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MacKeown H, Benedetti B, Scapuzzi C, Di Carro M, Magi E. A Review on Polyethersulfone Membranes in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers: Preparation, Characterization and Innovation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-17. [PMID: 36263980 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2131374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The membranes in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) enclose the receiving sorbent and protect it from coming into direct contact with the environmental matrix. They have a crucial role in extending the kinetic regime of contaminant uptake, by slowing down their diffusion between the water phase and the receiving phase. The drive to improve passive sampling requires membranes with better design and enhanced performances. In this review, the preparation of standard polyethersulfone (PES) membranes for POCIS is presented, as well as methods to evaluate their composition, morphology, structure, and performance. Generally, only supplier-related morphological and structural data are provided, such as membrane type, thickness, surface area, and pore diameter. The issues related to the use of PES membranes in POCIS applications are exposed. Finally, alternative membranes to PES in POCIS are also discussed, although no better membrane has yet been developed. This review highlights the urge for more membrane characterization details and a better comprehension of the mechanisms which underlay their behavior and performance, to improve membrane selection and optimize passive sampler development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Shao X, Liu L, Li H, Luo Y, Zhao J, Liu S, Yan B, Wang D, Luo K, Liu M, Bai L, Li X, Liu K. The effects of polyethersulfone and Nylon 6 micromembrane filters on the pyraclostrobin detection: adsorption performance and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74051-74061. [PMID: 35633450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of test substances on micromembrane filters during sample pretreatment before qualitative and quantitative analysis has greatly affected the accuracy of the measurement. In the present study, it was found that the adsorption rate of pyraclostrobin reached 77.7-100% when water samples of pyraclostrobin (1 mL) were filtered with polyethersulfone (PES) and Nylon 6 filters. Therefore, the adsorption mechanisms were investigated from the kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of the pyraclostrobin adsorption process, combined with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The results showed that PES accorded with second-order adsorption kinetics and Nylon 6 with first-order adsorption kinetics, and the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.98. The adsorption behavior of the two micromembranes followed the linear isothermal model, indicating that the adsorption process was through monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of pyracoethyl on PES membrane was spontaneous endothermic, while that on Nylon 6 was spontaneous exothermic. The π-π electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) between pyraclostrobin and PES may promote the adsorption of PES to pyraclostrobin, and hydrogen bonding between pyraclostrobin and Nylon 6 micromembrane may be involved in the adsorption. Our study also proved that the adding 60% methanol and iodine solution (2 mmol/L) was an effective strategy to reduce the adsorption effects and to increase the accuracy of the detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Shao
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lejun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yue Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Evironmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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Castro V, Quintana JB, López-Vázquez J, Carro N, Cobas J, Bilbao D, Cela R, Rodil R. Development and application of an in-house library and workflow for gas chromatography-electron ionization-accurate-mass/high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:6327-6340. [PMID: 34865195 PMCID: PMC9372009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an optimized gas chromatography–electron ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-EI-HRMS) screening method. Different method parameters affecting data processing with the Agilent Unknowns Analysis SureMass deconvolution software were optimized in order to achieve the best compromise between false positives and false negatives. To this end, an accurate-mass library of 26 model compounds was created. Then, five replicates of mussel extracts were spiked with a mixture of these 26 compounds at two concentration levels (10 and 100 ng/g dry weight in mussel, 50 and 500 ng/mL in extract) and injected in the GC-EI-HRMS system. The results of these experiments showed that accurate mass tolerance and pure weight factor (combination of reverse-forward library search) are the most critical factors. The validation of the developed method afforded screening detection limits in the 2.5–5 ng range for passive sampler extracts and 1–2 ng/g for mussel sample extracts, and limits of quantification in the 0.6–3.2 ng and 0.1–1.8 ng/g range, for the same type of samples, respectively, for 17 model analytes. Once the method was optimized, an accurate-mass HRMS library, containing retention indexes, with ca. 355 spectra of derivatized and non-derivatized compounds was generated. This library (freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647960), together with a modified Agilent Pesticides Library of over 800 compounds, was applied to the screening of passive samplers, both of polydimethylsiloxane and polar chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), and mussel samples collected in Galicia (NW Spain), where a total of 75 chemicals could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Denis Bilbao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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4
