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Oliveira JRIL, Rodrigues LC, Kahl JMM, Berlinck DZ, Costa JL. Green Analytical Toxicology procedure for determination of ketamine, its metabolites and analogues in oral fluid samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:332-342. [PMID: 38502105 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are often synthesized via small changes in the molecular structure, producing drugs whose effect and potency are not yet fully known. Ketamine is one of the oldest NPS, with therapeutic use in human and veterinary medicine authorized in several countries, being metabolized mainly into norketamine and 6-hydroxy-norketamine. Furthermore, two structural analogues of ketamine have recently been identified, deschloroketamine and 2-fluorodeschloroketamine, marketed as drugs of abuse. To comply with Green Analytical Toxicology (GAT) fundamentals, miniaturized techniques such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) were employed to determine toxicants in biological fluids. An analytical method for determining ketamine, its metabolites and its analogues in oral fluid was fully developed and validated by using DLLME and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The extraction parameters were optimized by multivariate analysis, obtaining the best conditions with 200 μL of sample, 100 μL of methanol as dispersive solvent and 50 μL of chloroform as extractor solvent. Linearity was obtained from 10 to 1,000 ng/mL, with limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at 10 ng/mL. Imprecision (% relative standard deviation) and bias (%) were less than 8.2% and 9.5%, respectively. The matrix effect did not exceed 10.6%, and the recovery values varied from 24% to 42%. No matrix interference and good selectivity in the evaluation of 10 different sources of oral fluid and 42 drugs at 500 ng/mL, respectively, were observed. The method was applied in the analysis of 29 authentic oral fluid samples and had its green characteristic evaluated by three different tools: the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), the Analytical Eco-Scale and the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ribeiro Ibiapina Leitão Oliveira
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Costalonga Rodrigues
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Júlia Martinelli Magalhães Kahl
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Débora Zorrón Berlinck
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
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2
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Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of mescaline and major metabolites in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:114980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Zou F, Fu K, Jin C, Li M, Zhang G, Zhang R, Bai H. Microwave-prepared surface imprinted magnetic nanoparticles based electrochemical sensor for adsorption and determination of ketamine in sewage. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1217:340025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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4
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Mercier B, Scala-Bertola J, Pape E, Kolodziej A, Gibaja V, Bisch M, Jouzeau JY, Gambier N. Online SPE UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 33 psychoactive drugs from swab-collected human oral fluid samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4203-4215. [PMID: 35451622 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid is easy and safe to collect and allows the detection of drugs of abuse after local exposure by oral, smoked, and/or inhaled intake, or systemic exposure. A routine online solid-phase extraction UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 33 psychoactive drugs in oral fluid. The selected drugs were fourteen fentanyl analogs and nineteen other abused psychoactive compounds, including classical narcotics, which were analyzed in a run of 10 min. Limits of detection and of quantification ranged from 0.02 to 1 ng/mL and from 0.02 to 5 ng/mL depending on the analyte, respectively. Matrix effect was in the range - 17 to + 15.7% for all analytes having a deuterated analog. Accuracy ranged from 82.7 to 113.4% and precision CV was at worst of 18.6%. Carryover was below 0.8% for all analytes. Recovery from FLOQSwabs™ showed high variability between analytes with THC, D2FF, 4-ANPP, ocfentanil, and valerylfentanyl being recovered below 40%. A stability study performed over 2 weeks on collecting devices loaded with artificial oral fluid showed huge variation between analytes with morphine, BZE, and norfentanyl being the more stable. Storage at 4 °C allowed drug detection for 1 week except for THC and remifentanil. The method was successfully applied to the detection of abused psychoactive compounds in oral fluid samples from 6 patients admitted to an addiction department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Mercier
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France
| | - Julien Scala-Bertola
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, 54505, Vandœuvre, France
| | - Elise Pape
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, 54505, Vandœuvre, France
| | - Allan Kolodziej
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France
| | - Valérie Gibaja
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France
| | - Michael Bisch
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Département d'Addictologie, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire du Grand Nancy, 54520, Laxou, France
| | - Jean-Yves Jouzeau
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, 54505, Vandœuvre, France
| | - Nicolas Gambier
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, 54500, Vandœuvre, France.
