best results were obtained, in most of the cases, for ESI using 0.05% ammonium hydroxide as buffer solution in the mobile phase, composed with methanol and water. Under optimum detection conditions, matrix effect during the detection step was thoroughly studied. Dilution, correction with deuterated analogues and clean-up of the extracts were evaluated for matrix effect correction. Clean-up with Florisil together with correction with deuterated analogues provided the most satisfactory results, with apparent recoveries in the 57-136% range and method detection limits in the low ngL(-1) level for most of the analytes. For further validation of the method, two separated extraction procedures, the above mentioned MASE, and conventional solid phase extraction (SPE) were compared during the analysis of real samples and comparable results were successfully obtained for E1, E2, EE2, DES, NT, TT, EQ, PG, BPA, ADT, 4nOP, 4tOP, NPs and EQN.
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Vallejo A, Prieto A, Moeder M, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Paschke A. Calibration and field test of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers for the determination of 15 endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater and river water with special focus on performance reference compounds (PRC). WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:2851-2862. [PMID: 23517875 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, home-made Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were studied for passive sampling of 15 endocrine disrupting compounds (4 alkylphenols and steroid hormones) in influent and effluent samples of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as well as up- and downstream of the receiving river water. POCIS calibration at laboratory conditions was carried out using a continuous-flow calibration system. The influence of the exposure position of the POCIS within the calibration device, horizontal or vertical, to the water flow direction was evaluated. While the sampling rates of most of the target substances were not affected by the sampler position, for cis-ADT, E1, E2 and E3, the vertical position provided the highest analyte accumulation. Hence, the POCIS samplers were preferably exposed vertical to the water flow in overall experiments. Using the continuous-flow calibration device, lab-based sampling rates were determined for all the target compounds (RSBPA = 0.0326 L/d; RScisADT = 0.0800 L/d, RSE1 = 0.0398 L/d, RSEQ = 0.0516 L/d, RSTT = 0.0745 L/d, RSE2 = 0.0585 L/d, RSEE2 = 0.0406 L/d, RSNT = 0.0846 L/d, RSPG = 0.0478 L/d and RSE3 = 0.1468 L/d), except for DES, MeEE2, 4tOP, 4OP, 4NPs, where the uptake after 14 days POCIS exposure was found to be insignificant or indicated a no linear behaviour. Recoveries from POCIS extractions were in the range between 71 and 152% for most of the target analytes except for DES and E3 with around 59%. Good precision of the sampling procedure up till 20% was observed and limits of detection were at ng/L level. Two deuterated compounds ([(2)H3]-E2 and [(2)H4]-EQ) were successfully tested as performance reference compounds (PRC, [Formula: see text] = 0.0507 L/d and [Formula: see text] = 0.0543 L/d)). Finally, the POCIS samplers were tested for monitoring EDCs at two wastewater treatment plants, in Halle and Leipzig (Germany). BPA, E1, EQ, E2, MeEE2, NT, EE2, PG and E3 were quantified and their time-weighted average concentrations calculated on the basis of the lab-derived sampling rates were compared with the results based on conventional grab samples. While the influent concentration of BPA, cisADT, E1, TT, PG, EE2 reached the μg/L level, the rest of the target analytes were determined at ng/L. The analyte concentrations in the effluent never exceed ng/L level except for BPA. The concentration determined by spot sampling was partially lower (BPA, E1, TT) or comparable (EQ, E2, EE2, PG, E3) to the concentration obtained by POCIS using performance reference compounds (PRC).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vallejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in 1mL whole blood using programmable temperature vaporization large volume injection coupled to gas chromatogram and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 767:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Salgueiro-González N, Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Blank and sample handling troubleshooting in ultratrace analysis of alkylphenols and bisphenol A by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 101:413-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Bizkarguenaga E, Ros O, Iparraguirre A, Navarro P, Vallejo A, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O. Solid-phase extraction combined with large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporization–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the multiresidue determination of priority and emerging organic pollutants in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1247:104-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Iparraguirre A, Navarro P, Prieto A, Rodil R, Olivares M, Fernández LÁ, Zuloaga O. Membrane-assisted solvent extraction coupled to large volume injection–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of a variety of endocrine disrupting compounds in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2897-907. [PMID: 22286125 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-assisted solvent extraction coupled to large volume injection in a programmable temperature vaporisation injector using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was optimised for the simultaneous determination of a variety of endocrine disrupting compounds in environmental water samples (estuarine, river and wastewater). Among the analytes studied, certain hormones, alkylphenols and bisphenol A were included. The nature of membranes, extraction solvent, extraction temperature, solvent