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Castro V, Quintana JB, Carpinteiro I, Cobas J, Carro N, Cela R, Rodil R. Combination of different chromatographic and sampling modes for high-resolution mass spectrometric screening of organic microcontaminants in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5607-5618. [PMID: 33625537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the combination of two sampling strategies (polar organic compounds integrative sampler (POCIS) vs. spot sampling) and four chromatographic retention modes (reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)) for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) screening of organic pollutants in water samples. To this end, a suspect screening approach, using iterative data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) driven by a library of 3227 chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drugs of abuse, human metabolites, industrial chemicals and other pollutants), was employed. Results show that POCIS can afford a larger number of positive identifications as compared to spot sampling. On the other hand, the best suited retention mechanisms, in terms of identified analytes, are SFC, and followed by RPLC, MMLC and HILIC. However, the best combination (POCIS + SFC) would only allow the identification of 67% of the detected analytes. Thus, the combination of the two sampling strategies, spot and passive sampling, with two orthogonal retention mechanisms, RPLC and SFC, is proposed in order to maximize the number of analytes detected (89%). This strategy was applied to different surface water (river and estuary) samples from Galicia (NW Spain). A total of 155 compounds were detected at a confidence level 2a, from which the major class was pharmaceuticals (61%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Chepchirchir BS, Zhou X, Paschke A, Schüürmann G. Polyethersulfone as suitable passive sampler for waterborne hydrophobic organic compounds - Laboratory calibration and field test in the Sosiani river, Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134056. [PMID: 31678870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane as a cost-saving and less labour-intensive single-phase passive sampler for waterborne hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) like organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The uptake kinetics of 31 HOCs from water to porous polyethersulfone (PES) membranes and their partitioning behaviour were investigated in laboratory studies. Sampling rates (Rs) of HOCs with PES were determined in a range from 1.15 to 12.9 L/d. The uptake of test chemicals and the elimination of analogous (pre-loaded) performance reference compounds (PRCs) showed anisotropy, both under laboratory and field conditions, implying that PRCs are not suitable for determining in situ sampling rates with PES. The PES-water partition coefficients (Kpw) are, on average, ten times higher than the related Kow. A Linear Solvation Energy Relationship for modelling the measured log Kpw with PES under inclusion of all available published data yields a poor fit in comparison to what is usually obtained with homogeneous polymers like polydimethylsiloxane or low-density polyethylene. At least a strong linear relationship was found between log Rs and log Kpw for the narrow log Kow range of HOCs investigated in this work which can be used for interpolation to other HOCs in this range. The PES membranes were also tested in a field trial in a tropical river against the well-established silicone rubber (SR) sheets. With laboratory-based Rs for PES generated under field-relevant temperature and water flow velocity it was possible to obtain time-weighted average concentrations in the lower ng/L range which are comparable (within a factor of two) with those derived from accumulated amounts in SR sheets (using in situ sampling rates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilha Saina Chepchirchir
- UFZ - Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- UFZ - Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ - Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ - Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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6
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Magnetic Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction for Determination of Chlorpyrifos and Triclosan in Wastewater Samples prior to Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Mijangos L, Urain O, Ruiz-Rubio L, Ziarrusta H, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Prieto A, Etxebarria N. Short-term stability assessment for the analysis of emerging contaminants in seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23861-23872. [PMID: 31214888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the stability study performed in seawater and seawater extracts (spiked at ~ 200 ng/L) for 23 emerging contaminants. Four different alternatives were tested at six different times (0, 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days): (i) seawater at 4 °C, (ii) mixed-mode solid-phase extraction cartridge (Bond Elute Plexa and Strata X-AW) stored at - 20 °C, (iii) polyethersulfone hollow fibre stored at - 20 °C and (iv) methanol extracts once the samples were extracted from PES hollow fibre and stored at - 20 °C. Moreover, the integrity of the supporting polymeric phases was studied by Raman, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric analysis. As may be expected, seawater samples showed the lowest stability (losses between 21 and 99%) while methanol extract provides stable results (losses < 30%) over the tested period. In the case of solid-phase cartridges, the stability profile showed an average loss of 7% while, in polyethersulfone hollow fibres, losses up to 58% were observed. Finally, we were able to relate the lower efficiency of polyethersulfone fibres with the wettability of this material based on the thermogravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620, Plentzia, Spain.