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, 54505, Vandœuvre, France.
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5
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Turoňová D, Kujovská Krčmová L, Švec F. Application of microextraction in pipette tips in clinical and forensic toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Ahmad SM, Gonçalves OC, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2168. [PMID: 33918766 PMCID: PMC8070059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Sorribes-Soriano A, Armenta S, Esteve- Turrillas F, Herrero-Martínez J. Tuning the selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer extraction of arylcyclohexylamines: From class-selective to specific. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Recent advances in microextraction procedures for determination of amphetamines in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:437-460. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine and its related derivatives have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Illegal use of these drugs is an increasing global problem resulting in significant public health and legal problems. Deaths have been reported after intake of these drugs due to overdose. It is important to determine the type and concentration of illicit drugs in biological samples. These compounds are found in complex matrices at low concentration levels. The microextraction techniques are dominant sample preparation procedure and they are widely accepted as the most labor-intensive part of the bioanalytical process. For this purpose, a survey of recent published advances in microextraction procedures for quantification of amphetamines in biological samples found in the different databases from 2008 to date will be conducted.
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9
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Silva ATMD, Bessa CDPB, Borges WDS, Borges KB. Bioanalytical methods for determining ecstasy components in biological matrices: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Zargar T, Khayamian T, Jafari MT. Aptamer-modified carbon nanomaterial based sorption coupled to paper spray ion mobility spectrometry for highly sensitive and selective determination of methamphetamine. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:103. [PMID: 29594391 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A cellulose paper was modified with an aptamer against methamphetamine on either carbon dots (CDs) or on multichannel carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The resulting sorbent was applied to the extraction of METH from blood or saliva. The METH-loaded paper than also was directly applied as a paper spray ionization source in ion mobility spectrometry. The carbon nanomaterial enhances sensitivity, and the aptamer enhances selectivity. The materials were covalently bound to the paper on one side, while the aptamer was immobilized on the other. After optimization of the extraction process and instrumental parameters, the limits of detection when using the aptamer-CNT modified paper are 0.6 ng·mL-1 for saliva, and 0.45 ng·mL-1 for plasma. The respective values when using aptamer-CD modified paper are 1.5 ng·mL-1 for saliva and 0.9 ng·mL-1 for plasma. Calibration plots are linear in the 2 to 150 ng·mL-1 METH concentration range for saliva, and in the 1.5 to 200 ng·mL-1 concentration ranges for blood when using the aptamer-CNT based method. When using the aptamer-CDs, the dynamic ranges extend from 5 to 200 ng·mL-1 and from 3 to 250 ng·mL-1, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of METH in real samples of saliva and blood, and the accuracy of the method was confirmed by comparison of the results with data analyzed by GC-MS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Zargar
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Taghi Khayamian
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Mohammad T Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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11
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Rocchi R, Simeoni MC, Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Curini R, Sergi M, Compagnone D. Analysis of new psychoactive substances in oral fluids by means of microextraction by packed sorbent followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:865-873. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Rocchi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Simeoni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
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12
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Göktaş EF, Arıöz F. A review of chromatographic methods for ketamine and its metabolites norketamine and dehydronorketamine. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Piccirilli V, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Curini R. Application of a rapid μ-SPE clean-up for multiclass quantitative analysis of sixteen new psychoactive substances in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2017; 167:260-267. [PMID: 28340719 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Europe is an important market for illegal drugs, and nowadays a lot of new different psychoactive substances (NPS) are widespread. This work reports the development of a method to determine simultaneously different classes of NPS, as synthetic cannabinoids (SC) and their metabolites, cathinones and phenetylamines, directly on whole blood (WB) without anti-coagulants and using miniaturized solid phase extraction (μ-SPE). In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the method 16 different NPS belonging to the mentioned classes