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Lee SH, Park SH, Park H. Assessing the Feasibility of Biorefineries for a Sustainable Citrus Waste Management in Korea. Molecules 2024; 29:1589. [PMID: 38611868 PMCID: PMC11013942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are one of the most widely used fruits around the world and are used as raw fruits, but are also processed into products such as beverages, and large amounts of by-products and waste are generated in this process. Globally, disposal of citrus waste (CW) through simple landfilling or ocean dumping can result in soil and groundwater contamination, which can negatively impact ecosystem health. The case of Korea is not much different in that these wastes are simply buried or recycled wastes are used as livestock feed additives. However, there are many reports that CW, which is a waste, has high potential to produce a variety of products that can minimize environmental load and increase added value through appropriate waste management. In this study, we aim to explore the latest developments in the evaluation and valorization of the growing CW green technologies in an effort to efficiently and environmentally transform these CW for resource recovery, sustainability, and economic benefits. Recent research strategies on integrated biorefinery approaches have confirmed that CW can be converted into various bioproducts such as enzymes, biofuels and biopolymers, further contributing to energy security. It was found that more efforts are needed to scale up green recovery technologies and achieve diverse product profiling to achieve zero waste levels and industrial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hwan Lee
- Technical Research Institute, Jeju BioRefine, Jeju 63148, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Hee Park
- Technical Research Institute, Fine Korea Corp., Seoul 07294, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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2
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Schmid D, Li TR, Goldfuss B, Tiefenbacher K. Exploring the Glycosylation Reaction Inside the Resorcin[4]arene Capsule. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14515-14526. [PMID: 37796244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an increased interest in applying supramolecular capsule and cage catalysis to the current challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. In this context, we recently reported the resorcin[4]arene capsule-catalyzed conversion of α-glycosyl halides into β-glycosides with high selectivity. Interestingly, this methodology enabled the formation of a wide range of β-pyranosides as well as β-furanosides, although these two donor classes exhibit different reactivities and usually require different reaction conditions and catalysts. Evidence was provided that a proton wire plays a key role in this reaction by enabling dual activation of the glycosyl donor and acceptor. Here, we describe a detailed investigation of several aspects of this reactivity. Besides a mechanistic study, we elucidated the size limitation, the origin of catalytic turnover, and the electrophile scope of nonglycosylic halides. Moreover, a screening of the sensitivity to changes in the reaction conditions provides guidelines to facilitate reproducibility. Furthermore, we demonstrate the compatibility with environmentally benign solvent alternatives, including the renewable solvent limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tian-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 24, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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The Limonene Biorefinery: From Extractive Technologies to Its Catalytic Upgrading into p-Cymene. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonene is a renewable cyclic monoterpene that is easily obtainable from citrus peel and it is commonly used as a nutraceutical ingredient, antibacterial, biopesticide and green extraction solvent as well as additive in healthcare, fragrance and food and beverage industries for its characteristic lemon-like smell. Indeed, the lack of toxicity makes limonene a promising bio-alternative for the development of a wide range of effective products in modern biorefineries. As a consequence, industrial demand largely exceeds supply by now. Limonene can be also used as starting substrate for the preparation of building block chemicals, including p-cymene that is an important intermediate in several industrial catalytic processes. In this contribution, after reviewing recent advances in the recovery of limonene from citrus peel and residues with particular attention to benign-by-design extractive processes, we focus on the latest results in its dehydrogenation to p-cymene via heterogeneous catalysis. Indeed, the latest reports evidence that the selective production of p-cymene still remains a scientific and technological challenge since, in order to drive the isomerization and dehydrogenation of limonene, an optimal balance between the catalyst nature/content and the reaction conditions is needed.
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A Review of the Use of Eutectic Solvents, Terpenes and Terpenoids in Liquid–liquid Extraction Processes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse and abundant applications of the eutectic solvents have appeared in the last years. Their promising tunable properties, eco-friendly character and the possibility of being prepared from numerous compounds have led to the publication of numerous papers addressing their use in different areas. Terpenes and terpenoids have been employed in the formulation of eutectic solvents, though they also have been applied as solvents in extraction processes. For their hydrophobic nature, renewable character, low environmental impact, cost and being non-hazardous, they have also been proposed as possible substitutes of conventional solvents in the separation of organic compounds from aqueous streams, similarly to hydrophobic eutectic solvents. The present work reviews the application of eutectic solvents in liquid–liquid extraction and terpenes and terpenoids in extraction processes. It has been made a research in the current state-of-the-art in these fields, describing the proposed applications of the solvents. It has been highlighted the scale-up feasibility, solvent regeneration and reuse procedures and the comparison of the performance of eutectic solvents, terpenes and terpenoids in extraction with conventional organic solvents or ionic liquids. Ultimately, it has been also discussed the employ of predictive methods in extraction, the reliability of thermodynamic models in correlation of liquid–liquid equilibria and simulation of liquid–liquid extraction processes.