| | - Otsalar Urain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Haizea Ziarrusta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620, Plentzia, Spain
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Mijangos L, Ziarrusta H, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Möder M, Etxebarria N, Prieto A. Simultaneous determination of 41 multiclass organic pollutants in environmental waters by means of polyethersulfone microextraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:615-632. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Yang K, Wang GN, Liu HZ, Liu J, Wang JP. Preparation of dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer coated stir bar based on computational simulation for detection of fluoroquinolones in meat. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Barbell-shaped stir bar sorptive extraction using dummy template molecularly imprinted polymer coatings for analysis of bisphenol A in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nika CE, Yiantzi E, Psillakis E. Plastic pellets sorptive extraction: Low-cost, rapid and efficient extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 922:30-6. [PMID: 27154829 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, plastic pellets, a low-cost and easy to reach industrial raw material, are reported as an efficient sorbent material for the laboratory extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental waters. The proposed methodology, termed plastic pellets sorptive extraction (P2SE), consisted of a two-step procedure whereby target analytes were initially adsorbed onto the surface of three low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pellets and then desorbed using microliters of an organic solvent. Interphase mass transfer was greatly accelerated by means of vortex agitation. Organic extracts were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. Different experimental parameters were controlled and the optimum conditions found were: three LDPE pellets (∼80 mg) added to 20 mL aqueous sample (20% w:v NaCl) followed by vortex agitation at 3000 rpm; for desorption, the three LDPE pellets were immersed in 100 μL of acetonitrile and the mixture was shaken at 3000 rpm for 5 min using the vortex agitator. The calculated calibration curves gave high levels of linearity yielding coefficients of determination (r(2)) greater than 0.9913. The precision of the proposed method was found to be good and the limits of the detection were calculated in the low ng L(-1) level. Matrix effects were determined by applying the proposed method to spiked river water, treated municipal wastewater and seawater samples. To compensate for the low recoveries of the more hydrophobic PAHs in spiked effluent wastewater and seawater samples the standard addition methodology was applied. The proposed method was applied to the determination of target pollutants in real seawater samples using the standard addition method. Overall, the performance of the proposed P2SE method suggests that the use of inexpensive and easy to reach sorbent materials for extracting analytes in the laboratory merits more intensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi-Elisabeth Nika
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Evangelia Yiantzi
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
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Cavalheiro J, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Preudhomme H, Amouroux D, Monperrus M. Evaluation of preconcentration methods in the analysis of synthetic musks in whole-water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2298-304. [PMID: 25885885 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
According to the European Water Framework Directive, environmental assessment of organic compounds should be made in whole-water samples, but due to their hydrophobicity and strong attraction to organic content these compounds can be found bound to suspended particle matter or in the dissolved fraction. In this work, the extraction of musk compounds was studied in whole-water samples exhibiting different amounts of dissolved organic carbon and suspended particulate matter using polyethersulfone preconcentration technique. Matrix effects in estuarine and wastewater (both influent and effluent) were evaluated for filtered and unfiltered samples. For unfiltered samples, estuarine water exhibited matrix effects <20%, while for effluent it was up to 48% and for influent ranged from 85 to 99%. To compensate matrix effects and determine total concentrations in unfiltered samples, different quantification approaches were tested: the use of deuterated analogues and standard additions. Standard additions provided the best results for unfiltered samples. Finally, filtered and unfiltered samples were analyzed using both polyethersulfone preconcentration and membrane-assisted solvent extraction and results showed a good agreement between the two methods. In both cases unfiltered samples provided concentrations 1.5-2.6 times higher than filtered samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Cavalheiro
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hugues Preudhomme
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
| | - David Amouroux
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- LCABIE-IPREM, CNRS UMR 5254 UPPA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