volume, extraction time, ionic strength and methanol addition were evaluated during the optimisation of the extraction. Matrix effects during the extraction step were studied in different environmental water samples: estuarine water, river water and wastewater (influent and effluent). Strong matrix effects were observed for most of the compounds in influent and effluent samples. Different approaches were studied in order to correct or minimise matrix effects, which included the use of deuterated analogues, matrix-matched calibration, standard addition calibration, dilution of the sample and clean-up of the extract using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The use of deuterated analogues corrected satisfactorily matrix effect for estuarine and effluent samples for most of the compounds. However, in the case of influent samples, standard addition calibration and dilution of the sample were the best approaches. The SPE clean-up provided similar recoveries to those obtained after correction with the corresponding deuterated analogue but better chromatographic signal was obtained in the case of effluent samples. Method detection limits in the 5-54 ng L(-1) range and precision, calculated as relative standard deviation, in the 2-25% range were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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23
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Wille K, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L, De Wulf E, Van Caeter P, Janssen CR. Coupled chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques for the analysis of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Maroga Mboula V, Héquet V, Gru Y, Colin R, Andrès Y. Assessment of the efficiency of photocatalysis on tetracycline biodegradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 209-210:355-364. [PMID: 22316687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of photocatalysis to improve the biodegradability of an antibiotic compound, tetracycline (TC) was investigated. The toxicity of TC and its degradation products were also examined. The Sturm test was conducted to assess the biodegradability of by-products formed in the photocatalytic process. The toxicity of tetracycline and its by-products was evaluated using a dehydrogenase inhibition test, which showed a decrease in toxicity during photocatalysis. However, the Sturm test results indicated that, like tetracycline, the by-products are not biodegradable. Possible structures of these by-products were determined using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). It was found that, during the photocatalytic process, the TC aromatic ring is not opened and the structure of the identified by-products is quite similar to that of tetracycline. A reaction pathway is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Maroga Mboula
- LUNAM Université, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes cedex 03, France.
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25
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Gómez MJ, Herrera S, Solé D, García-Calvo E, Fernández-Alba AR. Spatio-temporal evaluation of organic contaminants and their transformation products along a river basin affected by urban, agricultural and industrial pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:134-145. [PMID: 22326139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the occurrence, fate and temporal and spatial distribution of anthropogenic contaminants in a river subjected to different pressures (industrial, agricultural, wastewater discharges). For this purpose, the Henares River basin (central Spain) can be considered a representative basin within a continental Mediterranean climate. As the studied river runs through several residential, industrial and agricultural areas, it would be expected that the chemical water quality is modified along its course. Thereby the selection of sampling points and timing of sample collection are critical factors in the monitoring of a river basin. In this study, six different monitoring campaigns were performed in 2010 and contaminants were measured at the effluent point of the main wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the river basin and at five different points upstream and downstream from the WWTP emission point. The target compounds evaluated were personal care products (PCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides. Results show that the river is clearly influenced by wastewater discharges and also by its proximity to agricultural areas. The contaminants detected at higher concentrations were the PCPs. The spatial distribution of the contaminants indicates that the studied contaminants persist along the river. In the time period studied no great seasonal variations of PCPs at the river collection points were observed. In contrast, a temporal trend of pesticides and PAHs was observed. Besides the target compounds, other new contaminants were identified and evaluated in the water samples, some of them being investigated for the first time in the aquatic environment. The behaviour of three important transformation products was also evaluated: 9,10-anthracenodione, galaxolide-lactone and 4-amino-musk xylene. These were found at higher concentrations than their parent compounds, indicating the significance of including the study of transformation products in the monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez
- IMDEA-Water (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - Water), Punto Net, Edificio ZYE 2º, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Yu Y, Wu L. Analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 89:258-63. [PMID: 22284489 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been acknowledged as emerging pollutants due to widespread contamination in environment. A rapid and reliable analytical method, based on ultrasonic extraction, clean up on Envi-carb cartridge, derivatized with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was developed for determination of 4 EDCs (bisphenol A, estrone, nonylphenol and octylphenol) and 10 PPCPs (acetylsalicylic acid, carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, paracetamol and triclosan) in sewage sludge. Mean recoveries of the target analytes, at different spike levels (40, 300 and 2000 ng/g), ranged from 57.9% to 103.1%. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 1.3-9.5% at different spiked levels. The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 4.7 to 39 ng/g. The method was applied to sewage sludge samples from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in southern California. High concentrations of PPCPs and EDCs were found in sewage sludge, ranging from 1502 to 5327 ng/g dry weight. Appropriate disposal of sewage sludge was required to avoid secondary contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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27
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Cabaleiro N, Pena-Pereira F, de la Calle I, Bendicho C, Lavilla I. Determination of triclosan by cuvetteless UV–vis micro-spectrophotometry following simultaneous ultrasound assisted emulsification–microextraction with derivatization: Use of a micellar-ionic liquid as extractant. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Prieto A, Vallejo A, Zuloaga O, Paschke A, Sellergen B, Schillinger E, Schrader S, Möder M. Selective determination of estrogenic compounds in water by microextraction by packed sorbents and a molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with large volume injection-in-port-derivatization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 703:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Xu X, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Li D, Su R, Yang Q, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang H, Wang Z. Microwave-accelerated derivatization prior to GC-MS determination of sex hormones. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1455-62. [PMID: 21567948 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new microwave-accelerated derivatization method was developed for rapid determination of 13 natural sex hormones in feeds. Sex hormones were isolated from the sample matrix by ultrasonic extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction, derivatized under microwave irradiation, and then analyzed directly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The key parameters affecting derivatization efficiency, including microwave irradiation time, microwave power, and reaction solvent were studied. Under microwave power of 360 W and microwave irradiation for 3 min, 13 natural sex hormones were simultaneously derivatized using heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride (HFBA) as derivatization reagent. This method was applied to the determination of 13 natural sex hormones in different feed samples, and the obtained results were compared with those obtained by the traditional thermal derivatization. The recoveries from 58.1 to 111% were obtained at sex hormone concentrations of 10-300 μg/kg with RSDs ≤12.0%. The results showed that the proposed method was fast, simple, efficient and can be applied to the determination of 13 natural sex hormones in different feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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30
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Yu Y, Wu L. Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Jeanneau L, Jardé E, Gruau G. Influence of salinity and natural organic matter on the solid phase extraction of sterols and stanols: Application to the determination of the human sterol fingerprint in aqueous matrices. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2513-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Moliner-Martínez Y, Ribera A, Coronado E, Campíns-Falcó P. Preconcentration of emerging contaminants in environmental water samples by using silica supported Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for improving mass detection in capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2276-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Optimization of large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporization-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of estrogenic compounds in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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López-Darias J, Pino V, Meng Y, Anderson JL, Afonso AM. Utilization of a benzyl functionalized polymeric ionic liquid for the sensitive determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; parabens and alkylphenols in waters using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Buchberger WW. Current approaches to trace analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:603-18. [PMID: 21067760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A large number of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals and personal care products are continuously released into the environment. Effluents from sewage treatment plants are well known to be the major source for introduction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the aquatic system. In recent years, reliable methods have been established for residue analysis of these pollutants down to low ng/L levels. In this review, the different approaches to their trace determination are reviewed with special attention being paid to sample preparation procedures, state-of-the-art high-performance separation methods hyphenated with mass spectrometry, and immunochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Buchberger
- Johannes-Kepler-University, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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36
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4742-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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