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para-Menthane as a Stable Terpene Derived from Orange By-Products as a Novel Solvent for Green Extraction and Solubilization of Natural Substances. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112170. [PMID: 31181870 PMCID: PMC6600425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at investigating p-menthane, a novel bio-based solvent resulting from the hydrogenation of d-limonene, as a green alternative to n-hexane or toluene for the extraction and solubilization of natural substances. First, conductor-like combination of quantum chemistry (COSMO) coupled with statistical thermodynamics (RS) calculations show a comparable solubilization profile of p-menthane and n-hexane for carotene, volatile monoterpenes such as carvone and limonene, and model triglycerides. Other data obtained experimentally in solid/liquid extraction conditions further indicate that p-menthane showed similar performances to n-hexane for extracting carotenes from carrots, aromas from caraway seeds, and oils from rapeseeds, as these products showed a comparable composition. p-Menthane was also tested using common analytical extraction procedures such as Soxhlet for determination of oil content via multiple extraction stages, and Dean–Stark for determination of water content via azeotropic distillation. For both systems, yields were comparable, but for Dean–Stark, the distillation curve slope was higher when using p-menthane, and the time needed to attain 100% water recovery was 55% shorter than for toluene. Taken together, these results reveal the potential of p-menthane as a green replacer for petroleum-based solvents such as n-hexane or toluene.
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Analytical chemistry with biosolvents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4359-4364. [PMID: 30915509 PMCID: PMC6611736 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the current trends in green analytical chemistry is the introduction of green solvents, some of which are biobased. At the same time, the development of the biorefinery concept has allowed more biochemicals to be obtained with increased efficiency and from a wider range of feedstocks. The first examples of the use of biosolvents in analytical applications included extractions performed with alcohols, esters, and terpenes. However, many more applications of biosolvents in extractions of bioactive compounds from various plant materials have also been reported, which hints at a wider range of potential analytical applications of biosolvents. It should also be noted that the biobased solvents applied in analytical chemistry are not always green, as some of them are toxic towards aquatic organisms. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Zema DA, Calabrò PS, Folino A, Tamburino V, Zappia G, Zimbone SM. Valorisation of citrus processing waste: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 80:252-273. [PMID: 30455006 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of citrus peel waste and discusses the systems for its valorisation. Citrus peel waste (CPW) is the main residue of the citrus processing industries and is characterised by a seasonal production (which often requires biomass storage) as well as high water content and concentration of essential oils. The disposal of CPW has considerable constraints due to both economic and environmental factors. Currently this residue is mainly used as food for animals, thanks to its nutritional capacity. If enough agricultural land is available close to the processing industries, the use of CPW as organic soil conditioner or as substrate for compost production is also possible, thus improving the organic matter content of the soil. Recently, the possibility of its valorisation for biomethane or bioethanol production has been evaluated by several studies, but currently more research is needed to overcome the toxic effects of the essential oils on the microbial community. Considering the high added value of the compounds that can be recovered from CPW, it has promising potential uses: in the food industry (for production of pectin, dietary fibres, etc.), and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries (extraction of flavonoids, flavouring agents and citric acid). However, in many cases, these uses are still not economically sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Zema
- Department AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - P S Calabrò
- Department of Civil, Energy, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, via Graziella, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - A Folino
- Department AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - V Tamburino
- Department AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - G Zappia
- Department AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - S M Zimbone
- Department AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Auta M, Musa U, Tsado DG, Faruq AA, Isah AG, Raji S, Nwanisobi C. Optimization of citrus peels D-limonene extraction using solvent-free microwave green technology. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1419206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Auta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - U. Musa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - D. G. Tsado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - A. A. Faruq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - A. G. Isah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - S. Raji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - C. Nwanisobi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
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Prache N, Abreu S, Sassiat P, Thiébaut D, Chaminade P. Alternative solvents for improving the greenness of normal phase liquid chromatography of lipid classes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1464:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Negro V, Mancini G, Ruggeri B, Fino D. Citrus waste as feedstock for bio-based products recovery: Review on limonene case study and energy valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:806-815. [PMID: 27237574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The citrus peels and residue of fruit juices production are rich in d-limonene, a cyclic terpene characterized by antimicrobial activity, which could hamper energy valorization bioprocess. Considering that limonene is used in nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, citrus by-products processing appear to be a suitable feedstock either for high value product recovery or energy bio-processes. This waste stream, more than 10MTon at 2013 in European Union (AIJN, 2014), can be considered appealing, from the view point of conducting a key study on limonene recovery, as its content of about 1%w/w of high value-added molecule. Different processes are currently being studied to recover or remove limonene from citrus peel to both prevent pollution and energy resources recovery. The present review is aimed to highlight pros and contras of different approaches suggesting an energy sustainability criterion to select the most effective one for materials and energy valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Negro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Bernardo Ruggeri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Debora Fino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy.