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Bizkarguenaga E, Zabaleta I, Iparraguirre A, Aguirre J, Fernández LÁ, Berger U, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Enrichment of perfluorinated alkyl substances on polyethersulfone using 1-methylpyperidine as ion-pair reagent for the clean-up of carrot and amended soil extracts. Talanta 2015; 143:263-270. [PMID: 26078158 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, cheap and environment friendly analytical method for the simultaneous determination of different perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, three perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids and perfluorooctanesulfonamide in carrot and amended soil was carried out in the present work. The method was based on focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction followed by extract clean-up through enrichment of the target compounds on a polymeric material using an ion-pair reagent and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The following variables affecting the clean-up step were evaluated: the nature of the polymeric material (polyethersulfone, PES, versus silicone rod), the amount of the polymeric material (from 1 to 9 mg), the ion-pair reagent (1-methylpyperidine, 1-MP, versus tetrabutylammonium salts), the concentration of the ion-pair reagent (from 5 to 50 mM) and the extraction time (from 15 min to 24 h). Optimum clean-up conditions were obtained using preconcentration on 9 mg of PES polymeric material combined with 5 mM 1-MP as ion-pair reagent for 3h. The method was validated in terms of apparent recoveries in the range of 77-140% and 95-137% at the low concentration (50 ng g(-1)) and in the range of 70-136% and 79-132% at the high concentration (290 ng g(-1)) for amended soil and carrot, respectively, after correction with the corresponding labeled standards. Precision, as relative standard deviation, was within 2-23%, while method detection limits were 0.31-2.85 ng g(-1) for amended soil and 0.11-1.83 ng g(-1) for carrot. In the absence of a certified reference material for the target analytes in the matrices studied, inter-method comparison was carried out and the same samples were processed using two independent clean-up procedures, the one developed in the present work and a classical based on solid-phase extraction. Statistically comparable results were obtained according to the one-way analysis of variance for peel, core, leaves as well as amended soil (F(Calc)=2.59, 5.06, 5.82 and 2.34 <F(Crit)=7.71). Finally, the method was applied for the determination of PFASs in uptake experiments where carrots were cultivated in an amended soil polluted with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at 500 ng g(-1) level. The highest concentration was measured in the carrot leaves (669 ng g(-1)), while the concentrations in peel and core were at the same level (72 ng g(-1) and 62 ng g(-1) respectively), concluding that translocation of PFOS from the soil to the leaves had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekhiñe Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Itsaso Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantza Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Josu Aguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Racamonde I, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Application of polypropylene tubes as single-use and low-cost sorptive extraction materials for the determination of benzodiazepines and zolpidem in water samples. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ros O, Vallejo A, Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Olivares M, Delgado A, Etxebarria N, Prieto A. Microextraction with polyethersulfone for bisphenol-A, alkylphenols and hormones determination in water samples by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2015; 134:247-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Triñanes S, Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC. Development of a new sorptive extraction method based on simultaneous direct and headspace sampling modes for the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta 2014; 132:433-42. [PMID: 25476328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new straightforward and inexpensive sample screening method for both EPA and EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water has been developed. The method is based on combined direct immersion and headspace (DIHS) sorptive extraction, using low-cost disposable material, coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection (UPLC-FD-UV). Extraction parameters, such as the sampling mode, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated in detail and optimized. Under optimized conditions, water samples (16 mL) were concentrated in silicone disks by headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) modes simultaneously, at room temperature for 9h for the majority of the 24 studied compounds. Ultrasound-assisted desorption of extracted analytes in acetonitrile was carried out also at room temperature. The optimized chromatographic method provided a good linearity (R≥0.9991) and a broad linear range for all studied PAHs. The proposed analytical procedure exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviations below 15% for all analytes. Quantification limits between 0.7 and 2.3 µg L(-1) and 0.16 and 3.90 ng L(-1) were obtained for compounds analyzed by UV (acenaphtylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) and fluorescence, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of PAHs in different real tap, river and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Triñanes
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Pena
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Carmen Casais
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ma Carmen Mejuto
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Delgado A, Ros O, Posada-Ureta O, Vallejo A, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N. Assessment of commercially available polymeric materials for sorptive microextraction of priority and emerging nonpolar organic pollutants in environmental water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11867-11883. [PMID: 24424482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the different organic pollutants, persistent organic pollutants and emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are of particular concern due to their potentially dangerous effects on the ecosystems and on human health. In the framework of the analysis of some of these organic pollutants in water samples, sorptive extraction devices have proven to be adequate for their monitoring. The efficiency of four commercially available and low-cost polymeric materials [polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), Raffia, and polyethersulfone (PES)] for the simultaneous extraction of 16 organic compounds from five different families from environmental water samples was evaluated in this work. Firstly, the homogeneity of the sorbent materials was confirmed by means of Raman spectroscopy. After the optimization of the parameters affecting the extraction and the liquid desorption steps, it was found that PES showed the largest efficiencies for slightly polar analytes and, to a lesser extent, for nonpolar analytes. Additionally, Raffia rendered good extraction efficiencies for nonpolar compounds. Thus sorptive extraction methods followed by large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were validated using PES and Raffia as sorbent materials. The validation of the method provided good linearity (0.978 < r (2) < 0.999 for PES and 0.977 < r (2) < 0.999 for Raffia), adequate repeatability (below 19 % and 14 % for PES and Raffia, respectively), and low method detection limits (low ng · l(-1) level). Finally, these materials were applied to the analysis of contaminants in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blanco-Zubiaguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