were selected for the analysis. Recoveries ranged from 21% to 70% while matrix effect was lower than 15% for all the analytes. LOQ values were 5ngmL-1 for cathinones and phenetylamines, between 0.25 and 1ngmL-1 for SCs and up to 2.5ngmL-1 for SC metabolites. The performance of μ-SPE was compared with different clean-up strategies (i.e. protein precipitation (PPT), liquid liquid extraction, PPT/SPE hybrid) in term of recovery, matrix effect and suitability for multi-class analysis. The developed method was validated according to SWGTOX guidelines. The validation data demonstrated that this approach is potentially very useful as confirmation method for multiclass analysis in WB and post mortem specimens. In fact only 100μL of human WB are used, sample preparation involves few rapid steps and the method is easily implementable for the determination of other NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Manuel Sergi
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Della Pelle F, Del Carlo M, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Escarpa A. Press-transferred carbon black nanoparticles on board of microfluidic chips for rapid and sensitive amperometric determination of phenyl carbamate pesticides in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Criado-García L, Arce L. Extraction of toxic compounds from saliva by magnetic-stirring-assisted micro-solid-phase extraction step followed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6813-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Assessing cocaine abuse using LC-MS/MS measurements in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1497-525. [PMID: 26168256 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is still a problem in today's world, and this has several implications on human activities. Indeed, important problems related to cocaine derive from its use in situations where concentration and focus skills are necessary, namely while driving and/or working. The need of analytical methods for drug analysis in specimens of biological origin for proper documentation of human exposure is increasing. While GC-MS-based procedures represented the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques a few years ago, there is a growing trend for their replacement by LC-MS/MS, which can be justified by the increased sensitivity presented by these new technologies. This paper will review recently published papers on the use of LC-MS/MS-based procedures for cocaine measurement in biological specimens.
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Della Pelle F, Di Crescenzo MC, Sergi M, Montesano C, Di Ottavio F, Scarpone R, Scortichini G, Compagnone D. Micro-solid-phase extraction (µ-SPE) of organophosphorous pesticides from wheat followed by LC-MS/MS determination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:291-9. [PMID: 26600315 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1123818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, selective and effective method of extraction, clean-up and concentration of organophosphorous pesticides from wheat followed by electrospray (ESI) LC-MS/MS analysis was developed. The μ-SPE (micro-solid-phase extraction) procedure resulted in good analytical performance and reduced at the same time matrix effects, analysis time and solvent consumption. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.3-10 and 1-30 μg kg(-1), respectively, with good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 13.8) and recoveries between 75% and 109%. Coefficients of determination (r(2)) were greater than 0.996 for the studied pesticides. Despite the reduced sorbent bed mass of μ-SPE tips (4.2 mg), the analytical data showed that no saturation phenomena occurs in the tested range of concentration both for single compounds and mixtures. Several real samples were analysed and the concentrations of the selected pesticides were found to be below the respective maximum residue limit (MRLs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Della Pelle
- a Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment , University of Teramo , Teramo , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Di Crescenzo
- a Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment , University of Teramo , Teramo , Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- a Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment , University of Teramo , Teramo , Italy
| | - Camilla Montesano
- b Department of Chemistry , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesca Di Ottavio
- a Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment , University of Teramo , Teramo , Italy.,b Department of Chemistry , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Rossana Scarpone
- c Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale' , Teramo , Italy
| | - Giampiero Scortichini
- c Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale' , Teramo , Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- a Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment , University of Teramo , Teramo , Italy