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Boukroufa M, Boutekedjiret C, Petigny L, Rakotomanomana N, Chemat F. Bio-refinery of orange peels waste: a new concept based on integrated green and solvent free extraction processes using ultrasound and microwave techniques to obtain essential oil, polyphenols and pectin. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 24:72-79. [PMID: 25435398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, extraction of essential oil, polyphenols and pectin from orange peel has been optimized using microwave and ultrasound technology without adding any solvent but only "in situ" water which was recycled and used as solvent. The essential oil extraction performed by Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) was optimized and compared to steam distillation extraction (SD). No significant changes in yield were noticed: 4.22 ± 0.03% and 4.16 ± 0.05% for MHG and SD, respectively. After extraction of essential oil, residual water of plant obtained after MHG extraction was used as solvent for polyphenols and pectin extraction from MHG residues. Polyphenols extraction was performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction (CE). Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite designs (CCD) approach was launched to investigate the influence of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions of ultrasound power and temperature were 0.956 W/cm(2) and 59.83°C giving a polyphenol yield of 50.02 mgGA/100 g dm. Compared with the conventional extraction (CE), the UAE gave an increase of 30% in TPC yield. Pectin was extracted by conventional and microwave assisted extraction. This technique gives a maximal yield of 24.2% for microwave power of 500 W in only 3 min whereas conventional extraction gives 18.32% in 120 min. Combination of microwave, ultrasound and the recycled "in situ" water of citrus peels allow us to obtain high added values compounds in shorter time and managed to make a closed loop using only natural resources provided by the plant which makes the whole process intensified in term of time and energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Boukroufa
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (LSTE), Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 Avenue Hacène Badi, BP 182, El Harrach, 16200 Alger, Algeria
| | - Chahrazed Boutekedjiret
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (LSTE), Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 Avenue Hacène Badi, BP 182, El Harrach, 16200 Alger, Algeria.
| | - Loïc Petigny
- Avignon University, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Extraction Team, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Njara Rakotomanomana
- Avignon University, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Extraction Team, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Farid Chemat
- Avignon University, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Extraction Team, F-84000 Avignon, France.
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A non-conventional method to extract D-limonene from waste lemon peels and comparison with traditional Soxhlet extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bertouche S, Tomao V, Hellal A, Boutekedjiret C, Chemat F. First approach on edible oil determination in oilseeds products using alpha-pinene. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.782473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Clark JH, Farmer TJ, Macquarrie DJ, Sherwood J. Using metrics and sustainability considerations to evaluate the use of bio-based and non-renewable Brønsted acidic ionic liquids to catalyse Fischer esterification reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2043-7129-1-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Lu HY, Shen Y, Sun X, Zhu H, Liu XJ. Washing effects of limonene on pesticide residues in green peppers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2917-2921. [PMID: 23494953 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of pesticide residues in food has caused much concern. The low health risks and environmental impacts of limonene make it a very interesting solvent for use in green chemistry. Washing effects of limonene on pesticide residues of methyl chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin and deltamethrin were investigated in green pepper. RESULTS Results showed that washing with a low concentration of limonene for 5 min (where LOQ is limit of quantitation) caused 53.67%, <LOQ, 64.29%, 68.69% and 66.22% loss of the above pesticides, respectively, while corresponding values of washing with a high concentration were 84.64%, <LOQ, 90.46%, 89.00% and 89.36%, respectively. Washing with a low concentration of limonene for 10 min produced 55.90%, <LOQ, 66.19%, 72.08% and 73.25% loss, respectively, while corresponding values of washing with a high concentration were 94.42%, <LOQ, 96.58%, 92.04% and < LOQ, respectively. The reductions due to washing with tap water (for 10 min) and the emulsion with only egg yolk lecithin (at high concentration for 10 min) were 25.18 %, 37.83%, 21.84%, 20.87%, 13.86% and < LOQ, 59.70%, 54.09%, 54.76%, 54.47%, respectively. CONCLUSION The data indicated that washing with a low concentration of limonene for 5 min was the optimal treatment for elimination of pesticide residues in green pepper, considering effect and treatment time as well as cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Lu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, China
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Bertouche S, Tomao V, Ruiz K, Hellal A, Boutekedjiret C, Chemat F. First approach on moisture determination in food products using alpha-pinene as an alternative solvent for Dean–Stark distillation. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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