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Xu Z, Yang Z, Liu Z. Development of dual-templates molecularly imprinted stir bar sorptive extraction and its application for the analysis of environmental estrogens in water and plastic samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Cavalheiro J, Monperrus M, Amouroux D, Preud’Homme H, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. In-port derivatization coupled to different extraction techniques for the determination of alkylphenols in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Prieto A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R, Möder M, Rodríguez I. Evaluation of polyethersulfone performance for the microextraction of polar chlorinated herbicides from environmental water samples. Talanta 2014; 122:264-71. [PMID: 24720994 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the suitability of bulk polyethersulfone (PES) for sorptive microextraction of eight polar, chlorinated phenoxy acids and dicamba from environmental water samples is assessed and the analytical features of the optimized method are compared to those reported for other microextraction techniques. Under optimized conditions, extractions were performed with samples (18 mL) adjusted at pH 2 and containing a 30% (w/v) of sodium chloride, using a tubular PES sorbent (1 cm length × 0.7 mm o.d., sorbent volume 8 µL). Equilibrium conditions were achieved after 3h of direct sampling, with absolute extraction efficiencies ranging from 39 to 66%, depending on the compound. Analytes were recovered soaking the polymer with 0.1 mL of ethyl acetate, derivatized and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Achieved quantification limits (LOQs) varied between 0.005 and 0.073 ng mL(-1). After normalization with the internal surrogate (IS), the efficiency of the extraction was only moderately affected by the particular characteristics of different water samples (surface and sewage water); thus, pseudo-external calibration, using spiked ultrapure water solutions, can be used as quantification technique. The reduced cost of the PES polymer allowed considering it as a disposable sorbent, avoiding variations in the performance of the extraction due to cross-contamination problems and/or surface modification with usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.K. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Monika Möder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Robles-Molina J, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for monitoring multiclass organic pollutants in Spanish sewage treatment plants effluents. Talanta 2013; 111:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Casado J, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Polyethersulfone solid-phase microextraction followed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for benzotriazoles determination in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1299:40-7. [PMID: 23777835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A microextraction method for the determination of 1H-benzotriazole (BTri), and four polar derivatives (4 and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 4-TTri and 5-TTri; 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole, XTri; and 5-chloro-1H-benzotriazole, 5-ClBTri), in surface and wastewater samples is presented. Analytes were pre-concentrated using a disposable, low cost polyethersulfone (PES) sorbent and further analysed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Parameters affecting the efficiency of sample preparation (extraction conditions and desorption solvent) and those controlling the performance of LC-MS determination were investigated. Analytes were extracted from 15mL water samples, containing a 30% (w/v) of sodium chloride (4.5g) and adjusted at pH 4.5, using a tubular PES sorbent (5cm length×0.7mm o.d., sorbent volume 42μL). After methanol desorption and solvent exchange, benzotriazoles were determined by LC-MS, with chromatograms extracted using a mass window of 20ppm, centred in their [M+H](+) ions. The identity of chromatographic peaks was confirmed with accurate ion product scan (MS/MS) spectra. The method provided limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.005 and 0.100μgL(-1), and relative recoveries from 81% to 124% (except for XTri in sewage samples, ca. 60%) with associated standard deviations between 2% and 9%. When compared with polydimethylsiloxane covered stir-bars (coating volume 24μL), the PES polymer achieved significant higher responses (5-20-fold) for these polar pollutants. BTri and tolyltriazoles (4-TTri and 5-TTri) were found in urban sewage and river water samples, affected by wastewater discharges, with the maximum concentration (5.9μgL(-1)) corresponding to BTri in raw wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Valls-Cantenys C, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Iglesias M, Salvadó V, Cela R. Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Racamonde I, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Ion-pair sorptive extraction of perfluorinated compounds from water with low-cost polymeric materials: Polyethersulfone vs polydimethylsiloxane. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 740:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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