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Moreno I, Barroso M, Martinho A, Cruz A, Gallardo E. Determination of ketamine and its major metabolite, norketamine, in urine and plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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A new approach for decreasing the detection limit for a ketamine(I) ion-selective electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 49:445-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Montesano C, Simeoni MC, Curini R, Sergi M, Lo Sterzo C, Compagnone D. Determination of illicit drugs and metabolites in oral fluid by microextraction on packed sorbent coupled with LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3647-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Abu Shawish HM, Saadeh SM, Tamos H, Abed-Almonem KI, khalili OA. A novel coated silver ketamine(I) electrode for potentiometric determination of ketamine hydrochloride in ampoules and urine samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Nosseir NS, Michels G, Binder P, Wiesen MHJ, Müller C. Simultaneous detection of ketamine, lorazepam, midazolam and sufentanil in human serum with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring of analgosedation in critically ill patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:133-141. [PMID: 25464106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination and quantification of four predominantly used analgosedatives in the intensive care unit: ketamine, lorazepam, midazolam and sufentanil in human serum. The extraction procedure consisted of protein precipitation of serum samples with acetonitrile and subsequent centrifugation. D5-fentanyl and D4-midazolam served as internal standards (ISTD). Separation of analytes was performed with a Hypersil C18 column and a mobile phase with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (60/40, v/v) under isocratic conditions at a flow rate of 280μl/min. Analytes were simultaneously detected with a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with positive heated electrospray ionization (HESI) within a single 2-min run. Calibration curves were linear over a range of 50-2000 for ketamine, 10-1000 for lorazepam, 5-500 for midazolam and 1-100 for sufentanil (ng/ml). The limit of detection and the lower limit of quantification were 0.01 and 10.00 for ketamine, 0.005 and 10.00 for lorazepam, 0.018 and 5.00 for midazolam and 0.068 and 0.25 for sufentanil (ng/ml). Intra- and inter-day accuracies and precisions of all analytes were less than 15%. Bench stability with spiked serum samples was ensured after 12, 24 and 48h at room temperature, freeze- and thaw-stability after 3 cycles of thawing and freezing. The method was successfully established according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline Q2 (R1) "Validation of Analytical Procedures" and applied in critically ill adult patients in the intensive care unit. We suggest its suitability for parallel quantification of the sedative analgesics ketamine, lorazepam, midazolam and sufentanil. The method serves as an instrumental tool for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacokinetic studies [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Nosseir
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - G Michels
- Department III of Internal Medicine, Heartcenter, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - P Binder
- Department III of Internal Medicine, Heartcenter, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - M H J Wiesen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - C Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.
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Hybrid molecularly imprinted polymers synthesized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-methacrylic acid monomer for miniaturized solid-phase extraction: A new and economical sample preparation strategy for determination of acyclovir in urine. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1346:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Montesano C, Sergi M, Odoardi S, Simeoni MC, Compagnone D, Curini R. A μ-SPE procedure for the determination of cannabinoids and their metabolites in urine by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 91:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Sergi M, Montesano C, Odoardi S, Mainero Rocca L, Fabrizi G, Compagnone D, Curini R. Micro extraction by packed sorbent coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid and sensitive determination of cannabinoids in oral fluids. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Kailasa SK, Wu HF. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Neuro-chemicals and their Metabolites in Biofluids. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:436-64. [PMID: 24381533 PMCID: PMC3744906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass spectrometric related techniques have been widely applied for the identification and quantification of neurochemicals and their metabolites in biofluids. This article presents an overview of mass spectrometric techniques applied in the detection of neurological substances and their metabolites from biological samples. In addition, the advances of chromatographic methods (LC, GC and CE) coupled with mass spectrometric techniques for analysis of neurochemicals in pharmaceutical and biological samples are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, India
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 800, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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27
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Oral fluid for the detection of drugs of abuse using immunoassay and LC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1555-69. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of oral fluid as a sample matrix for the analysis of drugs has been increasing in popularity over the last few years. This is largely because of collection advantages over other matrices, but also due to the rapid improvements in analytical assays including highly sensitive liquid reagent format enzyme immunoassays and LC–MS/MS. This review will highlight improvements in assay formats, sensitivity, laboratory equipment and sample processing using low sample volumes to expand drug test profiles.
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Wang Y, Jin S, Wang Q, Lu G, Jiang J, Zhu D. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as sorbent of micro-solid-phase extraction to determine estrogens in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1291:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Mascini M, Montesano C, Sergi M, Perez G, De Cicco M, Curini R, Compagnone D. Peptides trapping cocaine: docking simulation and experimental screening by solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in plasma samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 772:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Montesano C, Sergi M, Moro M, Napoletano S, Romolo FS, Del Carlo M, Compagnone D, Curini R. Screening of methylenedioxyamphetamine- and piperazine-derived designer drugs in urine by LC-MS/MS using neutral loss and precursor ion scan. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:49-59. [PMID: 23303747 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a method for the screening of methylenedioxyamphetamine- and piperazine-derived compounds in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These substances, characterized by possessing common moieties, are screened using precursor ion and neutral loss scan mode and then quantified in multiple reaction monitoring acquisition mode. Based on the product-ion spectra of different known molecules, chosen as 'model', characteristic neutral losses and product ions were selected: piperazines were detected in precursor ion scan of m/z 44 and neutral loss of 43 and 86 while amphetamines in precursor ion scan of m/z 133, 135 and 163. The applicability of the screening approach was studied in blank urine spiked with selected analytes and processed by solid-phase extraction. Linearity, matrix effect, precision, accuracy, limits of detection and limits of quantification were evaluated both for the screening and the quantification methods. The ability of the screening method to provide semi-quantitative data was demonstrated. This method appears to be a useful tool for the identification of designer drugs derived from piperazines or methylenedioxyamphetamines and can be potentially applied to other drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
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31
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A novel derivatization approach for determination of ketamine in urine and plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1264:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Determination of the two major endocannabinoids in human plasma by μ-SPE followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:785-93. [PMID: 22847477 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECs) are endogenous compounds that interact with type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid receptors (CB(1) and CB(2)), as well as non-cannabinoid receptors. The multitude of roles attributed to ECs makes them an emerging target of pharmacotherapy for a number of disparate diseases. Here a high-throughput bioanalytical method based on micro SPE (μ-SPE) followed by LC-MS/MS analysis for the simultaneous determination of the two major endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) in human plasma is presented. The chromatographic conditions obtained with the fused-core column allowed a good separation in 10 min also of the AG isomers. A very simple and reliable extraction has been optimised by means of C18-modified tips: it requires only 100 μL of plasma and allows the use of minimal volumes of organic solvent. The present method allows a rapid and effective clean-up, which also minimises the isomerisation of 2-AG. The whole procedure has been validated following the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods validation: the satisfactory recovery values, the negligible matrix effect and the good values of accuracy and reproducibility make it a simple and high-throughput analytical tool for clinical and biochemical studies on endocannabinoid signaling in humans.
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33
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Molecularly imprinted-solid phase extraction combined with simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for selective extraction and preconcentration of methamphetamine and ecstasy from urine samples followed by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The last two decades have provided analysts with more sensitive technology, enabling scientists from all analytical fields to see what they were not able to see just a few years ago. This increased sensitivity has allowed drug detection at very low concentrations and testing in unconventional samples (e.g., hair, oral fluid and sweat), where despite having low analyte concentrations has also led to a reduction in sample size. Along with this reduction, and as a result of the use of excessive amounts of potentially toxic organic solvents (with the subsequent environmental pollution and costs associated with their proper disposal), there has been a growing tendency to use miniaturized sampling techniques. Those sampling procedures allow reducing organic solvent consumption to a minimum and at the same time provide a rapid, simple and cost-effective approach. In addition, it is possible to get at least some degree of automation when using these techniques, which will enhance sample throughput. Those miniaturized sample preparation techniques may be roughly categorized in solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction, depending on the nature of the analyte. This paper reviews recently published literature on the use of microextraction sampling procedures, with a special focus on the field of forensic toxicology.
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Sergi M, Napoletano S, Montesano C, Iofrida R, Curini R, Compagnone D. Pressurized-liquid extraction for determination of illicit drugs in hair by LC–MS–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:725-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rani S, Malik AK, Singh B. Novel micro-extraction by packed sorbent procedure for the liquid chromatographic analysis of antiepileptic drugs in human plasma and urine. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:359-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Napoletano S, Montesano C, Compagnone D, Curini R, D’ascenzo G, Roccia C, Sergi M. Determination of Illicit Drugs in Urine and Plasma by Micro-SPE Followed by HPLC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of novel strategies for sample preparation in forensic toxicology. The review initially outlines the principle of each technique, followed by sections addressing each class of abused drugs separately. The novel strategies currently reviewed focus on the preparation of various biological samples for the subsequent determination of opiates, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics and cannabinoids. According to our experience, these analytes are the most frequently responsible for intoxications in Greece. The applications of techniques such as disposable pipette extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase microextraction, polymer monolith microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction and others, which are rapidly gaining acceptance in the field of toxicology, are currently reviewed.
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KATAOKA H. Current Developments and Future Trends in Solid-phase Microextraction Techniques for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:893-905. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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